The paper examines two historical studies on the topic of imperialism, Daniel Headrick's "Tools of the Empires" and Gyan Prakash's "Another Reason", both of which discuss the effects of technology on the process of colonization.
Abstract This paper shows how Headrick discusses the effects of technology on the process of imperialism. while Prakash considers the development of "Scientific Hinduism" in India. thanks to the influence of the British. The writer states that there are constructive and destructive effects of technology and that the development of "Scientific Hinduism" was unique to the Indian subcontinent.
From the Paper "When one contemplates the "Age of Imperialism" (commonly considered to be from the early to mid-18th century until the beginning of the First World War in 1914), during which the European nations branched out to foreign lands in the hopes of exploiting them for their resources, the idea of a "civilizing mission" comes to mind. The Western source of self-assured superiority was their understanding of modern science and they believed that by bringing knowledge to the primitive peoples of non-Western civilizations they (the Europeans) would be imparting grace and power upon these unsophisticated natives. The reality of the process became more of an imposition of Western ideals upon societies that were by their very nature incompatible with Europeans conceptions of civilization. Such is the interest of two books, Tools of the Empire by Daniel Headrick and Another Reason by Gyan Prakash; however the two authors take different stances on the overall outcome of Western influence upon their imperial subjects. Headrick argues that the Europeans (most importantly the British) aimed to build empires through the introduction of then-modern technology (henceforth to be referred to as simply "modern technology"). Improved weaponry, steamboats, medicine, and ever-quickening communications were developed, though some were far more effective (communications, transportation, medicine) in terms of actually building healthy empires as opposed to subjugating the unwilling (weaponry). The results of such advances, according to Headrick, garnered distinct winners (the Europeans) and losers (the conquered; Africans, Burmese, etc.). Prakash discusses the so-called modernization of India by the British; however he sees the Indian result as a hybrid of the two unique nations?one that is superior to the original thanks to changed incited by British imperial rule. Headrick attempts to tackle the general process of empire-building while Prakash discuses a very interesting special case, thereby making Another Reason less suited to address the overall nature of imperialism."
Tags: 19th, britain, british, century, headrick, hinduism, imperial, india, religion, science, technology
Abstract This paper examines how the physical, social, and chronological settings of E.M. Forster's "A Passage To India" are vitally important to the structure and tone of this story. It looks at how the themes are artfully constructed through setting in early 20th-century India, where conflict inevitably arises between the Indian natives and the colonization-hungry British. Some background to each of the novel's three parts is given, and crucial settings are illustrated, along with their relevance to the central themes of this novel, namely, whether the imprisoned can be friends with their captors.
From the Paper "The novel is sectioned into three parts, each centering around a particular setting or location. The Mosque takes place in the city of Chandrapore, which was occupied by both the British and the native Indians; The Caves centers around the Marabar Caves, the site of Adela's supposed rape; and The Temple is set among the Hindu peoples during a religious festival, emphasizing again the contrast between these cultures. The sections of this novel can also be said to represent the three main seasons of India: respectively cold, hot, and rainy. The vast differences between each of these sections only emphasize the contrast of the seasons and the highlighted locations, once again underlining the importance of setting to this novel."
Abstract This paper discusses the relationship between imperialism and capitalism from the time of the Spanish Empire to the present. The author describes both forces--capitalism and imperialism--and argues that imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism. The paper relates the purpose of Spanish imperialism and how the forms of imperialism have changed over time.
From the Paper "For many world scholars, the form of slavery, begun by the English in the seventeenth century and continued into the nineteenth century by the Americans, is merely the most naked form of imperialism. It is the domination of an oppressor ..."
Abstract This paper looks at imperialism in the 20th century. It takes a look at both the pro-imperialism and anti-imperialism points of view. Included are the pro-imperialism ideologies of Teddy Roosevelt and Adolph Hitler and the anti-imperialism arguments of Frantz Fanon and Mahandas Gandhi,as well as others. The political ideas of expansionism and protectionism are explored.
From the Paper "As the 20th century unfolded, the struggle for and against imperialism continued escalate and became a dominant issue on the world political stage. While political figures in countries as disparate as Nazi Germany and the United States supported and justified imperialism, those who were subjects of it willingly put their lives on the line to oppose it and, hopefully, bring it to an end. For the most part, the pro-imperialist, based their arguments on economic need and/or racism. Such is true in the cases of Jules Ferry, Theodore Roosevelt, and Adolph Hitler. On the other hand, those who stood against imperialism based their arguments on human rights and self-determination. Just before the dawn of the 20th century, both Ferry of France and Roosevelt of the United States led the charge for expansionism by their respective countries."
Abstract This paper explores the history of marriage in India, where it is viewed as a sacrament and the greatest bond between a man and a woman and between their families. The author discusses arranged marriages and the role of sexual intimacy in marriage. The paper further highlights the different outlooks on marriage between Northern India and Southern India. Also considered is the impact of other cultures in India, including Islamic and Western Culture. The author concludes that despite these cultural influences, marriage remains a sacrament in India.
From the Paper "The greatest event in a family in India is a wedding, which celebrates and evokes every possible social obligation, kinship bond, traditional value, sentiment and economic resource (Encyclopedia of Nations 1995). It is considered essential by virtually everyone in the country. The individual sees it as the setting for one's transition to adulthood, which is the result of a combination of choices by everyone in the group or family. Everyone is born in a family and the choice of a family is beyond individual choice, which is why arranging a marriage is a critical responsibility of parents and other relatives on both sides. Some Indian parents make this arrangement at the birth of a child while some wait until later. Child marriage was practiced by small ancient groups, especially the Rajasthan, for their children under the age of five (Encyclopedia of Nations, Stormloader). Hindu scriptures sanctioned the practice and its early consummation and emphasized that a girl should be married before puberty or before her first menstruation. If not, she would go to hell because it would constitute abortion. Their Prophet Islam taught that marrying young girls from 2 to 8 would be ideal. Indians also fixed the age of the groom at ideally three times that of the child bride..."
Abstract This paper traces the historic relationship between the United States and India, from its fragile beginnings to the current strengthening of ties. Several issues are addressed that have contributed to the relationship between the two nations. These include the Cold War, economic cooperation between the US and India, and India's security issues. The author believes that India and the United States are still in the early stages of what will hopefully be a strong and prosperous friendship. The writer concludes that decades of mistrust and friction must be resolved if relations are to fully flourish.
Outline
A History of Wariness
Economic Cooperation Between the US and India Security Issues
Conclusion
From the Paper "The United States was frustrated by its inability to win influence in this strategic nation that serves as a jumping point to Asia and the Middle East. Even after the Cold War, the United States' relationship with India remained rocky over issues such as nuclear proliferation, India's conflict with Pakistan, and high trade tariffs. However, a new era seems to be dawning in U.S-Indian relations. Both sides have begun to look past historically divisive issues and to focus on natural synergies between the nations, particularly in the area of economic cooperation. Despite growing economic ties between the nations and increased understanding over India's nuclear status, significant issues still remain in the development of a solid partnership between India and the United States."
Tags:India, United, States, international, relations
Abstract This paper examines the themes and issues presented in Robert Johnson's book "British Imperialism: Histories and Controversies". The paper also analyzes the historiography of British imperialism and discusses the consequences of colonization.
From the Paper "Johnson's purpose in this book is to explain some of the histories and controversies surrounding British imperialism, a concept he believes that was continuously evolving, was somewhat incoherent and even contradictory. Johnson considers his book an introduction to British imperialism, not a history of the British Empire. As such some of the content is presented in outline form rather than in depth. However presented, the content supports his aim of explaining how some of the historiography..."
Abstract The paper discusses three theories about the New Imperialism policies of Europe and the United States. The paper explains the causes of the New Imperialism policies, including economic reasons, emergence of nation states and nationalism, cultural and religious motives.
From the Paper "The phrase "New Imperialism" has historically been used to describe the various competing imperialist policies of Europe and the United States at the end of the Nineteenth and beginning of the Twentieth centuries. This new imperialism was different in a number of ways from the old practices, not the least of which was the fact that it was widely recognized and criticized in its own time. There has been much debate within the field concerning what the actual causes of the new imperialist era were."
Tags: new imperialism, hayes, hobson, lenin, ferry, bismarck, kipling
Explains India's economic performance by taking an in depth look at the economic, political and social change that has taken place within India during the postwar years.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 5 sources, 2002, $ 106.95
Abstract This comprehensive study is aimed at the major economic, political, cultural and social changes and crises that have taken place within India during the period in question and it will attempt to assess the extent to which these factors have shaped the country's economic performance. Included in this analysis will be an assessment of economic development and social change, the economic and political aspects of agricultural change, as well as political change, political structure and the functioning of government. Attention will also be directed towards the caste conflict and language differences as well as the extent to which they have had an impact on the level of economic development that India has been able to achieve and the nature of this development. The main hypothesis that will be tested in this study will be the following: while India has achieved relatively significant economic advances during recent years, especially in light of the country's status as a Third World nation, these advances have been limited.
Abstract This paper compares economic and population data on India and Pakistan, noting that India is a moderate-sized country with a huge population. The writer states that over-population is one of the problems facing India, and that data on this subject can be found easily using an Internet search engine. The writer notes that one site that offers a good deal of data is known as Data & Statistics, a site offering data gathered by the World Bank on different countries, and with a specific section on Development Goals for India.
From the Paper "India is a moderate-sized country with a huge population. Over-population is one of the problems facing India, and data on this subject can be found easily using an Internet search engine. One site that offers a good deal of data is known as Data & Statistics, a site offering data gathered by the World Bank on different countries, and with a specific section on Development Goals for India. The most current data on the site is for 2004. According to this site, the population of India reached 1.1 billion in 2003 and remained at that level in 2004, up from 1 billion in 2000. The growth rate has been slowing slightly, down to 1.4 percent in 2004 from 1.7 percent in 2000. For 2000, the last year with full data, the national poverty rate stood at 28.6 percent of the population."
Abstract This paper discusses how globalization and outsourcing has affected the Indian economy and society. The paper gives a brief history about the country and discusses how technologically savvy Indian people have been since the beginning of time.
Introduction
History of India India Historical Tidbits
Technology
Economic Impact
Economic History
Economic Boom of Today
The Ethical and Social Aspects and Effects of Globalization and Outsourcing in India Pros
Cons
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "With the digital revolution and the dramatic fall in international telecommunication costs globalization has been made possible. Globalization has changed the way economies operate and this has only been possible due to the various innovations in the technological sectors. India has been in the fore-front of this global revolution. Call-centers, data processing facilities, telemedicine and software development type facilities are opening all over India and China where the labor is cheap and the trade-laws have been liberalized. Globalization would not have become as common as it is today without advancements in technology, mainly the internet. The internet allows real time communication from anywhere to anyone with access to an Internet Service Provider (ISP). With the internet, people can receive the help they need, place orders, arrange shipping and other aspects essential to today's business environment from anywhere there is internet access. Some of the reasons that India was chosen as the location for the call centers is due to the cheap labor rate, the willingness and enthusiasm to work in the global market, and the quality of education to middle class. Despite all the differences in religious, social and economic backgrounds, India has created a workforce that has embraced and used technology to position them at the forefront of outsourcing in a global economy."
Tags: education, globalization, history, india, outsourcing, science, technology
Abstract This paper sums up the social, political, economic repercussions of the 1947 partition of British India into India and modern-day Pakistan. The paper suggests that a more conciliatory approach on behalf of the political leaders of the day might have avoided much of the subsequent bloodshed and spared both of these nations the acrimony and animosity that presently lingers.
From the Paper "The partitioning of India has stirred a great deal of debate. This paper will wade into that debate by examining whether or not the partition of India made sense socially, politically, or economically. More specifically, this paper will argue that the 1947 partition did a great deal of harm to India - and to Pakistan - in all three regards and that a more inclusive approach involving the leaders of the day might have spared both nations the tragedies that followed. With that in mind, it is to a discussion of the Indian partitioning of 1947 that one now turns."
Abstract This paper analyzes of the retail climate in India preparatory to the entry of Wal-Mart into that market, noting that India is a country with a huge population, and Wal-Mart would like to serve a population of that size concentrated in a moderate-sized country. On the other hand, this paper points out that India has been beset by poverty for some time and was a backward country when under British rule. The latter situation has changed in part, but it is not clear if economic growth has been sufficient to support a retail market of the size Wal-Mart needs.
From the Paper "In deciding whether or not to open Wal-Mart stores in India, it is important to ascertain as much information as possible about the Indian economy and the state of retail in India in particular. On the one hand, India is a country with a huge population, and Wal-Mart would like to serve a population of that size concentrated in a moderate-sized country. On the other hand, India has been beset by poverty for some time and was a backward country when under British rule. The latter situation has changed in part, but it is not clear if economic growth has been sufficient to support a retail market of the size Wal-Mart needs. India today has a diverse economy that includes traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a variety of services."
Abstract The paper explores how the new European imperialism of the 19th century relied on various stages of industrial, scientific and technological advancements that were causes for this to occur. The paper explains how the process of world domination relied on quicker methods of mass production, greater medical advancements and the ideological construct of Darwinism that was used to validate the colonization of so-called lesser races. The paper points out how before the 19th century, nations such as Great Britain could not as quickly produce or technologically be able to sustain the mass invasions that they had accomplished in this century.
From the Paper "This historical analysis will analyze the new imperialism of the 19th century and the various causes that helped to change the human condition in European history. In the advent of the industrial age, one can realize the growing reliance on electricity, machines, and the scientific advances that produced population growth in Europe and America. In many ways, these were the causes of the far easier usage of energy sources, mass production, and population growth, which powerful countries used in having access to a new global imperial agenda. With the advance of science and technology countries such as Great Britain could now exploit and militarily control lesser nations. These are the various causes of the new imperialism that changed the way powerful countries controlled the world in the 19th century.
Abstract A brief comparison of the way people live in both China and India. It shows that both countries do not provide equal opportunities for their women - Communism and the caste system. In China the emphasis is on a good education and striving for hard work while in India most of the population is illiterate. The writer suggests that while both countries are densely populated their attitude towards life are very different.
From the Paper "The cultures of India and China share some similarities, yet are vastly different when answering the question of how ideally a person should live their life. India, as a country, embraces the diversity of their people, and lives peacefully despite the different religions that coexist. The country supports a large population that is estimated at over 1 billion people. The people of India speak thousands of languages, practice nearly every religion imaginable, and oddly enough still incorporate the caste system. China similarly supports a 1-billion+ population, along with social classes, but more emphasis is placed on being male, and receiving higher education. Communism has been a very intrusive government system, which has dramatically influenced the everyday way of life in China."
