Abstract
The question is sometimes asked whether or not the Incas were conquered and colonized, or whether they voluntarily became part of the Spanish society. This paper argues that, once one studies the history of the Incas and their desire for power, one will be convinced that the Incas were conquered, as they would never have given up voluntarily to the Spanish.

From the Paper
"The fact that the Incas were a power hungry people and a powerful regime before the invasion of the Spaniards is proof of the fact that they were conquered and later colonized. The fact that the Incas took over more land and people than anyone ever had in the history of South America lends credibility to the idea that the only way the Spanish won them over was by force. If one studies the Inca cultures and traditions one can easily see that there was only one way for the Spanish to gain power over them, and it was by force."

Tags:Aztec, Chibcha, Herman, Cortes, Francisco, Pizzarro

Abstract
This paper explains that the true origins of the Incas, why they inhabited this region and to where they traveled is not know; however, from the physical ruins of their civilization, much can be ascertained. Next, the author describes the Incan physical environment, social structure, family life, religion, economy and unique architecture. The paper concludes that the end of the Inca civilization happened from within; it became so weakened that it was brought down by the Spanish expansionists.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Origins and a Historical Perspective
Movement and transportation
Social Structure and Family Life
Religion
Riches
Architecture
The End of the Incan Civilization

From the Paper
"The high priestess and priests among the Incas were the once that became the beacons of religious life. There were however, no deities. The Incas worshiped the sun in all its aspects. They worshiped the symbol of the sun, represented by a large golden disk--Punchao. They were also convinced that they had descended from the Heavens. Indeed, may of the religious festivals were based on cycles of the sun--dawn and dusk, and day and night. The festival of the harvest was celebrated by paying abeyance to the Sun Gods. These sun rituals were supposed to be spectacular events, where everybody was well dressed."

Tags:technology, war, hierarchical, mining, spanish

Abstract
The indigenous tribes of the past have fascinated us for decades and none so more than the Inca's of the Andes. This paper looks at two books written about the Incas, "Daily Life in the Inca Empire" by Michael Malpass and Clive Cusslers, "Inca Gold." The paper discusses how these two books represent the two conflicting perspectives that exist on the Inca tribe. While some writers present it as a common land where social life was progressive yet routine (Malpass), others (such as Cussler) choose to focus on the mythological lore to create a fascinating realm of magic, mystery and untold treasures.

From the Paper
"Yet, while Malpass tries to be historically accurate at times he miscalculates and misanalyzes the evidence. There is no framework or context in which to lodge archaeological studies at the household level. Even when ethno history can develop images of ordinary practice, say labor organization, for example, it often cannot tell whether or how it was used by the local or imperial elite and in whose benefit. To cite an example, an assumption that is unwarranted in the Inca case in Malpass' book is that there were full-time specialists who took care of certain professional fields. The Incas organized the production of ceramics, textiles, wooden objects, sandals and other goods, settling the producers in communities both near and far from their territory of origin. In the case of Cuzco, the capital, food was produced on land near town and on nearby private estates, but even the kings themselves participated in planting. There is no evidence for full-time specialization, and the Incas seem to have deliberately avoided the creation of urban populations dependent on daily markets for their subsistence."

Tags:Cuzco, Malpass, Cusslers

Abstract
The paper focuses on how domestication of animals and resistance to infectious disease were the primary factors responsible for Spanish victory over the Incas and Aztecs.

From the Paper
"In "Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies" author Jared Diamond argues that history followed different courses for different peoples because of differences among peoples' environments. These differences included not only geographic and climate distinctions, but also differences in agriculture, animal domestication diseases and disease resistance and the social and bureaucratic institutions these aspects of society helped evolve. If we look at the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs and Incas, we see that such differences were instrumental in leading the greatly outnumbered Spaniards..."

Tags:horses, military, combat, environment, latitude, climate, Montezuma, Cortes, gods, technology

Abstract
This paper discusses the sixteenth century conquest of the Inca people by the Spaniards. The paper contends that the Spanish found virtue in their brutal conquest of the Inca by discovering that they had brought that people the benefits of the true religion and had brought to an end the barbarous practices that had oppressed and contaminated the Inca soul. The paper explains that despite this the culture of the Inca people thrived.

From the Paper
"Certainly there was another reality that lay beneath the veneer of Inca submission. In the Sixteenth century, the Inca People had witnessed the unimaginable. They had seen their entire world turned upside down, their most cherished traditions banned and cast aside, their leaders persecuted as heretics or devils while their rights as a people were simply taken away by an alien race that must itself had seemed like a race of devils. Central to Spain's belief that its destruction of Inca Civilization had been a just cause was the assumption that the Inca was inherently inferior to himself. Even Bartolome de Las Casas, the Sixteenth Century's most ardent defender of the rights of the Indian, held that different peoples were at different stages of development. "

Tags:indian, christianity, new, world

Abstract
This paper looks at writers who describe the history of the Inca and what happened when the Spaniards arrived and took over rule of the country. It also examines how the background of the writers colors their version of events.

From the Paper
"It is extremely important when reading historical essays to know who the author is and their background People often get very emotional about national issues and anything which is written about their culture and when they write about it themselves their ..."

Tags:Inca, Spanish rule

Abstract
This paper provides a review of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra's special performance of "The Inca Trail," which the author attended in October of 2008. The paper describes the venue, musical styles, unexpected pieces, and varying pace. The author shares personal impressions and feelings evoked by the songs, such as "Illapa" by Gabriela Lena Frank, detailing its traditional South American instruments and mysterious melodies that create the feel of the jungle and make one think of a tall mountain with lofty clouds floating by. The paper concludes with the author's assessment of the concert as an enjoyable experience that was rather edgy, compared to the usual classical faire that includes Mozart, Bach, or Tchaikovsky.

From the Paper
"The musical menu consisted of a number of pieces that were supposed to be reminiscent of the Incan Empire. It was classical, with instrumentation such as the claves and panpipe to add a South American feel. My favorite piece was Illapa, by Gabriela Lena Frank, which used traditional South American instruments and mysterious melodies and rhythms to bring the feel of the jungle to your seats. This piece is billed as a tone poem for flute. It does not follow any of the known classical forms."

Tags:classical, concert, South, American, Peruvian, music, Illapa

Abstract
This paper examines how Pizarro came to conquer of Peru in 1523 with the blessing of King Charles I of Spain and his relationship with the natives of the time - the Incas. It discusses how Pizarro's goal was to take the riches of the empire for himself and to subjugate the people to Catholicism and to Spanish rule. It evaluates the repercussions of Pizarro's conquest and how the conquest of the entire Americas cannot be overstated.The Inca civilization was more advanced than Western European civilization at the time, and so many things about art and architecture and science that the Europeans could have learned about had were wiped out.

From the Paper
"In many ways, the Inca civilization was more advanced than Western European Civilization. Inca surgeons were performing brain surgery while the Europeans favorite medical treatment was leeches. In 1531, the Inca had achieved amazing feats, not just in art, architecture, science, etc, but in socio-politics. In Inca society there were no poor people. Orphans, widows, etc, were cared for by the state. Workers retired at 50 on pensions of food and clothing. There was little crime. "

Tags:latin, america, society, civilization, catholicism, spain, king, charles

Abstract
This paper describes and compares the cultures of three great American indigenous cultures - the Maya, the Aztecs, and the Incas.

From the Paper
"James Lockhart, in "The Men of Cajamarca", examines the 1532 event in Peru in which 168 Spaniards captured the emperor of the Incas and radically altered the course of history both in the new World and in Europe, However, Lockhart focuses on the lives of these specific Spaniards in his study.

As Lockhart writes, "In this study the primary interest is not the conquest but the pattern in the lives of the conquerors; therefore the familiar procedure of using social material as background to a narrative presentation will be reversed. The approach taken by the author is based on an "episodic" methodology. The first part of Lockhart's study "contains several analytical chapters on general patterns, social, collective, or organizational. The second contains short biographies of all the men, insofar as that is possible. Social ... "