Abstract This paper compares economic and population data on India and Pakistan, noting that India is a moderate-sized country with a huge population. The writer states that over-population is one of the problems facing India, and that data on this subject can be found easily using an Internet search engine. The writer notes that one site that offers a good deal of data is known as Data & Statistics, a site offering data gathered by the World Bank on different countries, and with a specific section on Development Goals for India.
From the Paper "India is a moderate-sized country with a huge population. Over-population is one of the problems facing India, and data on this subject can be found easily using an Internet search engine. One site that offers a good deal of data is known as Data & Statistics, a site offering data gathered by the World Bank on different countries, and with a specific section on Development Goals for India. The most current data on the site is for 2004. According to this site, the population of India reached 1.1 billion in 2003 and remained at that level in 2004, up from 1 billion in 2000. The growth rate has been slowing slightly, down to 1.4 percent in 2004 from 1.7 percent in 2000. For 2000, the last year with full data, the national poverty rate stood at 28.6 percent of the population."
Abstract This paper sums up the social, political, economic repercussions of the 1947 partition of British India into India and modern-day Pakistan. The paper suggests that a more conciliatory approach on behalf of the political leaders of the day might have avoided much of the subsequent bloodshed and spared both of these nations the acrimony and animosity that presently lingers.
From the Paper "The partitioning of India has stirred a great deal of debate. This paper will wade into that debate by examining whether or not the partition of India made sense socially, politically, or economically. More specifically, this paper will argue that the 1947 partition did a great deal of harm to India - and to Pakistan - in all three regards and that a more inclusive approach involving the leaders of the day might have spared both nations the tragedies that followed. With that in mind, it is to a discussion of the Indian partitioning of 1947 that one now turns."
Abstract This paper explains that, over the last fifty years, the most significant shift in India's energy consumption was the replacement of non-commercial energy with commercial energy, generated frequently
from oil, which is being compromised by the ever-increasing cost of oil. The author points out that India's nuclear power program is poised to take off rapidly because of the accelerated rate of growth of India's economy and its ever increasing need for reasonable priced energy. The paper relates that the Indo-U.S. agreement on the Nuclear energy is largely a result of President Bush's strong commitment to reducing dependence on fossil fuels, to cutting back emissions of greenhouse gases and to cutting radioactive nuclear wastes, which marks the beginning of a new era of geo-politics to rebuild a balance of power in Asia vis-a-vis China and Pakistan. Many charts and tables.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Current Global Nuclear Energy Scenario
Nuclear Energy in India and Its Economics
The Economics of Nuclear Power in India Indo-U.S .Nuke Deal: Opportunities and Challenges
Implication at Home
The Impact on Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy
Regional Issues
Impact on the Middle East and Israel
Impact on Brazil, Libya, Argentina, Ukraine and South Africa
China
Proliferation Crisis in North Korea
Pakistan Perceptions of India about Non-Proliferation
Issue of Separation of Civilian and Nuclear Facilities
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper "India, however, breached the international taboo on "going nuclear" in 1998, by testing a series of nuclear explosive devices on May11 and 13 and officially declaring itself a new "nuclear weapons power". These events triggered Pakistan's nuclear explosive testing response two weeks later. Thus, suddenly emerged two self-declared, non-NPT nuclear weapons states radically changing the efficacy of the nuclear non-proliferation regime. This was followed by economic sanctions on both the countries. The problems in the US-India relationship arose from the 1994 Glenn Amendment to the US Arms Export Control Act. The Glenn Amendment requires that the US respond to the Indian nuclear tests with seven steps that are almost automatic in their application to India and Pakistan."
Abstract This paper discusses the struggling relationship between India and Pakistan, primarily over the region of Kashmir. It details the history of the problem including the nuclear aspect, briefly discusses other possible solutions, and formulates a unique multi-faceted solution.
From the Paper "Ever since 1947, India and Pakistan have waged fierce war over a variety of issues. When India completed nuclear testing in May of 1998, and Pakistan shortly after, the issue was given unique attention. "Because it's spread alongside India, Pakistan has a lack of strategic depth. The danger is that this means that any war would rapidly lead to the possibility of nuclear escalation. As a result, the task of avoiding conventional warfare between the neighbors assumes increased importance (Swarts 10)." Strain between the two States is the effect of a diverse range of problems, including economic conditions, leadership clashes, and primarily religious diversity and territorial contention. The territorial dissension is based principally over the region of Kashmir, which both India and Pakistan claim full possession of. There are allegations that as many as one half of a million Indian troops and as many as a fourth of a million Pakistani troops are stationed in Kashmir. What can be done to prevent a nuclear conflict between India and Pakistan? This is a question that has absorbed more unbroken attention than almost any other news subject."
Tags: conflict, india, kashmir, pakistan, war, nuclear, energy, history, tribal, ethnic, border
Abstract An examination of the ongoing conflicts between India and Pakistan and how the introduction of nuclear weapons has effected their conflicting relationship. The author reveals how nuclear proliferation has its bonuses in minimizing threat between the two countries yet simultaneously threatening global security.
From the Paper "There is no larger threat to the world than nuclear warfare. A World War in which nuclear weapons were used would undoubtedly cease life as we know it on earth. This outcome would be attributed to the direct effects of the bombs and the indirect effects a nuclear winter would bring about. This fact leads the majority of people to believe that the less amount of nuclear weapons on the planet the better. Now let's say that you live in India or Pakistan, neighboring countries that have fought each other in the past. Many people have died in battles between these two countries. Within the last few years each of these countries has acknowledged the fact that they possess nuclear weapons by testing them underground for the world, and especially each other, to see. So was the introduction of nuclear weapons a good or bad thing for the future of relations between India and Pakistan? The introduction of nuclear weapons into the militaries of these two regional powers was a huge step in reducing the chance of all-out war between the two rivals due to nuclear deterrence. However, just because the threat of nuclear attack has slowly helped start India and Pakistan on the road to peace, it does not necessarily mean that the world would be better off if every nation had nuclear weapons."
Tags: cold, india, pakistan, war, security, destruction, human
Abstract This paper discusses the conflict between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region and suggests methods for reconciliation. The paper looks at history relevant to the conflict, its origins and causes.
Abstract This paper examines how Khushwant Singh wrote ?Train to Pakistan? in 1956 when the painful memories of 1947 Partition were still fresh and the wounds hadn?t yet healed. It looks at how the book reflects the true emotions that people felt when they were forced to abandon their homes in both India and Pakistan to move north or south according to their religious beliefs. It analyzes how religion was the biggest cause of this partition and it was what forced people to give up everything they previously had including their old identities.
From the Paper "Muslims knew that if they did not take such a step, they would be forced to become slaves to Hindus majority that was already more educated and hence more suitable for various positions in the government. Muslims had been living a life of complete self-complacency and came to see their position in true light only when last Mughal Emperor was forced to relinquish control of India. All these political reasons were also grounded in religious differences. Muslims and Hindus were two different nations with separate beliefs, different values, different calendars, and hence they felt it was impossible to live together in one land after the British were driven out. Singh writes, "Where on earth except in India would a man's life depend on whether or not his foreskin had been removed?? "
Abstract In light of the growing threat of extremist terrorism based on fundamentalist religious ideologies, the author of this paper examines Pakistan and discusses it's potential to become a fundamentalist stronghold and therefore one of the most dangerous countries in the world today. The writer contends that Pakistan, because of its history and ethnic complexity, has been torn by strife and internal dissension. In the paper, the writer attempts to breakdown and analyze these complexities so as to better understand them, and to attempt to predict the future for Pakistan.
The paper includes 1 table.
Outline:
Introduction
The Tribal Warfare
Military Rule
Works Cited
From the Paper "However, the problem of fundamental Islamic forces is one that casts its shadow over much of Asia and the Middle East, and, since 2001, in America. It is a force that must be reckoned with, as its mission is the eradication of non-Muslims, and, subsequent that, as we have seen in Sudan, a continued cleansing based on race. For this reason, Pakistan, in its weakened political state arising out of the weak stature of Musharraf's leadership, and in subsequent the recent assassination of Benazir Bhutto, and given its nuclear capability, is perhaps right now the most dangerous country in the world."
Tags: islam muslim hindu india nuclear fundamentalist faith, general musharraf, benazir bhutto, tribal jihad taliban, al qaeda, democratic
A descriptive analysis of the role of Hijras in pre-colonial India with respect to the religions of Islam and Hinduism versus their current role in present day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Abstract The word 'Hijra' is derived from Urdu, meaning 'Eunuch'. This paper aims to give a descriptive account of the origins of the Hijra with respect to Islam and Hinduism and that of their modern day community structure, whilst consequently highlighting the absolute identity transformation they experienced during these two transitional periods.
Outline
Introduction
Religious Role Derived From Hinduism
Historical Role of Hijras in Muslim Courts
The Hijra Community Today
Stigmatization vs. Honor
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Hijra community is very similar in function to the Hindu Caste System. They are a sect of their own, united in like with the family system. There are seven nation-wide communal households known as gharanas for the most part in cities throughout Northern India, having their own history and rules of behaviour. Each household is head by a nayak who appoints a guru or a preacher trained to protect the community members, whose disciples are referred to as chelas or students and traditionally amount to about five per guru. Before entering the community, the hijra has to live in satla (female attire) and observe the community for at least a year. "
Abstract This paper takes a look at Pakistan-China bilateral relations. The paper discusses how despite ideological differences, the rationale for Pakistan seeking close bilateral relations with China is obvious. The paper analyzes the reasons why China decided to reciprocate and discusses main factors that helped to forge Pakistan-China bilateral relations from the 1950s onwards.
From the Paper "China had nothing preventing it from establishing strong ties with Pakistan but just because it was possible didn't imply any necessity to pursue the cause. To understand what pushed China into a friendship that -over the years- has been considered by some to be the next best thing to brotherhood, the geo-political labyrinth that China found itself in during the three decades after the revolution must be examined. "
Tags: communism, global, socialist, islamic, ideologies, Kashmir, india, cold, war
Abstract In this essay, the writer examines the role of religion and nationalism in the origin and development of the India-Pakistan and Arab-Israeli conflicts. The writer discusses religion and nationalism as exacerbating factors in the conflicts. The writer also considers the prospect that religion and nationalism will continue to be factors in wars in the future.
From the Paper "States go to war for a variety of reasons, but two that have proven particularly effective in generating mass mobilization are religion and nationalism. Unlike other reasons for war, such as control of a trade route or more broadly even economic prosperity, these reasons are capable of motivating large numbers of people on a deeply emotional level even when they do not stand to share in any material gains from victory. By the same token however, once brought into ... "
Abstract This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of colonization in India from English colonization until today. Specifically, the paper discusses whether colonialism was a better alternative for India. The paper concludes that India's plight during British colonization left it far behind in technology and modern conveniences once it finally did gain independence. Still, overall, it has been much better for India to lead itself and create a democracy, even though its independence has led to some political unrest and strife.
From the Paper "While the British took over control of India in the early 19th century, it was not until 1857 and the Rebellion of 1857 that it became formal. In actuality, India was relatively profitable and successful before the English colonization. They were growing agriculturally and economically, and it was not until after the British took over that some of the legendary famines of Bengal and northern India occurred. Two historians note, "Overall, a favourable land-labour ratio had enabled highly mobile peasant and tribal labour to negotiate reasonable terms with controllers of land" (Bose, and Jalal 43). Essentially, India was becoming financially and politically strong when the English took over, and the British used that to their own advantage. Historians Bose and Jlal continue, "European dominance over external trade and shipping, and hence over long distance cash flows, as well as their slight edge in military technology, contributed to the wrecking of the eighteenth-century Indian regional state system" (Bose, and Jalal 46)."
Abstract While the history of the partition of India has been written and discussed from numerous angles and aspects, the human factor and especially the cost to women has only recently begun to be researched in any real theoretical depth . This paper attempts to provide the political and colonial background to the issue of female abuse. It focuses on the broader societal and social issues that can be seen as engendering factors for the rape of over 75 thousand women. It also integrates the various feminist studies and theories that shed light on the immense suffering of women during this period.
Outline
Introduction
The Partition of India Human Rights Violations and the Abuse of Women
The Causes: Religion
Cause: Women Subjugation
The Effects
Breaking the Silence
Female Abuse Throughout the World
Conclusion
From the Paper "Partition was seen as a less viable option by the British as a result of the high economic costs of colonial governance and the effects of the Second World War. Another contributing factor that led to the social events surrounding partition was that the dissolution of the colonial enterprise resulted in conflict between the various political and ethnic groupings on the subcontinent. Before partition the various groups in India had largely united in their opposition to the British Raj. With the advent of partition they began to revive old wounds and differences and hence created rigid divisions which were to result in tragedy for millions. This division in the absence of British rule was to widen and increase enmities, particularly between Hindu and Muslim. "
Abstract This paper explores the history of marriage in India, where it is viewed as a sacrament and the greatest bond between a man and a woman and between their families. The author discusses arranged marriages and the role of sexual intimacy in marriage. The paper further highlights the different outlooks on marriage between Northern India and Southern India. Also considered is the impact of other cultures in India, including Islamic and Western Culture. The author concludes that despite these cultural influences, marriage remains a sacrament in India.
From the Paper "The greatest event in a family in India is a wedding, which celebrates and evokes every possible social obligation, kinship bond, traditional value, sentiment and economic resource (Encyclopedia of Nations 1995). It is considered essential by virtually everyone in the country. The individual sees it as the setting for one's transition to adulthood, which is the result of a combination of choices by everyone in the group or family. Everyone is born in a family and the choice of a family is beyond individual choice, which is why arranging a marriage is a critical responsibility of parents and other relatives on both sides. Some Indian parents make this arrangement at the birth of a child while some wait until later. Child marriage was practiced by small ancient groups, especially the Rajasthan, for their children under the age of five (Encyclopedia of Nations, Stormloader). Hindu scriptures sanctioned the practice and its early consummation and emphasized that a girl should be married before puberty or before her first menstruation. If not, she would go to hell because it would constitute abortion. Their Prophet Islam taught that marrying young girls from 2 to 8 would be ideal. Indians also fixed the age of the groom at ideally three times that of the child bride..."
