Abstract
This paper is largely focused on various military threats that have occurred between the countries of India and Pakistan. The writer provides evidence and history to look at not only violent conflicts that have occurred but between ideological differences, but also an ever-growing capability to gain or maintain nuclear warfare. The paper begins with a brief look at each country, then through the Kashmir arms race and then continues on to discuss cultural differences.

Outline:
India
Pakistan
Kashmir and the Arms Race
The First Summit, a Failure
Cultural Differences between Pakistanis and Indians
non-verbal Communication among Pakistani's

From the Paper
"The dispute over Kashmir began since the split and repeatedly brought the two sides into bloody confrontations (BBC, 2009). India accused that Pakistan refused to cooperate with police investigations on the November 2008 attacks on Mumbai. A peace process was attempted in 2004 during which Pakistani militants were blamed for the attacks. But the peace attempt was stalled right the following month. In May 1998, news that the two nations were conducting nuclear tests made the international community cringe with apprehension. The US quickly entered the scene and sanctioned India. More recently, the two countries were said to have improved their ties. They even agreed to share individual nuclear technology. At present, India launches its own satellite, the first one on the moon in 2008. It even runs a large and successful cinema industry, Bollywood, one of the most watched in the world. Yet widespread poverty continues to afflict its rural populace. The majority of its people remain illiterate and poor. They remain oppressed by the ancient Hindu caste system, which fixes the place of each person in society (BBC)."

Tags:India, Pakistan, war, conflict, politics

Abstract
The word 'Hijra' is derived from Urdu, meaning 'Eunuch'. This paper aims to give a descriptive account of the origins of the Hijra with respect to Islam and Hinduism and that of their modern day community structure, whilst consequently highlighting the absolute identity transformation they experienced during these two transitional periods.
Outline
Introduction
Religious Role Derived From Hinduism
Historical Role of Hijras in Muslim Courts
The Hijra Community Today
Stigmatization vs. Honor
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Hijra community is very similar in function to the Hindu Caste System. They are a sect of their own, united in like with the family system. There are seven nation-wide communal households known as gharanas for the most part in cities throughout Northern India, having their own history and rules of behaviour. Each household is head by a nayak who appoints a guru or a preacher trained to protect the community members, whose disciples are referred to as chelas or students and traditionally amount to about five per guru. Before entering the community, the hijra has to live in satla (female attire) and observe the community for at least a year. "

Tags:bhagavana, castration, eunuch, harem, hermophraditehomosexual, islam, mahabharata, mughal, ritual, sufism, transgender, transsexual, vedic

Abstract
This paper examines the Indian/Pakistani conflict over the Kashmir region. Initially, the origins of the conflict in Indian independence are identified and traced to the present. The current situation, in the wake of 9/11 is also analyzed.

Abstract
This paper compares economic and population data on India and Pakistan, noting that India is a moderate-sized country with a huge population. The writer states that over-population is one of the problems facing India, and that data on this subject can be found easily using an Internet search engine. The writer notes that one site that offers a good deal of data is known as Data & Statistics, a site offering data gathered by the World Bank on different countries, and with a specific section on Development Goals for India.

From the Paper
"India is a moderate-sized country with a huge population. Over-population is one of the problems facing India, and data on this subject can be found easily using an Internet search engine. One site that offers a good deal of data is known as Data & Statistics, a site offering data gathered by the World Bank on different countries, and with a specific section on Development Goals for India. The most current data on the site is for 2004. According to this site, the population of India reached 1.1 billion in 2003 and remained at that level in 2004, up from 1 billion in 2000. The growth rate has been slowing slightly, down to 1.4 percent in 2004 from 1.7 percent in 2000. For 2000, the last year with full data, the national poverty rate stood at 28.6 percent of the population."

Tags:india, pakistan, population

Abstract
The paper discusses how nuclear saber rattling between India and Pakistan, specifically over the continuing conflict in Kashmir, will continue to be a threat toward security for the region. The paper provides an examination of the historical and ideological roots of the conflict, and its contemporary nuclear manifestation, to indicate that resolution will not be easy. As such, the paper asserts that its effect on the business climate should be taken quite seriously.

From the Paper
"Some analysts believe that the threat of mutual destruction is enough to stave off full-scale war between nations. These critics (Parris, 2002) argue that the nuclear arsenals now possessed by India and Pakistan represent a strong incentive toward stabilization of the region. Unfortunately, while this thesis could be applied after the fact to US-Soviet relations during the Cold War, the situation on the Indian subcontinent is quite different. Nuclear saber rattling, specifically over the continuing conflict in Kashmir, will continue to be a threat toward..."

Tags:india, pakistan, nuclear

Abstract
A paper on the modern day conflict between India and Pakistan and its historical background with a tentative solution suggested.

Tags:conflict, india, pakistan

Abstract
The following paper examines nuclear proliferation in India and in Pakistan, specifically considering the matter from a "collective goods" perspective. It then proceeds to delineate all of the various reasons why it is dangerously naive to think that the nuclear weapons race being waged by the two rivals will somehow lead to a long-term and relatively stable balance of power situation. The paper concludes by stating that mutual suspicion, constant meddling by other powers, religious and ethnic hatreds and deep-seated insecurities conspire to make nuclear proliferation on the part of these two international actors the last thing the global community should want.

From the Paper
" The following paper will look at nuclear proliferation in India and in Pakistan. Specifically, the paper begins by examining the matter from a "collective goods" perspective and then proceeds to delineate all of the various reasons why it is dangerously naive to think that the nuclear weapons race being waged by the two rivals will somehow lead to a long-term and relatively stable "balance of power situation". In the final analysis, mutual suspicion, constant meddling by other powers (China being one), religious and ethnic hatreds, deep-seated insecurities (certainly on the part of Pakistan) and the unpredictability of a world wherein..."

Tags:nuclear, proliferation, pakistan

Abstract
This paper explains that India and Pakistan have been arch-rivals since the partition of the sub-continent that took place more than 50 years ago; their animosity goes back a long time and finds its main causes in religion and history. The paper shows how this animosity has turned into a deadly arms race. The author points out that Pakistan never accepted the accession of the state of Jammu and Kashmir to India. The paper relates that the culture of medieval terrorism has spread throughout Pakistan because the Pakistan government has permissive attitudes towards terrorism and uses Islamic Jihad terrorism against India.

Table of Contents
History of India and Pakistan Relations
Independence and Partition
The Fight for Pakistan's Independence
War and Revolt
The Kashmir Conflict and the Wars Fought between India and Pakistan
Civil Unrest in the State of Jammu and Kashmir before the Issue of Accession
The Transfer of Power in the State of Jammu and Kashmir in 1947
Accession
The Plebiscite
First Indo-Pakistani War over the State of Jammu and Kashmir
Second Indo-Pakistani War over the State of Jammu and Kashmir
Third Indo-Pakistani War
The Current Situation in the State of Jammu and Kashmir
Social and Economic Problems in Pakistan and India
Effect of September 11th on India and Pakistan
Pakistan
India
The Culture of Terrorism
The Nuclear Capabilities of the Two Countries

From the Paper
"In 1931, the Maharaja's officials in the Jammu Province disrupted many different Muslim prayer congregations and insulted the Holy Quran. This caused a massive outrage among the Muslim community. The Muslims held many meetings and processions. At a meeting, Abdul Qadeer delivered a violent speech against the Maharaja. He was arrested by the police and charged for sedition. During his trial, the police shot a crowd of Muslim protesters outside the Srinagar Central Goal, taking the lives of twenty-two demonstrators and a policeman. This day is known as "Martyrs Day" in the history of Kashmir, marked as the beginning of the struggle of the Muslim Kashmiris for independence from the Indian government."

Tags:archrivals, partition, kashmir, terrorism, religion

Abstract
This paper asks and analyzes whether peace is possible between India and Pakistan. The paper explains that these two countries contain more than one sixth of the world's population, and their relationship constitutes a major geopolitical issue. The paper explores the history of the countries' interactions, which have been highly conflicted since the independence of India and its partition in two between the predominantly Muslim Pakistan and the predominantly Hindu India. The paper discusses the Kashmiri question, and related conflicts such as the Bengali War. The paper concedes that relations between India and Pakistan seem to be moving toward pacification, and war seems very unlikely as both countries wish for peaceful relations; however, several factors, such as the Kashmir issue, make it very difficult for both sides to achieve completely friendly relations.

Outline:
Strong antagonisms between India and Pakistan make the idea of peace unlikely
The Kashmiri Issue
The Religious Question
Strong Interests in Normalized Relations
Two Nuclear Countries: Source of Tension or Stability?
Dialogues Towards Peace
Strong Interests in Normalized Relations
A "Composite Dialogue"
Progresses
An Ugly Stability
Paralyzing Issues
The Persistence of a Mistrust
Emerging Competition Over Natural Resources
CCL
References

From the Paper
"The rise of Hindus and Muslims fundamentalisms contributes to exacerbate extremisms in each country and rivalry between the two countries. In India, the 6th december 1992, the mosque of Ayodhya was destroyed by activists from the VHP, Shiv Sena and BJP, and provoked the greatest confrontations between Hindus and Muslims since the partition, with more than 2,000 victims.
"Even though Pakistan is not a religious state, the question of the place of religion in the state is very important, and has been used by politicians to unify the nation. Since the beginning of the 70s, there has been an Islamization of Pakistan, with Ali Bhutto who instituted prohibition, and then with General Zia Ul Aq between 1977 and 1988."

Tags:Kashmir, Taliban, Hindu, Muslim

Abstract
The paper examines the nuclear weaponry proliferation from a "collective goods" perspective and explores the many reasons why a nuclear arms race between India and Pakistan will not lead to a stable balance of power in the region. The paper discusses international terrorism, sectarian and ethnic hatreds, deep-seated paranoia and the fact that Pakistan is overly-reliant upon its nuclear weaponry for its defense. The paper therefore argues that India and Pakistan should be discouraged from their present nuclear build-ups.

From the Paper
"To start with, "collective goods" is really a term drawn from economics - albeit it is one that can be applied to a number of different disciplines depending upon the context within which it is being introduced. For our purposes, "collective goods" are really public goods wherein the item in question cannot be withheld from one consumer without also withholding it from all consumers. A classic example of this is national defense whereby a nation cannot defend its borders without also defending all individuals who reside within those borders at any one time - including foreigners or "undesirables". Additionally, the "flip-side" of collective goods is that, not only are they items which cannot practicably be denied to any one person, but they are also items which benefit those who simply refuse to pay for them; suffice it to say, the collective good makes "free-riders" out of many people (Yamagishi & Sato, 67-69). This concept has immediate application to the issue of nuclear proliferation in India and Pakistan."

Tags:collective, goods, tensions, defense, terrorism, ethnic, hatreds, paranoia