Abstract
This paper explains that India and Pakistan have been arch-rivals since the partition of the sub-continent that took place more than 50 years ago; their animosity goes back a long time and finds its main causes in religion and history. The paper shows how this animosity has turned into a deadly arms race. The author points out that Pakistan never accepted the accession of the state of Jammu and Kashmir to India. The paper relates that the culture of medieval terrorism has spread throughout Pakistan because the Pakistan government has permissive attitudes towards terrorism and uses Islamic Jihad terrorism against India.

Table of Contents
History of India and Pakistan Relations
Independence and Partition
The Fight for Pakistan's Independence
War and Revolt
The Kashmir Conflict and the Wars Fought between India and Pakistan
Civil Unrest in the State of Jammu and Kashmir before the Issue of Accession
The Transfer of Power in the State of Jammu and Kashmir in 1947
Accession
The Plebiscite
First Indo-Pakistani War over the State of Jammu and Kashmir
Second Indo-Pakistani War over the State of Jammu and Kashmir
Third Indo-Pakistani War
The Current Situation in the State of Jammu and Kashmir
Social and Economic Problems in Pakistan and India
Effect of September 11th on India and Pakistan
Pakistan
India
The Culture of Terrorism
The Nuclear Capabilities of the Two Countries

From the Paper
"In 1931, the Maharaja's officials in the Jammu Province disrupted many different Muslim prayer congregations and insulted the Holy Quran. This caused a massive outrage among the Muslim community. The Muslims held many meetings and processions. At a meeting, Abdul Qadeer delivered a violent speech against the Maharaja. He was arrested by the police and charged for sedition. During his trial, the police shot a crowd of Muslim protesters outside the Srinagar Central Goal, taking the lives of twenty-two demonstrators and a policeman. This day is known as "Martyrs Day" in the history of Kashmir, marked as the beginning of the struggle of the Muslim Kashmiris for independence from the Indian government."

Tags:archrivals, partition, kashmir, terrorism, religion

Abstract
This paper asks and analyzes whether peace is possible between India and Pakistan. The paper explains that these two countries contain more than one sixth of the world's population, and their relationship constitutes a major geopolitical issue. The paper explores the history of the countries' interactions, which have been highly conflicted since the independence of India and its partition in two between the predominantly Muslim Pakistan and the predominantly Hindu India. The paper discusses the Kashmiri question, and related conflicts such as the Bengali War. The paper concedes that relations between India and Pakistan seem to be moving toward pacification, and war seems very unlikely as both countries wish for peaceful relations; however, several factors, such as the Kashmir issue, make it very difficult for both sides to achieve completely friendly relations.

Outline:
Strong antagonisms between India and Pakistan make the idea of peace unlikely
The Kashmiri Issue
The Religious Question
Strong Interests in Normalized Relations
Two Nuclear Countries: Source of Tension or Stability?
Dialogues Towards Peace
Strong Interests in Normalized Relations
A "Composite Dialogue"
Progresses
An Ugly Stability
Paralyzing Issues
The Persistence of a Mistrust
Emerging Competition Over Natural Resources
CCL
References

From the Paper
"The rise of Hindus and Muslims fundamentalisms contributes to exacerbate extremisms in each country and rivalry between the two countries. In India, the 6th december 1992, the mosque of Ayodhya was destroyed by activists from the VHP, Shiv Sena and BJP, and provoked the greatest confrontations between Hindus and Muslims since the partition, with more than 2,000 victims.
"Even though Pakistan is not a religious state, the question of the place of religion in the state is very important, and has been used by politicians to unify the nation. Since the beginning of the 70s, there has been an Islamization of Pakistan, with Ali Bhutto who instituted prohibition, and then with General Zia Ul Aq between 1977 and 1988."

Tags:Kashmir, Taliban, Hindu, Muslim

Abstract
This paper examines how, although India and Pakistan jointly won their independence from Britain on August 15th, 1947, following a nationalist struggle within British Colonial India lasting nearly three decades, they differ greatly in matters of politics, economics and law. The paper also looks at how, since partition, India and Pakistan have fought three wars over the disputed area of Kashmir as well as a number of skirmishes although tensions between the two have dissipated significantly since 2004 when war almost broke out. The paper relates that the two countries have also been involved in a nuclear arms race which culminated in both countries testing nuclear weapons in 1998.

From the Paper
"The Pakistani legal system is based on English common law with provisions that account for Pakistan being an Islamic state. Pakistan accepts obligatory International Court of Justice jurisdiction, with reservations. The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court, provincial high courts, and a Federal Islamic (or Shari'a) Court. The president appoints the chief justice of the Supreme Court and together they determine the remaining judicial appointments. Each province has a high court whose justices are appointed by the president after discussions with the chief justice of the Supreme Court and the provincial chief justice. The judiciary is prohibited from issuing any order divergent to the decisions of the President. Federal Shari'a Court hears cases that primarily involve Shari'a, or Islamic law. Legislation enacted in 1991 gave legal status to the Shari'a court. Although Shari'a was declared the law of the land, it did not replace the existing legal code. "

Tags:nuclear, weapons, Kashmir, independence

Abstract
This paper takes a look at Pakistan-China bilateral relations. The paper discusses how despite ideological differences, the rationale for Pakistan seeking close bilateral relations with China is obvious. The paper analyzes the reasons why China decided to reciprocate and discusses main factors that helped to forge Pakistan-China bilateral relations from the 1950s onwards.

From the Paper
"China had nothing preventing it from establishing strong ties with Pakistan but just because it was possible didn't imply any necessity to pursue the cause. To understand what pushed China into a friendship that -over the years- has been considered by some to be the next best thing to brotherhood, the geo-political labyrinth that China found itself in during the three decades after the revolution must be examined. "

Tags:communism, global, socialist, islamic, ideologies, Kashmir, india, cold, war

Abstract
This paper explains that, over the last fifty years, the most significant shift in India's energy consumption was the replacement of non-commercial energy with commercial energy, generated frequently
from oil, which is being compromised by the ever-increasing cost of oil. The author points out that India's nuclear power program is poised to take off rapidly because of the accelerated rate of growth of India's economy and its ever increasing need for reasonable priced energy. The paper relates that the Indo-U.S. agreement on the Nuclear energy is largely a result of President Bush's strong commitment to reducing dependence on fossil fuels, to cutting back emissions of greenhouse gases and to cutting radioactive nuclear wastes, which marks the beginning of a new era of geo-politics to rebuild a balance of power in Asia vis-a-vis China and Pakistan. Many charts and tables.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Current Global Nuclear Energy Scenario
Nuclear Energy in India and Its Economics
The Economics of Nuclear Power in India
Indo-U.S .Nuke Deal: Opportunities and Challenges
Implication at Home
The Impact on Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy
Regional Issues
Impact on the Middle East and Israel
Impact on Brazil, Libya, Argentina, Ukraine and South Africa
China
Proliferation Crisis in North Korea
Pakistan
Perceptions of India about Non-Proliferation
Issue of Separation of Civilian and Nuclear Facilities
Concluding Remarks

From the Paper
"India, however, breached the international taboo on "going nuclear" in 1998, by testing a series of nuclear explosive devices on May11 and 13 and officially declaring itself a new "nuclear weapons power". These events triggered Pakistan's nuclear explosive testing response two weeks later. Thus, suddenly emerged two self-declared, non-NPT nuclear weapons states radically changing the efficacy of the nuclear non-proliferation regime. This was followed by economic sanctions on both the countries. The problems in the US-India relationship arose from the 1994 Glenn Amendment to the US Arms Export Control Act. The Glenn Amendment requires that the US respond to the Indian nuclear tests with seven steps that are almost automatic in their application to India and Pakistan."

Tags:deal, security, pakistan, coal, facilities

Abstract
This paper examines the relations between ethnic majorities and minorities in Pakistan and India. It compares the experiences of the two countries.

Abstract
As the title says, this essay is a very factual and informative summary of a large list of national statistics. It covers population, religion, trade, politics, labor force, transport and even which fish they catch. It covers some modern internal/external political history and international trade history. A very useful essay for anyone wishing to learn about India especially regarding trade.

From the Paper:

"Situated in the South East Asia bordering with the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, the country India is a country that is linked with Burma, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Belonging to one of the oldest civilizations the Indus Civilizations, its historical setting could be traced up to 5000 years. India has also been subject to a series of conquests like the invasion of Aryans, the Dutch, Portuguese, Turkish and Arabs.

They were also subjected to a series of political strife when the country was endeavoring for its independence in the 20th century. Today it has a federal republic government established on 15th August, the country has a President as the head of state, while the head of the government is the Prime Minister. The legal system is ruled by a cabinet of council of ministers who are appointed by the president at the recommendation of the Prime Minister."

Tags:politics, trade, religion

Abstract
This paper argues that the politics of sub continental Asia do continue to put forth significant pressure upon the nature and characteristics of community relations between British South Asians. The paper explains the meaning of inter-community and intra-community relations and the nature of communalism within British South Asian communities. The paper also stresses that the impact of protracted and concerted religious and ethnic differences has been translated negatively into the political realm and has been given a wholly British dimension.

From the Paper
"Firstly, the issue of the global Islamic resurgence is of vital importance here. Since the 1970s the Muslim faith has undergone a relative transformation, as personified by the Iranian revolution in 1979. Now we must be very careful not to overemphasize the scope and magnitude of Islamic fundamentalism. However, it nevertheless remains the case that in recent decades a fundamentalist interpretation of Islam has been propelled in many areas of world and often taken to be the real understanding of the Islamic faith. It is not necessary here to examine in detail the nature of this fundamentalism or the validity it achieves across the world."

Tags:immigration colonial communalism, historical religious differences, islamic resurgence

Abstract
In determining the lessons Pakistan and India learned from the Kargil Crisis in 1999, it is evident that their different perceptions of the causes of the crisis, their different views regarding whether Pakistani military personnel were directly involved, and their different geopolitical agendas for South Asia have led them to draw different lessons from the crisis. The main lesson the Indian government seems to have drawn is that it lost the critically important public relations battle during the crisis, and consequently must focus much more attention on proving and publicizing Pakistani complicity in the insurgency. The main lesson the Pakistani government seems to have drawn from the crisis is that it is essential to continue to successfully conceal Pakistan's involvement.

From the Paper
Lessons of the Kargil Crisis: An Analysis In determining the lessons Pakistan and India learned from the Kargil Crisis in 1999, it is evident that their different perceptions of the causes of the crisis, their different views regarding whether Pakistani military personnel were directly involved, and their different geopolitical agendas for South Asia have led them to draw different lessons from the crisis. The main lesson the Indian government seems to have drawn is that it lost

Tags:india, pakistan, kashmir

Abstract
The paper analyzes Nehru's philosophy, his performance as a revolutionary and as a government leader and his impact on the Indian state. The paper shows how he was well prepared to meet the challenges posed by the newly independent nation. The paper also discusses his missteps, such as the insistence on a centrally planned economy and strained relations with Pakistan, China and America, but concludes that Nehru helped to create a legacy of democracy and social reform that is apparent in India to this day.

Outline:
Introduction
Philosophy
Performance
Impact
Conclusion

From the Paper
"When Jawaharlal Nehru came to power as prime minister of the newly independent India in 1947, he inherited not only a country in flux, but a world undergoing great turmoil and change. After nearly 30 years of working alongside the iconic Mohandas Gandhi to procure independence from the British, Nehru was tasked with building a government, trying to preserve national unity and reconstructing a tattered Indian economy. All around him, the post-World War II world was changing and the Cold War heating up, with world super powers competing for the fragile new government's allegiance."

Tags:performance, philosophy, impact, foreign, policy, independence