Abstract This paper examines the tactical environment and resulting tactics of the Western IndianWars of the late 19th century. The paper includes a discussion of methodology as well as primary sources of eyewitness testimony.
From the Paper "The Indian Wars loom large in American culture They were the grist of hundreds of Western movies and most Americans still immediately recognize names like Little Big Horn and Wounded Knee. The word cavalry is as likely to evoke an image of Indian warfare on the Great Plains as of either the Civil War or modern mechanized cavalry. Moreover, the Indian Wars had an influence on American military thought that persists today..."
Abstract This paper discusses how almost two centuries before the First World War, the major powers of the world were engaged in a war that spanned the globe. It looks at how from 1756 to 1763, the major European powers of France and Great Britain were pitted in a war that stretched from Europe to North America to the Far East. The series of hostilities eventually became known as the Seven Years' War and laid the foundation for the British Empire and helped fan the flames of the American Revolution. This paper examines the North American segment of the conflict, known as the French and IndianWar which pitted Great Britain and its American colonies against the French and their Algonquian allies. It details the events and conditions that served as the precursors of the French and IndianWar looks at the battles themselves, beginning with the 1753 mission to open talks with the French to the decisive British victory in Louisbourg and Quebec in 1759. It also examines the consequences of the Seven Years? War in general and in particular on the American colonies.
From the Paper "The explorations and trading centers paved the way for French control over Louisiana, Acadia (Nova Scotia) and Northeast Canada. Although the French claimed more territory than the English did, their land was sparsely populated. Oftentimes, the territories were not even marked by the existence of outposts or towns but were simple forts maintained by only a few people (Minks 19). In contrast, the English territories were rapidly being populated. The English areas were settled along the eastern seaboard, from Georgia, the Carolinas, and along what is now the Northeastern United States. By the 18th century, the British population was growing exponentially (Black 36). The British settlers were also becoming aware of the profitable fur trade along the Great Lakes region. These factors served as the main motives behind the British desire to move westward."
Tags: colonies, french, indian, war, louisbourg, quebec
Abstract This paper is a historical examination of the French and IndianWars. It examines the origins of the conflict as being deeply rooted in pre-existing European wars and how it became part of a much larger scale conflict, the Seven Years War was the first world-scale conflict. It concludes with an observation about the continuing spirit for French independence within Quebec, the city that had been defeated by the English, but became the center for the French in Canada.
Abstract This paper analyzes the conflicts between native Americans and colonists in terms of the moral legitimacy of warfare. The paper states that the end result of these conflicts are clear; it led to the deaths of thousands of native Americans and the eventual disappearance of the majority of the native American tribes within North America. The paper argues that the results were disastrous for the native Americans, however on further examination, it becomes evident that the Indianwars qualify as a just war.
From the Paper "In order to determine the legitimacy of the Indian Wars, a context for understanding the agents of action within the war must be developed. The Indian Civil War occurred in parallel to the American Civil War. The conflict began in the wake of the French and Indian War. The British, after acquiring the significant amount of territory ceded by the French dictated that settlements were forbidden west of the Appalachian Mountains. This policy was made to ensure that conflicts between the Native Americans and colonists would not continue to persist. However, due to pressure from the colonists, the British negotiated a treaty with the Iroquois in 1768 to allow for colonial expansion beyond the Ohio River."
Tags:Indian, war, civil, war, territory, conflicts, colonist
Abstract This is a concise history of the French and Indianwars, along with a fairly detailed explanation for the reason of the wars, as well as viewpoints of the opposing forces involved. The author explains tactical maneuvers made by each side, as well as some biographical information on the major commanders involved in the battle.
From the Paper "The French and Indian wars consist of several large battles that took place between the English and the French, mixed together as one, to be commonly referred to as the French and Indian Wars. The most famous of these battles is known as The French and Indian War, which lasted seven years, sometimes referred to as The Seven Years War. The first of these battles was King William's War, which spanned from 1688 to 1697. This battle consisted primarily of French attacks on the British frontiers and forts. Following this, was Queen Anne's War, from 1702 to 1713, which is connected with the War of Spanish Succession. King George's War took place between the years of 1744 and 1748. The last, and most predominate of these is the actual French and Indian War which occurred from 1754 to 1763."
Abstract This paper covers the US Army's operations in the period following the Civil War. The writer shows that unlike previous struggles with the Indians, this time there was nowhere for the Indians to withdraw to and so battles took place for a period of 25 years between the white Army and the native Indians.
From the Paper "The reading begins by giving detail of both the setting and the challenge. Background to the conflict is given, where we see that the Army forces are not great in number, "the military assets released from other tasks were lost through reductions in force instead of being diverted to frontier defense" (301). We see that this war was not considered as a war like the Civil War had been by both congress and the population. Overall, there is a feeling that everyone has had enough of war, with there also being support for settling the conflict with the Indians without military means. Even so, the Army were called in to war with the Indians, though at much lower numbers and also with "high rates of sickness and desertion" (301). The distances which the Army covered also meant that it was organized into geographical segments. "
Tags:war, Indian, US, civil, America, army, military
Abstract The paper discusses the French and Indianwar that was a bitter struggle involving the French, British, American colonists and Native Americans for control of the North American continent. The paper examines "The War That Made America: A Short History of the French and IndianWar" by Fred Anderson and discusses the author's thesis that this war helped forge the American Revolutionary War.
From the Paper "The French and Indian War (also known as the Seven Years' War), began in 1754 in the Allegany region of what is now Pennsylvania. The author's thesis is that this war, which most Americans do not even know about or understand, really helped forge the American Revolutionary War. His history discusses just how that is possible, and what Americans should know about this pivotal conflict."
Abstract This paper looks at how the United States is a country which has risen to become a "superpower" country since its liberation from British rule during the early 19th century. It analyzes how America has developed from a newly-established nation to a political power in the world today through its various public information and policy campaigns during the wars it has participated in. It also discusses how its active participation in the IndianWars, Spanish-American War, World War I, World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam War have helped determine America's political stance and military capabilities, qualities that have made the nation one of the strongest and most stable forms of political and social system.
From the Paper "The Korean War was once of the conflicts that US participated in during its containment policy program or the Truman Doctrine in 1947, a few years after the WWII. The Truman Doctrine or Containment policy of the United States seeks to prevent the spread of Communism in the world, particularly in Southeast Asian nations, which are in danger of becoming influenced with Communist doctrines and beliefs. The Korean War stemmed from the separation of Korea as a nation during WWII. Because the North was allied to the Japanese and Russian forces during US's containment policy, US sought South Korea's help to combat the probable spread of Communism in the country. With the help of the United Nations, the US enforced anti-Communism in the Asian region, and participated in the violent attack against North Korean forces, resulting to further damage in the country and widening the gap between the North and South Korea."
Abstract This paper examines how British servants were extremely conscious of the fact that they were the successors of Muslims as rulers in India and how in order to overcome that insecurity, they were anti-Muslims from the very start. It shows how by blaming the Muslims, for everything that went wrong in the country, they tried to prove to the world that they were rightly suspicious of the Muslims. It also examines how, by turning against the Muslims and favoring the Hindus in all matters, the British wanted to increase the already existing differences between the two communities in order to govern the country more tactfully. It focuses on the evidence that shows that Muslims were not the main culprits behind the war but how they took part in it to an extent when it had already been started.
From the Paper "The uprising has been called a revolt or rebellion or mutiny by the British and the War of Independence by the Indians. The appellations of revolt or rebellion or mutiny do not do justice to the events, as the words imply a movement against a legal authority. The British were ruling India according to well thought out plans, but can never be rightly referred to as its legal rulers. All men, regardless of their religion or ethnic origin, have a right to fight for freedom, which is basically what 1857 was about. But to call it a War of Independence implies that the whole of the subcontinent was involved, and it was not; had it been so, the British could not have controlled the situation."
Abstract This paper discusses the book, "In the Name of War", by historian and author, Jill Lepore. The paper contends that Lepore makes it clear that it was after the wars between the Anglo and Indian population, and because of it, that the boundaries between cultures, hitherto blurred, became rigid ones. The paper presents the argument that the wars strengthened and hardened feelings that, in turn, strengthened and hardened the enmity between Indians and Anglos. The paper examines how feelings and boundaries developed between the cultures as a result of the wars.
From the Paper "According to the historian Jill Lepore, before the war between the Anglo and Indian population known as ?King Phillip's War,? cultural and linguistic barriers between these two dominant populations of the Eastern half of the Americas were fluid rather than fixed. However, the aftermath of this war in 1675, when tensions between Native Americans and colonists residing in New England erupted into brutal conflict a sharp cultural division was incurred. This cultural division has never again been broached as it had been before the war transpired. Although the title of Lepore's book refers to the name of war, it could very well refer to the mutual language of war between the Anglo and Indian nations, and the differing languages of cultural discourse."
Abstract This paper takes a look at the Fox Wars, fought between the Fox (Mesquakie) American Indians and the French in the early 18th Century. According to the paper, these Fox Wars that were fought in the then-French territory of Wisconsin, were due to the struggles that persisted as a result of access to land and waterways, security of expanding French forces into the West and mistrust perpetuated by previous encounters.
From the Paper "Beauharnois chose Paul de la Marque Sieur Marin to lead an expedition to suppress the Meskwaki. Marin and his forces left Montreal in the summer of 1729 and wintered over in a deserted fort near the Menominee village. He first encountered Meskwaki people in the spring, near Little Lake Butte des Morts. After five days of fighting the Meskwaki were successful in escaping during the night and eluding capture or defeat by Marin. Having lost all of their allies and left with few resources in their home area, the Meskwaki took an offer from the Iroquois to seek refuge outside of Wisconsin. In the summer of 1730 they set off for Lake Ontario, traveling through southern Wisconsin and along the Illinois River. They had plans to meet with allies in the Ouiatanon tribe near Lafayette, Indiana. However, their travel was also reported to the French by the Meskwaki's former allies, the Mascouten and the Kickapoo. The French threatened the Iroquois for offering refuge to the Meskwaki. Meanwhile, St. Ange of Peoria, Illinois gathered a force of French and Indian warriors and pursued the Meskwaki. "
Tags: Sauk, Kickapoo, Mascouten, Winnebago, Indians, Fox, Creek, Jacques, Sabrevois, Sieur, de, Louvigny
Abstract This paper explains that racism played a pivotal role in the Pacific and Asian theaters of World War II: The Nazi regime wanted to eliminate "inferior races" in Europe, mainly the Jews and Americans learned to hate the Japanese even more than the Germans. The author points out that institutional racism in the U.S. kept black and Indian military personnel restricted to lower-ranking, menial positions; however, in some cases, they were permitted to fight in WWII along with white soldiers although most frequently they were in separate units. The paper relates that, in the Russo-German War, not only Hitler was playing out the Aryan "master race" strategy to conquer the vast Soviet empire, but also he wanted to seize the Soviet's enormous resources especially the Oral Mountain region.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Main Body of the Paper
Racism in America during WWII
Racism Vis-a-Vis WWII
The Rape of Nanking
The Russo-German War
From the Paper "While the Japanese slaughter of upwards of 300,000 Chinese in Nanking, China, in 1937 was as atrocious, savage and bloody as practically any event leading up to and during WWII, according to author Iris Chang, racism did not necessarily play a major role.
The real reason for the Japanese occupation of China, and slaughter of so many hundreds of thousands of Chinese, can be at least partially explained by the years of hate propaganda taught to Japanese children leading up to 1937. In the early 1930s, Chang explains on page 30, "...Teachers instilled in boys hatred and contempt for the Chinese people, preparing them psychologically for a future invasion of the Chinese mainland.""
Abstract The paper discusses the Salem witch hunts in the context of the effect the IndianWar and not the sexually wanting young girls. The author points out that court transcripts of the trials give a psychological insight into the anguish and ambiguities of the people during this time. The paper concludes that the Salem witch trials are an example of how the remembrances of the past are not necessarily the facts.
From the Paper "The perception that women who were accused of being witches were liberal, unmarried, lesbians, had more knowledge in medicine or religion than doctors or priests or that they were victims of women haters is untrue. Many women accused of witchcraft were married and had families. Men were the judges in a witch trial but rarely an accuser. Most testimonials given at the witch trials were by women. The severity of the punishment for the crime of witchcraft was just as strong in Catholic areas as it was in Protestant areas."
Abstract The paper describes how this war marked the beginning of a new era of American nationalism. The paper looks at the causes of the War of 1812 and shows how some causes can be traced directly to unresolved issues between the United States and Great Britain. The paper notes two of the most significant outcomes of this war.
From the Paper "According to the War Hawks, the British had been inciting the Indians to rebel against the United States. Many Native Americans had sided with and fought for the British during the Revolutionary War. Moreover, the possibility of a Native American tribal coalition loomed, threatening American territorial expansion. The War Hawks believed that the British supported the creation of an independent Native American state located in the Great Lakes region to serve as a buffer between the United States and Canada. Chief Tecumeh championed tribal unification and his efforts might have succeeded had the War Hawks not been as vocal in Congress. To the War Hawks, British support of the Native Americans was a declaration of war."
Abstract This paper explains the phenomenon of the Quebecois linguistic and political identity and the deep and complex divisions between Anglophone and Francophone cultures, which have existed from the very founding of both the English and French colonies in North America in the early 1600s. The author describes the period following the end of the Seven Years War (1756-1763), which was one of the earliest phases in the evolution of the uniquely Quebecois identity and arguably the most significant because it solidified this cultural distinctiveness. The paper relates that this war, which was disastrous for France and French possessions in the New World, marked the end of New France and the beginning of the intensification of the Quebec identity as it conceived of itself in opposition to its new and unwelcome English government.
From the Paper "On the heels of France's defeat, Britain entered into an abortive policy of assimilation of its French subjects in Canada; however, resistance on the part of French Canadians brought this policy to an end with the Quebec Act (1774), by which the people of Quebec obtained their first Charter of Rights, paving way for additional recognition of their language and culture. From a political standpoint, the Act permitted French Canadians to preserve French civil law; thus it was doubly influential in the development of a distinct Quebecois identity."
