Abstract
This paper examines the tactical environment and resulting tactics of the Western Indian Wars of the late 19th century. The paper includes a discussion of methodology as well as primary sources of eyewitness testimony.

From the Paper
"The Indian Wars loom large in American culture They were the grist of hundreds of Western movies and most Americans still immediately recognize names like Little Big Horn and Wounded Knee. The word cavalry is as likely to evoke an image of Indian warfare on the Great Plains as of either the Civil War or modern mechanized cavalry. Moreover, the Indian Wars had an influence on American military thought that persists today..."

Tags:indian, wars, cavalry, tactics, warfare, doctrine

Abstract
This paper is a historical examination of the French and Indian Wars. It examines the origins of the conflict as being deeply rooted in pre-existing European wars and how it became part of a much larger scale conflict, the Seven Years War was the first world-scale conflict. It concludes with an observation about the continuing spirit for French independence within Quebec, the city that had been defeated by the English, but became the center for the French in Canada.

Abstract
This is a concise history of the French and Indian wars, along with a fairly detailed explanation for the reason of the wars, as well as viewpoints of the opposing forces involved. The author explains tactical maneuvers made by each side, as well as some biographical information on the major commanders involved in the battle.

From the Paper
"The French and Indian wars consist of several large battles that took place between the English and the French, mixed together as one, to be commonly referred to as the French and Indian Wars. The most famous of these battles is known as The French and Indian War, which lasted seven years, sometimes referred to as The Seven Years War. The first of these battles was King William's War, which spanned from 1688 to 1697. This battle consisted primarily of French attacks on the British frontiers and forts. Following this, was Queen Anne's War, from 1702 to 1713, which is connected with the War of Spanish Succession. King George's War took place between the years of 1744 and 1748. The last, and most predominate of these is the actual French and Indian War which occurred from 1754 to 1763."

Tags:america, british, history, military

Abstract
This paper explains that the arrival of Europeans to North America in the late 1500s and early 1600s triggered a great clash of civilizations between the Native Americans and the European Americans. These battles that contributed greatly to the eventual decimation, assimilation and forced relocation of Native Americans in North America, the author relates, occurred against the European Americans, especially during the Colonial Period. The paper details the Powhatan War, Pequot War, Beaver Wars, French and Indian Wars and Pontiac's Rebellion.

From the Paper
"Lord Amherst finally took Louisburg in 1758 when James Wolfe distinguished himself. Fort Duquesne, which later became Fort Pitt, was also taken in 1758 but by General John Forbes. Near the end, the war became a fight for the St. Lawrence, climaxing in 1759 during the battle on the Plains of Abraham. "Both Wolfe and Montcalm were killed, but Quebec fell to the British. In 1760, Montreal also fell, and the war was over" 5. In 1763, the Treaty of Paris ended French control of Canada, which ended up going to Great Britain."

Tags:decimation tidewater hudson iroquois, treaty of paris

Abstract
This paper analyzes the conflicts between native Americans and colonists in terms of the moral legitimacy of warfare. The paper states that the end result of these conflicts are clear; it led to the deaths of thousands of native Americans and the eventual disappearance of the majority of the native American tribes within North America. The paper argues that the results were disastrous for the native Americans, however on further examination, it becomes evident that the Indian wars qualify as a just war.

From the Paper
"In order to determine the legitimacy of the Indian Wars, a context for understanding the agents of action within the war must be developed. The Indian Civil War occurred in parallel to the American Civil War. The conflict began in the wake of the French and Indian War. The British, after acquiring the significant amount of territory ceded by the French dictated that settlements were forbidden west of the Appalachian Mountains. This policy was made to ensure that conflicts between the Native Americans and colonists would not continue to persist. However, due to pressure from the colonists, the British negotiated a treaty with the Iroquois in 1768 to allow for colonial expansion beyond the Ohio River."

Tags:Indian, war, civil, war, territory, conflicts, colonist

Abstract
This paper covers the US Army's operations in the period following the Civil War. The writer shows that unlike previous struggles with the Indians, this time there was nowhere for the Indians to withdraw to and so battles took place for a period of 25 years between the white Army and the native Indians.

From the Paper
"The reading begins by giving detail of both the setting and the challenge. Background to the conflict is given, where we see that the Army forces are not great in number, the military assets released from other tasks were lost through reductions in force instead of being diverted to frontier defense (301). We see that this war was not considered as a war like the Civil War had been by both congress and the population. Overall, there is a feeling that everyone has had enough of war, with there also being support for settling the conflict with the Indians without military means. Even so, the Army were called in to war with the Indians, though at much lower numbers and also with high rates of sickness and desertion (301). The distances which the Army covered also meant that it was organized into geographical segments. "

Tags:war, Indian, US, civil, America, army, military

Abstract
This paper examines how British servants were extremely conscious of the fact that they were the successors of Muslims as rulers in India and how in order to overcome that insecurity, they were anti-Muslims from the very start. It shows how by blaming the Muslims, for everything that went wrong in the country, they tried to prove to the world that they were rightly suspicious of the Muslims. It also examines how, by turning against the Muslims and favoring the Hindus in all matters, the British wanted to increase the already existing differences between the two communities in order to govern the country more tactfully. It focuses on the evidence that shows that Muslims were not the main culprits behind the war but how they took part in it to an extent when it had already been started.

From the Paper
"The uprising has been called a revolt or rebellion or mutiny by the British and the War of Independence by the Indians. The appellations of revolt or rebellion or mutiny do not do justice to the events, as the words imply a movement against a legal authority. The British were ruling India according to well thought out plans, but can never be rightly referred to as its legal rulers. All men, regardless of their religion or ethnic origin, have a right to fight for freedom, which is basically what 1857 was about. But to call it a War of Independence implies that the whole of the subcontinent was involved, and it was not; had it been so, the British could not have controlled the situation."

Tags:bengal, british, hindus, mughal, muhammadans, mutiny, plassey, rebellion, sikhs

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the Fox Wars, fought between the Fox (Mesquakie) American Indians and the French in the early 18th Century. According to the paper, these Fox Wars that were fought in the then-French territory of Wisconsin, were due to the struggles that persisted as a result of access to land and waterways, security of expanding French forces into the West and mistrust perpetuated by previous encounters.

From the Paper
"Beauharnois chose Paul de la Marque Sieur Marin to lead an expedition to suppress the Meskwaki. Marin and his forces left Montreal in the summer of 1729 and wintered over in a deserted fort near the Menominee village. He first encountered Meskwaki people in the spring, near Little Lake Butte des Morts. After five days of fighting the Meskwaki were successful in escaping during the night and eluding capture or defeat by Marin. Having lost all of their allies and left with few resources in their home area, the Meskwaki took an offer from the Iroquois to seek refuge outside of Wisconsin. In the summer of 1730 they set off for Lake Ontario, traveling through southern Wisconsin and along the Illinois River. They had plans to meet with allies in the Ouiatanon tribe near Lafayette, Indiana. However, their travel was also reported to the French by the Meskwaki's former allies, the Mascouten and the Kickapoo. The French threatened the Iroquois for offering refuge to the Meskwaki. Meanwhile, St. Ange of Peoria, Illinois gathered a force of French and Indian warriors and pursued the Meskwaki. "

Tags:Sauk, Kickapoo, Mascouten, Winnebago, Indians, Fox, Creek, Jacques, Sabrevois, Sieur, de, Louvigny

Abstract
Particularly in the years immediately prior to the War of Independence, the Native people of the Americas had more political power and leverage with European settlers and the colonists than they were ever to have in subsequent years. The paper shows, however, that after America formally became a nation with a European-style government, the Indian nations and intertribal struggles were in conflict with the new government. The paper briefly examines the events, reasons, and causes leading to the removal of the Indians from the East and the Indian Removal Act.

From the Paper
"The history of racism is rife with euphemisms. "Removal" became a polite legal euphemism for what is now called "The Trail of Tears" of the Cherokee People and the other five native tribes whom were legally and systematically denied their rights to the land their people had occupied for as long as memory, by an act of the United States Congress. The Twenty-First Congress of the United States of America passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830 on May 26, 1830. It should be noted that the act's passage did not come easily, and only transpired after four months of strong debate."

Tags:Cherokee, Trail, of, Tears, Davy, Crockett

Abstract
This paper defines the colonial imperialism of the British Empire in three photos of Lala Deen Dayal's monumental works. The paper describes the photos that depict the war technology, the Indian elites in the service of the British, and the sporting propaganda.

Tags:raj, british, photography