Abstract
The paper relates that in Trinidad, a country far from India, the largest ethnic population group is of Indian descent. The paper describes the history of the influx of Indians to Trinidad. The paper discusses how the Indians brought with them strong traditions of song, dance, music, food and religious practices that they continue to adhere to today.

From the Paper
"The tiny two-island nation of Trinidad and Tobago is nearly as far physically removed from India as any nation can be. Yet surprisingly, the largest ethnic population group in Trinidad is of [East] Indian descent. ("Trinidad and Tobago 2006") Having traveled literally half way around the world, and rising from indentured servitude to freedom, the Indians of Trinidad overcame crushing obstacles to transplant their culture largely intact on this Caribbean island. (Manas) They are, as writer V. S. Niapaul describes, East Indians from the West Indies. (Review) They have brought with them much of their culture, music, cuisine, and religion and customs. Their ability to do this has allowed them to become one of the dominating forces in Trinidad, carving out and sustaining a space which they held as their own. This space is reflected in the names given to many of the streets in the towns of Trinidad and to many of the major civic monuments. (Manas)"

Tags:culture, religion, customs, cuisine, identity, Caribbean, island, Hinduism

Abstract
The paper discusses that the term 'Indian giver' has come to be a synonym for someone who gives something, only to take it back. The paper further explains that it was the Indians who were forced to give to the Europeans--their knowledge about farming and fishing in the Americas and ultimately their land. The paper discusses that in Jack Weatherford's book, "Indian Givers: How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World," the exchange between Europeans and Native Americans was an unequal one, with Europeans taking of the positive benefits of the New World, while the Indians were doing all of the giving. The paper concludes that unwittingly, the Indians found themselves the recipient of the evils of European civilization, like slavery, and a disrespectful attitude to the land.

From the Paper
"According to Weatherford, the early post-Columbian contact of the Europeans with the native populace actually enabled the Industrial Revolution to change Europe, and ultimately the world. "Had Europe and America not come together through Columbus or some other connection, the industrial revolution would never have happened in the way we know it," because Europeans would never have gained access to the metals of the New World, or to Indian mines (Weatherford 57). This contact also generated the money economy of Europe and fueled a shift to a European economy based upon real, hard, convertible currency. Metal-based currency also was critical in fueling industrialism and world trade. By beginning the book with tales of South American encounters with Europe, which were particularly brutal and unequal from the beginning of the Indian-European relationship, Weatherford initiates a tragic tone, explaining how enslaved South American Indians mining gold and silver in Potosi supplied the precious metals for most of the European coins that generated wealth for the Old World at the expense of the liberty of the New World."

Tags:indians, slavery, european

Abstract
This paper examines how the Plains Indians lived in the period prior to the arrival of the white man and in the generations immediately following the white man's arrival. Specifically, it considers the huge tract of land these peoples called home and the difficult climactic conditions foisted upon the Plains Indians people by a natural environment that was alternately extremely cold or extremely hot. Additionally, the paper describes the earth lodges the Plains Indian tribes customarily built near rivers and the teepees (and wigwams) they created to serve them as they traveled across the land looking for food.

From the Paper
"The following paper will look at how the Plains Indians lived in the period prior to the arrival of the white man and in the generations immediately following the white man's arrival. Specifically, the next several pages will look at the huge tract of land these peoples called home (it encompasses much North America) and time will be devoted to looking at the difficult climactic conditions foisted upon the Plains Indians people by a natural environment that was alternately extremely cold or extremely hot. Proceeding onward, the paper will look at the earth lodges the Plains Indian tribes customarily built near rivers and the..."

Tags:how, plains, indians

Abstract
This paper presents a brief history of the Native Americans of California, focusing on their struggles with colonizing Europeans and their eventual loss of land and civil rights. The paper traces the history of Native Americans in the US back to their arrival in North America from Asia. Next the author describes their settlement and cultures in North America, and California specifically. The paper highlights the arrival of Europeans to Californian, describing the Native American's subsequent loss of loss of land, culture and autonomy. Special attention is paid to the effects of reservations on the Native American population.

Outline:
California Indians
Population Decline of California Indian
Figure-1: Native California [Census 2000]
Figure-2: Native California Population [Census 2000]
Indian Plight since Columbian Period


Paper includes maps and charts.

From the Paper
"This exploitation continued well into the twentieth century and displacement of Native Indian from reserves continued with little or no compensation until the early twentieth century. The enlightened society of the twentieth century began to apply the laws which have been on the statutes for centuries to all Americans. Discrimination on the grounds of race, color, religion and sex can not be legally justified anymore. This important factor now provides legal rights and new protection to Native Indians. "

Tags:California, Native, Americans, Indians, colonists, Europeans, reservations

Abstract
The paper relates that in his book, "Surviving as Indians: The Challenge of Self Government", Menno Boldt discusses the future of the authentic 'Indian' within the cultural mosaic that has become the Canadian identity. The paper discusses how the underlying theme inherent within this text is the pursuit of justice as a means to promote the construction of a distinctive cultural identity for Aboriginal Canadians within a post-modern context that has demanded assimilation rather than the truly utopian conception of integration and tolerance as Pierre Trudeau once prophesized.

From the Paper
"In his book, "Surviving as Indians: The Challenge of Self Government", Menno Boldt discusses the future of the authentic `Indian' within the cultural mosaic that has become the Canadian identity. The underlying theme inherent within this text is the pursuit of justice as a means to promote the construction of a distinctive cultural identity for Aboriginal..."

Tags:indians, legislation, justice

Abstract
This paper argues that U.S. history omits the sacrifices of Indians and slaves that were mistreated by early Americans and that our history books should credit them with their part in building the nation.

From the Paper
"I have been taught from nursery school through my senior year of high school that America is a country governed by one of the greatest constitutions in the world. As a nation, America is the symbol of freedom and equality to the rest of world, much of which is still ravaged by human rights injustices and oppressive governments. We can take pride in the fact that we are citizens of a country that has been impacted by civil rights..."

Tags:U.S. history, slavery, Indians, sacrifices

Abstract
A paper that discusses the use of peyote among Navajo Indians and their implications on religious and medical utility.

Tags:peyote, navajo, indians

Abstract
This paper discusses treatment of Native American Indians during the Great Depression, contrasting their treatment in California with elsewhere, and also discussing treatment of blacks, immigrants, women, and Hispanics.

From the Paper
"Native American Indians, on the whole, fared rather well during the Great Depression. The economic position of Utah's five Paiute bands of Indians, for example, gradually improved during the ...s and Weber State University Professor, Ronald L. Holt states that; "For many Indians, the depression years were a relatively good period." (Bartholomew) This was due in part to the changes in Indians' rights that came with President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal which replaced the old system of allotments under which Indians..."

Tags:Native American Indian, blacks, immigrants, women, Hispanics, Great Depression, California, Hollywood

Abstract
The paper briefly looks at how the history of Trinidad and Tobago influenced its present cultural and social realms. The paper reviews several Internet sites on the cultural and social aspects of Trinidad and Tobago. The paper then discusses how Western culture is highly responsible for the current cultural/social conditions of Trinidad and Tobago. The paper relates that Trinidad and Tobago as a multi-racial society is not plagued by problems of discrimination and then notes the central roles of music and "liming" in the culture of Trinidad and Tobago.

Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
A Comparison to Western Culture
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In 1498, Christopher Columbus arrived at what is now Trinidad and soon after, the Spaniards settled the island which continued to expand for many years. As a result of this expansion, the original native inhabitants known as the Arawak and Carib Indians were virtually wiped out, mainly due to diseases brought over from Europe by the Spaniard conquerors. Trinidad "remained under Spanish rule until the British captured it in 1797" when most of the population was made up of French ex-patriots, freed blacks and other European settlers. During this time known as the Colonial Period when Great Britain was expanding its empire into all of the Western hemisphere, the economy and social makeup of Trinidad "relied on large sugar and cocoa plantations," while at the same time, the island of Tobago, occupied by French, Dutch and British forces, "fought a long struggle over the possession of the island which changed hands some twenty-two times.""

Tags:music, liming, Western, culture

Abstract
Much of the cultural history of former British colonies such as Guyana, Trinidad, Jamaica and other Caribbean countries is traced in this paper to the slave trade conducted by the British during the 17th and 18th centuries. Caribbean culture is described in relations to indentured slaves brought from India and in particular Indian women who were subject to particular criteria for transport from India to former British Colonies. From this history, the complex culture of the Caribbean communities is traced to the British slave trades and the subjugation of women within slave trading.