Abstract
This paper explains that the women in both societies play productive roles, working in the fields, attending to all domestic duties, and educating the children. The author points out that, in both novels, the softer, more accepting nature of the female characters should not be mistaken for weakness. The paper relates that African and Indian cultures may place undue emphasis on the male role in society; but, as Achebe and Markandaya demonstrate, their cultures are not devoid of respect and care for their women.

From the Paper
"The interpretation that women in "Things Fall Apart" are at the mercy of a male dominated, sexist society is largely due to the character of Okonkwo, its central protagonist. Right through the text, Okonkwo is heard to constantly compare all signs of weakness to femininity, a worldview that also leads him into frequently asserting his masculinity with his multiple wives, family and community. Okonkwo's obsession with masculinity should not, however, be taken to represent the views of African culture, as a whole."

Tags:productive, roles, character, male, respect

Abstract
The writer compares and contrasts the works of these two writers whose novels both focus on the issues of cultural ties in a sub-culture that is dominated and oppressed by the white majority. The paper looks first at Sherman Alexie's novel where the main character John is caught between the two cultures, his Indian background by birth and his adopted white family. The paper then continues with a review of N. Scott Momaday's book, set in post-war America and analyzes the characters development as he struggles between the world he once valued and the white world.

From the Paper
"In Alexie's murder story, a serial killer is operating in Seattle and leaving behind scalped corpses decorated with owl feathers. This leads to a good deal of anti-Indian rhetoric and some street violence, both white against Indian and Indian against white. The killer is John Smith, an Indian without a tribe, which alone sets him apart from both groups. His name is clearly an ironic reference to the white captain famous for the story of Pocahantas. John is caught between the two cultures, for while he is Indian by birth, he is Adopted by a white couple. He rapidly slips into a delusional fantasy life in which he is the Native American hero able to right all the wrongs inflicted on Native Americans by European settlers and all those who followed."

Tags:racism, native, american, culture, alienation

Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the history of India beginning with the creation of the Indian National Congress in 1884. More specifically, the paper discusses India's independence, the emergence of the various political groups in the country, and the influence of the "moderates", the "swarajists". The paper also discusses the influence on India of the strong leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.

From the Paper
"Gandhi's action of suspending the non-cooperation movement was severely criticized by other movement advocates and other sectors (National Indian Congress 2004, Edidin 2006). But other critics recognized its most outstanding feature as the willingness and ability of people in general to endure hardships and punishment inflicted by the government. The movement may have collapsed but its great impact survives and is destined to inspire the nation to persist on a stronger campaign. It clearly served as a basis for new faith and new hope in the people. It roused in them a new confidence in their own power to fight for freedom. Because of the movement, the Congress, for the first time, turned into a truly mass movement."

Tags:fredom, india, gandhi

Abstract
This essay concerns an underground, invisible band of women called hijras. The writer explains that the hijras are found as a part of the Indian society. The writer then points out that they are invisible to society by virtue of the fact that they are either castrated males or they identify and dress as males. Further, the writer discusses in this article that they only have limited access to society because in India the law and traditional customs frown upon homosexuality. The writer then notes that the only place they are accepted wholly is as part of weddings.

From the Paper
"In the patriarchal dominated Indian society, the Hijra women have existed for years living invisibly among the population. The Hijras are, for all intents and purposes, "a social sub-group of men that assume the lives of women, dress in feminine attire, and in a majority of cases, are emasculated". Probably the closest expression that could be made to describe these men in English is transsexual, without the operation. Not to digress, but the Hijras form specific functions in Indian society, as they are "ascribed with special spiritual powers derived from their identification with Hinduism's popular androgynous mythical figures including, Bahuchara Mata of Gujarat, Shiva united with his feminine aspect, etc...""

Tags:hijras, gender, homosexuality

Abstract
This essay will explore Indian legislation concerning women and its impact on women and their children who marry out of the Indian society. A look at recent changes and implications for society.

From the Paper
"In June 1985, Parliament passed legislation, which ended over 100 years of discrimination in the Indian Act. These amendments commonly referred to as Bill C-31 respect three fundamental principals. First, the amendments exclude discriminatory conditions from the registration criteria from the Indian Act .For instance, Indian women no longer lost status through marriage to non-status Indian and a non-status woman can no longer gain status through marriage to Indian men. In recognition of the problems of discrimination contained within the Indian Act; the government chose to pass a law to eliminate the obstacles people had to endure. "

Tags:native, studies, women

Abstract
This paper hypothesizes that the current attempts of making structural changes in legal systems, especially constitutions, are a result of economic globalization and is different from the earlier existing forms of influences on constitution-making. The writer explains that the selected methodologies of case study and qualitative analysis present two dimensions viz. experience of nations in responding to convergence attempts and executive and judicial responses to human rights. To make Indian society functional in the future, the paper concludes, it is imperative that its present constitution be revised or altogether rewritten.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments: Definition and Theory
Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments: A Definition
Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments and Liberal Democracy
India's Basic Structure.
Problem Statement and Hypothesis
Hypothesis
Objectives and Methodology
Objectives
Methodology
Convergence and Neo-Convergence Explained
The Concept, Politics and Future of Constitutional Amendment in India
Why Focus on the Constitutional Amendment
Amendment Politics, Constitutional Change and the Social Revolution
Reforming the Constitution: Towards Liberalization or Human Rights?
Recent Developments in the Constitutional Amendment and Indian Judiciary
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The political economy of "socialism" has triggered important constitutional amendments to achieve the desired goals of the social revolution: The 1st Amendment created the 9th schedule, the 7th Amendment introduced new land laws, expropriations following the 17th Amendment were struck down by the Golak Nath decision, correspondingly the 24th, 25th and 27th amendment diluted Golak Nath while the 42nd amendment overrode Kesavananda. Liberalization policies, so far, have neither translated into mass politics nor into a constitutional reform debate."

Tags:harmonization, globalization, faith, governance, dichotomy

Abstract
This paper discusses American history from 1607 to 1877. The paper answers a variety of questions pertaining to the coming of Europeans to the continent and how it changed the Indian society. The paper also points out the pressures that the Indians faced soon after the American War of Independence.

From the Paper
"The American Indians are a group of diverse people of North, Central and South America and the Caribbean islands who in many respects resemble the Mongoloid people of Asia, which has a led to their classification as a subtype of the Mongoloid race. However their physical diversity and the possession of certain features not common among Mongoloids suggests other origins. The ensuing section of the essay will deal with a few relevant issues of the American Indians with respect to the coming of the Europeans in the continent."

Tags:tradition, native

Abstract
The paper argues that too often in the history of Canada's native communities, government policies have been promulgated that, for all their insistence about protecting native communities (or culture) have really done anything but protect them: a classic case in point is the assimilationist policies of Canadian federal governments for generations. The paper looks at how the Indian Act, first brought into being in 1869, was not a document aimed at protecting native culture but a document which really sought to impose two burdens upon native society, and upon native women in particular: a) it sought to constrain the freedom of native women to marry whom they wished, and b) it sought to inject a quintessentially British or White-Anglo-Saxon-Protestant mindset vis-a-vis gender relations into native communities.

From the Paper
"Far too often, at least in the history of Canada's native communities, government policies have been promulgated that, for all their insistence about protecting native communities (or culture) have really done anything but protect them: a classic case in point is the assimilationist policies of Canadian federal governments for generations. With that in mind, the paper emerging from this proposal will look at how the Indian Act, first brought into being in 1869, was not a document aimed at protecting native..."

Tags:women, marriage, indian

Abstract
This paper addresses the Indian Act's effects on Canadian aborginal women and the failure of C-31 to correct all abuses. The paper examines the arguments that the Indian Act inflicted patriarchy on matriarchal native societies, but emphasizes that all Native cultures were not without patriarchy and sexism of their own. The paper provides various legal and social scientific references.

From the Paper
"Canadian paternalism has been many times mentioned in relation to the Indian Act (1869) as legislation that matched counterparts elsewhere in former British colonies on matters of indigenous or other specially recognized groups. It is known in the Canadian case that the Indian Act bestowed special liabilities upon Aboriginal women that strongly affected matters of choice and their fundamental Aboriginal status as women who did not marry status Indians lost their privileges, however limited, just as their children were designated non-status Indians."

Tags:canada, indian act, women

Abstract
The paper examines four current nations on the Indian subcontinent: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan. The writer proposes that an examination of these nations will demonstrate how colonialism has forever changed societies in the region that have a history that can be traced back for at least 5,000 years. The paper discusses how, even though the region has a civilized history dating back five millennia, British rule only accounted for about 180 years

From the Paper
"It is impossible to discuss the Indian subcontinent in terms of colonialism without also discussing the historically central role that the British Empire played in shaping the organization development of the nations that were born in the mid 20th century in that region following decolonization. The will of the British Empire has had a lasting impact on the region."

Tags:indian, subcontinent, colonialism