Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the issue of nuclear weapons and discusses the impact of civic engagement on arms control. The writer points out that in the 1980's, the civic engagement of millions of people to reduce the nuclear arsenals of the United States and the Soviet Union was a mixed success, for significant nuclear arms reductions were achieved, but nuclear war is still a threat to the survival of humanity.

From the Paper
"Our examination of civic engagement in global public policy demonstrates that citizens have increasingly joined transnational networks to try to influence policy and bring about change. Some of these campaigns have been very successful, some have had mixed success, and some failed to achieve their goals altogether."

Tags:civic, engagement, issues

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that an examination of civic engagement in global public policy demonstrates that citizens have increasingly joined transnational networks to try to influence policy and bring about change. The writer points out that some of these campaigns have been very successful, some have had mixed success, and some failed to achieve their goals altogether. The writer discusses that in the 1980's, the civic engagement of millions of people to reduce the nuclear arsenals of the United States and the Soviet Union was a mixed success, for significant nuclear arms reductions were achieved, but nuclear war is still a threat to the survival of humanity. The writer maintains that many aspects of this civic engagement need to be examined and analyzed, not only because these efforts helped to end the Cold War, but because similar efforts are needed today to prevent new nuclear arms races from developing, both regionally and globally.
The writer concludes that examining civic engagement in global public policy demonstrates that concerned citizens have increasingly participated in transnational efforts to try to influence policy and effect change. The paper includes an annotated bibliography.

From the Paper
"Criteria such as the signing and ratification of these treaties confirms the success of this civic engagement campaign, as does documented evidence that the nuclear arsenals of the two superpowers were reduced by fifty-percent in many strategic and tactical weapons categories, while other categories such as short-range and medium range nuclear ballistic missiles were eliminated entirely. This was all achieved without any direct participation by citizens in international decision-making forums, and was produced primarily through domestic political pressure."
"This campaign was legitimate, for the nuclear arms race had escalated for decades after the first atomic bombs were developed, and the nuclear arsenals of the two superpowers consisted of more than forty-thousand nuclear warheads by the early 1980's."

Tags:global, policy, arsenals, war, threat

Abstract
This paper states that its research on the issue of civic engagement in global public policy confirms that citizens and peace activists all over the world have organized transnational networks in order to influence arms control policies and bring about change. Their efforts have produced mixed results, from remarkable success to complete failure. Ultimately, their influence on arms control policy depends upon their ability to generate public support for arms reductions, for public support translates into political pressure on government policymakers. The paper brings historical examples from the Cold War to illustrate this, such as the Cuban missile crisis, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty with the Soviet Union, the Salt I Treaty, the Strategic Defense Initiative, and the START treaty. The paper concludes by stating that arms and militarism have been an inseparable part of every major empire or culture throughout human history and that this is a dilemma peace activists may not be able to resolve. The paper includes an annotated bibliography.

From the Paper
"Civic engagement on arms control policy emerged in the aftermath of the Second World War in response to the development and deployment of nuclear weapons by the United States and the Soviet Union. After the fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union amassed huge arsenals of atomic bombs, intercontinental ballistic missiles, strategic jet bombers, and ballistic missile submarines, and it seemed that conventional battles fought by massed armies of tanks and infantry would never occur again. The general consensus among government officials and the public as well was that possession of nuclear weapons was the new measure of any nation's military power."

Tags:disarmament, protest, doctrine, world, peace, force, war, conflict, international, policy, arms

Abstract
This paper discusses the role of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and its efforts to contain nuclear proliferation and nuclear arms control. The paper explains that the IAEA faces significant international challenges in meeting the goal of nuclear nonproliferation, a reality that is further complicated by the agency's own efforts to spread some nuclear technologies for peaceful purposes.

From the Paper
"The history of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) can be traced back to the early post-World War II years. Shortly after the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan, proposals were floated to create a multilateral United Nations commission on atomic energy. The purpose of this commission was to provide some international regulatory capacity to what was understood to be a truly dreadful new kind of weapon. Unfortunately that early attempt, made in 1946, did not gain the political traction necessary to develop and was shelved for several years more. Years later, it was still recognized that the spread of nuclear weapons..."

Tags:nuclear, proliferation, iaea

Abstract
A comparison of American and Soviet arms control strategies during the Nixon administration, including SALT negotiations. The author looks at the motives and intentions of establishing arm control policies and the type of policies established.

From the Paper
"In November, 1969, the United States and Soviet Union began the first major arms control talks in the history of the Cold War. As stated in class, both sides came to the talks with different goals in mind, and there were even differing motives on the American side itself. The United States approached the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) with the intention of establishing detente with the Soviet Union."

Tags:diplomacy, foreign, kissinger, nixon, nuclear, policy, salt, weapon

Abstract
This paper examines how the rules of American social engagement come into play, not simply on a personal level, but are codified and defined on multiple levels. Through a review of the books, "Bowling Alone" by Robert B, Putnam, William K. Tabb's "Unequal Partners", and Alan Dawley's "Changing the World", it looks at how the changing and evolving rules of social engagement in America invariably relate to how, as a society, a complex nation such as America is constructed on a socially stratified level. It also explores how America functions on a globally stratified level among other nation states in a social and civic fashion and discusses how, although social engagement with one?s peers, with one?s fellow nationals, and with one?s fellow human beings may have grown increasingly atomized and absent in recent years, it does not mean such laws have been erased.

From the Paper
"All authors see a fundamental lacking in the way that Americans relate to other Americans, how America relates to the world community, and how America perceives its political responsibility to those in need within its borders and abroad. However, all three authors, because of the different paradigms they use to view this lacking of civic engagement, offer quite different solutions. Putman takes a sociological paradigm to examine American post-war Baby Boon social trends, Tabb uses the environmentalist and international relations paradigm of America's location in a global society, and Dawley takes the historian's point of view, contrasting the Progressive movement of the turn of the century with American social movements today, stressing the contemporary lack of political movements to cohere and achieve similarly internationalist and civic political ends."

Tags:baby, boom, community

Abstract
This paper explains how the Carter administration attempted to halt Moscow?s advance through arms control however the agreements negotiated by the Carter administration left the US at a dangerous disadvantage by allowing the Soviets a first strike capability.

From the Paper
"In March, 1977, Secretary of State Vance presented the administration's "comprehensive proposal" to Moscow. Carter's position included two proposals. One offered to restrict American cruise missiles to a 2500 miles in exchange for Soviet reductions in SS-18s from 308 to 150. The second proposal left both cruise missiles and SS-18s unrestricted. The Soviets rejected both proposals. This gave the US the chance to continue development of the cruise missile unabatedly, but did nothing to address the rising Soviet threat. The fear of future vulnerability led Carter to reinforce Western Europe, deploying 35,000 more troops, more equipment, ground launched cruise missiles (GLCMs), and Pershing II intermediate range ballistic missiles. "

Tags:control, diplomacy, foreign, nuclear, policy, salt, soviet, weapons

Abstract
This paper examines how America has been characterised by a dramatic decrease in civic engagement and how this decrease is not only illustrated by low turnouts at presidential elections, which reveals a fall in electoral political participation, but also by lower civic engagement through active participation in social and political organisations. Robert Putnam suggests that American society's civic disengagement is, in large part, due to the development of the television. The paper argues that, if the American society is indeed characterised by a significant decrease in civic engagement, the development of television and other forms of media technologies does not lead necessarily to a more 'politically cynical' society.

Outline:
Putnam's Thesis: The Loss in Social Trust is Responsible For Less Civic Engagement
The End of America's Republican Civic Engagement?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Mouritsen questions Putnam's concept of social capital by interrogating the 'civil' in Putnam's conception of 'civil society'. Mouritsen insists on the fact that Putnam puts largely the emphasis on a civic community that emerges almost spontaneously from the people, "from the microcosmos of society" (MOURITSEN, 2003: 651). Putnam's considerations on the forming of social capital are thus based on the assertion that voluntary forces emanating from the people, from 'below', constitute the foundation of a civic consciousness. Mouritsen therefore criticises a conception of civil society that appeals to a narrow sense of republicanism: in this logic, many social scientists used to see the civil society as a civic space emerging independently from state forces, according to the "classical republican ideology of self-governing citizens" (MOURITSEN, 2003: 652). "

Tags:disengagement, groups, individualism, interest, media, networks, participation, television, tocqueville

From the Paper
" The issue of military spending and the size and power of the military-industrial complex has been argued heatedly for decades, but the discussion has shifted decidedly in favor of down-sizing the military and reducing military-oriented spending significantly since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the breakup of the Eastern bloc. The end of the Cold War has given impetus to efforts at reducing military expenditures across the board. Ever since World War II, the size of the military budget has been tied to fears of Communist aggression and the perception that the Communist nations were intent on spreading their ideology to every other nation of the world. The disintegration of the Soviet empire has not removed all of the threats from the world stage, and indeed that disintegration has itself created new tensions in some parts of the world as ethnic groups long.."

Tags:BOOK, REVIEWS, (NON-FICTION)

Abstract
This paper presents a research proposal and the final paper that explores the impact of serotonin, dopamine and GABA on impulse control disorders. The paper emphasizes the interactive nature of these three neural transmitters. The paper provides evidence that chemical imbalances in the brain can significantly disrupt or destroy the basic biological ability to control impulsive behaviors. The paper also shows how all research supports the interactive nature of the neuro-chemical basis of behavior.

From the Paper
"Literature from leading physician researchers on impulse related behaviors such as aggression, violence or addictive behaviors such as compulsive gambling states a stronger link exists between serotonin deficits and impulse dyscontrol than previously thought. Even fewer studies have studied adults with conduct disorders that are represented in the comprehensive literature review provided in the research paper. Other studies represented seek to demonstrate the effects of serotonin and the link between serotonin and both dopamine and GABA such that when there is a deficit in serotonin, deficits coexist in the other two."

Tags:serotonin, dopamine, GABA, brain, aggression, violence, addictive, behaviors