Abstract In this paper, the cultural contributions given by women in Indo-Caribbean history relate directly to the resistance movements that were part of the slavery and indentured servitude they labored beneath. The writer discusses that the identity of Indian women that worked on the plantations, a remarkably small minority to men in the Caribbean, were not the dainty females that modern historiography might impart, but women able to fight alongside men in times of revolt.
From the Paper "The basis of indentured servitude of the capitalist agenda of the ruling European parties in the Caribbean reflect the general aspects of slave labor that made places, such as Guyana, a racially divided place. The basis of race and historiography can determine why sugar cane cutters in Guyana suffered, as we hear within the song "Oh Maninga", as sung by Neisha Benjamin. These relate the historiographical commonalities that represent the capitalist agenda to conduct low wages and tyrannical ruling by the sugar cane managers."
Abstract The paper looks at two points about Indo-Caribbean people and the Indo-Caribbean culture. The first question discusses the historical, racial, social and cultural implications of the field-song "Oh Maninga." The second looks at two contributions to the study of Indo-Caribbean culture by women, specifically writing and cultural transmission.
From the Paper "The song "Oh Maninga" illustrates a small part of the world of the Indo-Caribbean indentured laborer. The song shows a part of the world that was not frequently seen or discussed in historical literature until recently. Patterns of race and class, gender and culture can be seen in this song. Until the last few decades, people have not been interested in the people who worked in the Caribbean as indentured servants in horrible conditions for little compensation. Part of this is due to the racism inherent in the dominant western culture where those writing the history were not interested in the stories of the poor, especially not the women or otherwise powerless."
Abstract In this paper, the writer discusses that although there is a concerted effort to realize the inequalities of the workload that women now partake in the new liberated feminism of the 21st century, there is still a greater lack of care or response by males to father their children. The writer claims that in this manner, the need for a religious and economic reformation of mother's roles, should be constructed to help integrate family ideals into the male milieu.
From the Paper "The theme of feminist group marginalization is the basis of the articles written by Gloria Steinem and Audre Lorde. In both cases the modernity of feminist principles that give women greater freedoms is becoming a 'pass' style of counter culture values within the patriarchal milieu of society. In this manner, women in society, especially as young students on campuses, are prone to be at school for reasons other than education or liberating principles for their sex or gender role. Steinem reflects this stage in feminist ideology."
This literature essay compares two stories written by Caribbeanwomen authors, and discusses these in relation to women's oral histories and traditions in Caribbean cultural contexts
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 8 sources, 2002, $ 97.95
Abstract This literature essay compares two stories written by Caribbeanwomen authors, and discusses these in relation to women's oral histories and traditions in Caribbean cultural contexts. Referring to the post-colonial and feminist theory, the author of this paper analyzes women's writing as a reflection of traditions with story-telling, women's "voice," and histories that are particular to women and Caribbean culture.
A review of "The Indentureship Experience" and "Feminism, Nationalism, and the Early Women's movement in the English-Speaking Caribbean" by Rhoda Reddock.
Abstract This paper discusses themes related to Caribbeanwomen through a discussion of "The Indentureship Experience" and "Feminism, Nationalism, and the Early Women's movement in the English-Speaking Caribbean" by Rhoda Reddock. The paper argues that although these readings focus on different aspects of Caribbeanwomen's studies there are a number of similar themes.
From the Paper "Reddock argues that many of the early feminist movements in the Caribbean developed out of projects to develop economic capacity. In particular she notes that the self-help society of Jamaica and the home industries in Trinidad and Tobago developed as small operations to create jobs and allow people to earn livelihoods(Reddock 63-64)."
"The fact that feminism was linked to charitable organizations was a direct attempt to keep women out of public life. Reddock argues that these women were allowed to participate in these charities because it was not seen as a threat to patriarchal power. In fact women's participation in these organizations actually strengthened men's domination in society. This was done by linking women's public activities to activities conducted in the private sphere(Reddock 65-67)."
This paper discusses the exploitation of East Indian women that migrated to the Caribbean in the 19th century and also looks at how these women adapted to their new life.
2,250 words (approx. 9 pages), 7 sources, 2005, $ 89.95
Abstract This essay examines the migration to Guyana of East Indian women in the context of indentured servitude, racism and early capitalistic exploitation. Particular attention is paid not only to why they arrived in Guyana but also how their culture changed and adapted in order to survive in its new environment. As is argued, the culture of East Indian women in the Caribbean was historically as a consequence of indentured servitude separated from the culture of Afro Caribbeanwomen and the broader tradition of struggle against oppression in the colony.
From the Paper "While most Canadians' views of Caribbean islands such as Guyana are that they are populated by people of African descent whose ancestors were brought as slaves to work on plantations during the colonial era, this view ignores the significant population of East Indian descent in islands such as Guyana. These Indians were brought to Guyana in a process known as "indentured servitude" which was one of the most "successful" programs of the British imperial state of the 19th century."
Abstract This paper discusses the conservatism of stereotyping Canadian- Caribbeanwomen who are single parents. The writer notes that this can be done frequently by 'concerned' politically correct scholars and activists to assert they are attacking unwanted attitudes regarding 'women of colour' or 'Jamaican single mothers'. The writer expresses some of what is noticeable in educated circles in central Canada referring to single mothers of Caribbean backgrounds, in quite negative, distorting stereotypes that often miss practical or philosophical realities, notably those of religion and orientations other than the material. This paper's topic reinforces a simple reality that one is influenced by mass media materials if one is not alert to their influence as a danger.
Outline:
Introduction
Racism and 'Oppression'
School Failure and Gangs
The Impact of Slavery Reexamined
Class Struggle and Consumerism
'Fieldwork' - Speaking with People
Conclusion
From the Paper "The rest of the article refers to women of Caribbean origin having children when young, leaving school, living thereafter on social assistance or menial jobs. A stereotype of single mothers of Caribbean heritage in hopeless situations is now usual in a construction irritating single mothers who are achievers and sometimes excellent parents, able to provide constructive homes for their children on modest incomes. A strong bias in Philp's article is one of poverty always meaning severe disadvantage in contrast with a practicality and sense of priority found in Caribbean cultures as developed in ex-colonies of very limited resources till quite recently. Single mothers can be strongly aware of what is needed in life, and as stressed elsewhere in this paper, how to maintain their family's dignity, poverty not shameful when approached soundly, aware of how much worse off others are, trying one's best, valuing kin and conducting oneself well with others.
"Many contemporary Caribbean single mothers have had good role models in women raising children by themselves in more than one country."
Abstract The Progressive Era saw the beginning of women wanting more from their lives. This paper discusses the development of women's roles in society throughout history. It details how women began to develop careers and campaign for their right to vote. It tells of the hardships that American women had to face when taking on "male" professions such as: doctors, lawyers and managers.
From the Paper "Events during the Progressive Era altered the role of women in the United States. In the late nineteenth century women began to emerge into society with a strong voice. They began to enter into professional careers and launched a campaign for women's suffrage. American women often found themselves excluded from most of the emerging professions in the late nineteenth century by custom, law, and by prejudice. However, there was a noticeable number of middle - class women from new women's colleges and coeducational state universities that began to enter into the professional world. Very few women were able to establish themselves as physicians, lawyers, and corporate managers. Most women turned to professions that society deemed "suitable" for women. These were careers such as teaching and nursing. These careers were known as "helping professions". It was this characteristic that made women's professions distinctive from male dominated professions and it was these so-called women's professions that altered the pay scale for men and women also. "
Tags: rights, suffrage, women, movement, professions, Progressive, Era
Abstract This paper presents an in-depth study of the changing roles of Spanish speaking females over the last thirty years in their native nations. The author examines womenmovements and changes in Mexico and Latin America over the past three decades and discusses what has changed and what has remained constant.
From the Paper "During the last 30 years the women's movement in the United States of America revolutionized the way women were treated. Women get more pay, they get more rights, and they are moving into careers that were formally reserved for men. While the world watched the American movement other movements began to take place. Hispanic women have historically been treated like second-class citizens in many areas of life. In Latin nations as well as Mexico the females have been given a different set of rules to abide by both socially and economically. The last thirty years in these nations have tested the very core of the value systems that have been in place for hundreds and thousands of years. The systems have been supported and founded in the belief that men are somehow better than women and that women are there for the comfort of men. This is not to say that they were not treated with kindness and appreciation, they were, they were just not treated as equals in many areas of their societies."
Abstract Much of the cultural history of former British colonies such as Guyana, Trinidad, Jamaica and other Caribbean countries is traced in this paper to the slave trade conducted by the British during the 17th and 18th centuries. Caribbean culture is described in relations to indentured slaves brought from India and in particular Indian women who were subject to particular criteria for transport from India to former British Colonies. From this history, the complex culture of the Caribbean communities is traced to the British slave trades and the subjugation of women within slave trading.
An examination of the historical record and description of the abuse and exploitation of black women in the Caribbean until the present. The progress to their liberation is analyzed with examples since the 19th century.
Abstract This paper examines the inhumane and degrading life of black female slaves in the Caribbean. It furthermore shows that the last few hundred years positive changes in rectifying this abuse has been slow, however, movement since the 19th century to rectify the status quo is reported to reflect that the situation is steadily improving.
From the Paper "Women in the Caribbean that were studied in this course have struggled for hundreds of years through slavery, inequality, and abuse. Women's rights are still an issue today in the Caribbean and they will continue to be so for a long time. In his book Faces of the Caribbean, John Gilmore describes the hardships of woman as they worked through the horrors of being beaten, worked hard, and used sexually during slavery and even further down the road. However, Gilmore makes it clear that women have made it very far since the early nineteenth century, and he quotes a Jamaican proverb that says, "A woman must never give up hope. Even under the most gloomy circumstances, there is a possibility that she will triumph in the end (Gilmore 141)."
Abstract This essay is a post-colonial analysis of Caribbeanwomen, and provides an examination of identity issues in Caribbean literature written by women. In this paper, post-colonialism is discussed in-relation to feminism. The literature considered here is examined as a way to produce a strong theoretical argument that critically enables important questions of identity and culture in Caribbean contexts of women's writing.
Abstract This paper discusses a Caribbean family structure and women's power vis-a-vis men. The paper also discusses matrifocal emphasis observed in many Caribbean families, but also the sway of stereotypes, and as these are constantly disproved in a varied and international Caribbean population.
From the Paper "Historical Challenges to Patriarchy in Caribbean Families. Introduction Patriarchy has been plain the many Caribbean families but historical factors also produce different presentations of masculinity, and a profound matrifocality as varied forces. This paper refers to a variety of sources to introduce the Caribbean family as often different from the so-called nuclear family that once prevailed in North America, or elsewhere in the West, as discussed by Luxton. (1995). One finds great variety in Caribbean families, and also, patterns alluded to that indicate a distinctive Caribbean history."
Abstract The paper reveals that domestic workers in Canada today face most of the problems that the Caribbeanwomen faced a hundred years ago. The paper relates that from the early 1900s, female domestic workers were recruited from Guadeloupe and the British Caribbean to accommodate demand for cheap domestic labour. The paper discusses the "Domestic Scheme" where a very small number of candidates were admitted into Canada as domestic help. The paper highlights how Canada's immigration policies were, until a few decades ago, very racist and sexist.
From the Paper "Even though Canada has had a black population since the 1700s, much of its immigration policies, until the 1960s, have been prejudiced against black people and people of colour in general. Black people came to Canada as slaves, and then as fugitives running and escaping from the slavery in the USA, one it was abolished in the British Empire. Many were farmers that worked their own land. But as Brand (1991) points out, "the abolition of slavery did not eradicate racism as an organizing principle within the social, economic and political life of Canada and the USA" (p. 14)."
The paper discusses the drug problems of the people of the Caribbean and the drug trafficking that goes on there. It also deals with the dangers that drug trafficking causes to other countries and their people.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 5 sources, 2001, $ 101.95
Abstract This paper is about the drug trafficking problems of the Caribbean. The author examines the Caribbean region as a long standing area where illegal substances have been grown and sold. The people are poverty stricken and sell drugs as a means to make money. The author looks into the Caribbean's climate and location which make it an ideal place to grow and sell drugs. The people are able to transport drugs to other countries through the use of planes, boats, etc. The paper goes on to discuss how this poses as a threat to all countries because it makes drugs available which leads to drug problems for their citizens.
From the paper:
"The Caribbean is known for its agriculturally equipped weather conditions, which makes for most islands to be very fertile. Many farmers in the Caribbean grow drugs as part of their produce to earn more money. They can then sell the illegal substances to islanders, tourists, and then ship the rest off to be sold to other countries? citizens. This poses as a threat to the health of all people who are able to buy drugs as a result of drug trafficking in the Caribbean. It also poses a threat to governments because they have to use their funding on programs to educate citizens about the dangers of drugs as well as rehabilitate those citizens that are addicted to drugs and suffer from drug abuse."
