Abstract
A brief description of the mean, media and mode statistics as they apply to the case of income distribution in Peru. The paper argues that the median is the best statistic to use.

From the Paper
"Peru is home to a small handful of very wealthy households and to an extremely large population of the very poor. Were income differentials to be examined by the statistics called the mean, individual or household income would represent a per capita figure that gives little meaningful information about the distribution of wealth. It would instead reflect an average income that suggests erroneously that the typical Peruvian earns, or has access to, a certain amount of capital per year."

Tags:Peru, income, Mean, Median Mode

Abstract
This paper discusses the increasing inequality in the distribution of income in the United States. According to the writer, this subject has been a subject of considerable public concern, political attention, and academic research. Income inequality is a measure of how equally the income pie is divided among all members of society. The paper details ways to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor in the U.S.A through radical changes with minimum wages, taxation methods and welfare programs.

Outline:
Summary Introduction
Unequal Income Distribution in USA
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In recent years, increasing inequality in the distribution of income has been a subject of considerable public concern, political attention, and academic research. Income inequality is a measure of how equally the income pie is divided among all members of society. The relative income, or gauge, can be defined how well the poor are doing economically compared to the rich. In other words inequality is a measure of how equally the income pie is divided among all members of society. "

Tags:income, distribution, minimum, wage, wage, gap, income, ineqaulity

Abstract
This paper discusses whether or not the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer. The analysis examines the reasons for such a gap including provincial and federal taxation and ineffective approaches used to measure levels of poverty in Canada. The paper, however, does not take into consideration the socio-economic factors that affect poverty.

From the Paper
"Running head: Income Distribution Are the Rich Getting Richer and the Poor Getting Poorer Still Today? Are the Rich Getting Richer and the Poor Getting Poorer Still Today? Introduction Poverty does not discriminate. The poor can be found in every country around the world. The poorest of poor are typically found in underdeveloped countries, but this problem does not discriminate. Canada is a wealthy nation and one of the best countries to live and work in. Some Canadians believe that there are no poor people in Canada, none that are starving and dying like the images seen on the commercials for organizations such as World Vision and Foster Parent's Plan."

Tags:rich, poor, unequal

From the Paper
"Income distribution refers to the proportional share of economic benefits received by the different segments comprising an economy. The definition of segments tends to shift, based on the perspective of the examination, and the composition of segments overlap as the perspective changes. Economists often distinguish between the owners of capital and labor in considerations of income distribution, while social activists are more apt to be concerned with the distribution of income between the wealthy and the poor (Nasar, 1986), white and nonwhite, and male and female, and tax planners are interested in income distribution according to population-income ... "

Abstract
Examines taxation theory, policies, and objectives, including income distribution. Discusses different segments comprising an economy and the social activist context of income distribution. Focuses on wealthy-poor matrix and direct effects.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationships between taxation and income distribution. There exist strong interrelationships among taxation theories, models of taxation, and taxation ..."

From the Paper
"This research will examine the successes and failures of the expansion of the global economy at income distribution between creditor and debtor nations and between social classes in Latin America. The origins of the global economy" will be discussed and its eventual transformation from a purely liberal perspective to today s neoliberal perspective will be charted. Finally, the current impact of the neoliberal global economy on income distribution in Latin America will be assessed.

The expansion of the global economy--especially as guided by the neoliberal perspectives of the creditor countries and the International Monetary Fund--has had a dramatic, albeit less than successful, impact on economic growth in Latin American countries. The philosophy of creditor countries to promote economic growth in Latin America and elsewhere in the Third World..."

Abstract
As the American population continues to become more diverse racially, members of visible minority groups within the population become more prominent. Simultaneously, with the increase in diversity, income distribution in the American economy has become more distorted. While economic growth in the United States has surged over the past decade, the income gap has widened; not only between the richest and poorest Americans, but also between moderate-income and low-income Americans. Members of visible minorities in the population tend to be represented disproportionately in the low-income and poverty classifications in the United States. While there is an abundance of implications of this state of affairs, one of the more crucial ones is access to health care. Individual and household financial capacity, the scarcity of employer-paid health insurance among small businesses, cultural differences based in social psychology and other factors frequently act as impediments to health care access for low-income individuals and households among visible minority population groups in the contemporary United States. This problem and these issues are investigated in this study. The study identifies causal factors for the gap in health care access between lower-income Americans and members of visible minorities in the United States, on the one hand, and more affluent Americans and members of the majority segment of the population, on the other hand. The initial chapter of this study delineates the problem investigated. Specific research questions are formulated and stated to provide greater focus for the investigation.
Social psychological theory and applied social psychology literature are reviewed in the second chapter. Literature relevant to the functioning of low-income and visible minority population groups in the United States within a social psychological context are reviewed in the third chapter. The fourth chapter is devoted to a review of literature relevant to both the health care system in the United States and the experiences of low-income and visible minority population groups in relation to health care access and health care delivery in the United States. An assessment of the problem investigated, performed within the structure of the research questions, is presented in the final (fifth) chapter. Conclusions drawn from the study findings are stated and recommendations for further research are made. The summary conclusions reached through the conduct of this study relate both to health care access and health care utilization by low-income persons and members of visible minorities. With respect to health care access, the summary conclusion reached is that a universal system of health care entitlement is required in the United States. In relation to health care utilization by low-income persons and members of visible minorities, the summary conclusion reached is that extensive education is required for both low-income persons and members of visible minorities, on the one hand, and health care providers, on the other hand. Low-income persons and members of visible minorities require education on the benefits and function of health care services, while health care providers require education in the social mores of the diverse populations they must serve.

Table of Contents:

Introduction
Problem Delineation
Background on the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Review of Relevant Social Psychology Theory and Literature
Introduction
Sociological Theory and Health Care
The Welfare State
Accessing Contemporary Health Care
Role of Ethics in Accessing Health Care
Alternative Health Care Delivery Systems
Chapter Conclusions
Social Functioning of Low-Income and Visible Minority Population Groups
Introduction
HIV/AIDS Related Behavior
Initiatives to Improve Health Care
Access and Behaviors
The American Health Care System and the Experiences of Low-Income and Visible Minority Groups
Introduction
The American Health Care System
Analysis of Health Care Delivery Systems
Care Quality
Alternative Approaches to Health Care
Bio-ethical Issues
Problems of Accessibility
Initiatives to Improve Minority Access
Chapter Conclusions
Assessment of the Problem Discussion, Recommendations for Further Research
Appendices
Annotated Bibliography

From the Paper
"Social Cognitive Theory [self-efficacy] emphasizes the role of expectancies, self-efficacy, peer normative influences, and social competency skills as key components affecting adolescents' behaviors (DiClemente, Lodico, Grinstead, Harper, Rickman, Evans, & Coates, 1996). The applicability of models based on social psychological principles for understanding African-Americans' decision-making and sexual behavior has been questioned because most such models tend to be individually-focused and do not take into account the social context in which the behavior is embedded (Cochran & Mays, 1993). Social cognitive theory, however, explicitly integrates behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors as reciprocally interactive. Thus, given the hypothesized multi-factorial nature of sexual decision making and the potential impact of the high-risk social environment of the study population, approaches based on social cognitive theory are thought to be particularly relevant for understanding the myriad factors that may affect African-Americans' sexual behavior."

Tags:Simmelian, Four, Quadrants, HIV/AIDS, TRA

Abstract
The paper discusses the national and international factors, social factors and micro and macroeconomic forces that affect income inequality in the United States. The paper explains the various indices that are used to calculate income distribution and concludes that all statistical observations and analyses point out that American incomes are extremely unevenly distributed.

Outline:
Abstract
Forces That Influence Income Inequality
Income Inequality Metrics
Conclusions

From the Paper
"The United States economy is the second largest on the globe, seconded only by the European Union. Praised for numerous achievements, the current economic background is lacking in several areas. Two severe criticisms stand out: a tremendous national debt of the Bush administration spent on national security and the continuous income inequality. Income inequality is a long debated force which still stirs waters. Disclaimers state that income inequality generates mass dissatisfactions and social problems; whereas advocates state that income inequality is itself the force that differentiates and motivates the working class."

Tags:indices, education, trade, competition, industry, housing

Abstract
This paper explains that sociologists and politicians have become extremely worried about the growth in international and national income disparity especially in developing countries, which is considered to be the cause of political strife. The author stresses that calculating the level of income disparity in developed or under-developed societies is not easy; two different studies of one particular country, at the exact same time, can come to two different conclusions. The paper proposes a comparative analysis of the various structures and theories of income disparity measurements being utilized by the third world countries, which are comprehensive enough to accurately evaluate income disparities with all independent variable, such as color, gender, rural/urban, economical system and occupation. Tables and graphs.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Research Questions
General Questions
Specific Questions
Background of the Study
The Histories Context of Income Disparity:
Literature Review
A Brief Overview of the Income Disparity Measurement Methods Being Used
Critical Analysis of these Measurement Methods
Problems with the Use of these Methods within Countries
Ideas about the Gaps that Exist
What is Wrong with the Present Methods being Used?
Theoretical Framework
Summary of the Theoretical Framework
Hypothesis
General Questions
Specific Questions
Research Design
Operationalization Variables
Data Collected
Analysis Plan
Causal Diagram (Ordinary Least Squares Regression)
Conclusion
Table: World Population and Total poverty
Table: Education Spending in relation to the Total GDP and Total Expenditure of the Governments
Table: The Percentage of Income Sharing between the Richest and the Poorest
Table: Gender Related Income Distribution
Table: Occupation and Unemployment Rates

From the Paper
"A substitute structure of measurement frequently employed by the third world has been the use of per capita GNP facts and figures (GNP/c), however, the consideration of purchasing power parity (PPP) has been made and changes have been made accordingly. The changes made in this system compare the local prices of products, merchandise and services of that particular country with the international prices of the same commodities. By utilizing the identical comparative prices for each and every product and services, the researchers evaluated the income measurements that had been changed for purchasing power parity (PPP). The results of the measurements model that considers the purchasing power parity (PPP) and changes the GNP/c accordingly is different from the model that disregards the changes."

Tags:gnp, standard, causal, repercussions, structural

From the Paper
"DUAL EARNER FAMILIES

Abstract
This research examined the phenomenon of the dual earner family in the United States. Changes in the patterns of dual earner families were addressed, and explanations of these changing patterns provided by economic theory were discussed.

A century ago, only five-percent of married woman participated in the labor market. In 1940, fewer than one married woman in seven was working outside the home, while 60 percent work outside the home in 1995. Only 17 percent of married couples are one-earner, with the rest having other or no earners. In the mid-1990s, the dual income family is more common than the traditional one-income married household where the husband works and the wife stays at home. In 1980, half of all married couples ..."