Abstract
The original argument was that cigarettes caused Ms. McCabe's cancer because she was not aware of the health risks involved in smoking cigarettes. The appeal argument stated that the destruction of documents interfered with a fair trial. This paper explores in detail if the destruction of documents by the tobacco company, in order to hide information concerning the health risks of cigarette smoking interfered with a fair trial.

From the Paper
"The entire concept behind the documentation retention policy is the reason in question as why the documents were destroyed. The courts have decided that the tobacco company was in their legal right in destroying the documents. But although they have been destroyed lawfully, the intention behind the documents may have interfered with justice. Were the documents destroyed to create more space, to be more cost and time efficient; or were they destroyed because they contained valuable evidence that related cigarette smoking to lung cancer? "

Tags:cigarettes, health, risks, emphysema, litigation, documents

Abstract
This paper explains that in 1777 America was still in the process of struggling against the British for land, independence and freedom. Important battles had occurred the year before in which Americans consistently lost, although they were eventually being considered a formidable force by the British by the year's end. The paper also points out, however, that in that same year, the British made some serious miscalculations in the revolution that led the Americans to begin to realize victories that allowed a growing sense of patriotism in the country to emerge. The paper further points out that this was significant in this time period because the country was just beginning to develop and there were still many individuals that believed that the country should continue to be loyal to the British, rather than exist as its own nation.

Tags:america, 1777, 1877

Abstract
The paper relates that Jean Baudrillard's unique work, "America", was first published in French in 1986 and since then, it has been translated into English, and has seen many reprints. The paper relates that this is despite the fact that the prose is at times maddeningly obscure - or perhaps it is because of this fact. The paper even asserts that certainly, there must have been many who read Baudrillard's works purely so that they could say they had done so. However, the paper concludes that despite its challenges, "America" has much to offer the armchair traveller and the amateur sociologist or historian.

From the Paper
"Jean Baudrillard's unique work, "America", was first published in French in 1986. Since then, it has been translated into English, and has seen many reprints. This is despite the fact that the prose is at times maddeningly obscure - or perhaps it is because of this fact. Certainly, there must have been many who read Baudrillard's works purely so that they could say they had done so. However, despite its challenges, America has much to offer the armchair traveller and the amateur sociologist or historian. Part of Baudrillard's genius in this book is the fact that he writes the book as a travelogue, from the vantage point of a car travelling through..."

Tags:baudrillard, america, culture

Abstract
This paper analyzes the impact of the Loyalists on British North America from the time of the American Revolution to the early 19th century. Primarily, the paper examines this in terms of how it prevented widespread sympathy for revolutionary principles that existed among the general populace in Nova Scotia and Upper Canada from developing into active rebellion against Great Britain. Loyalist influence was not extensive, especially in Canadian possessions of the British Crown, but the existence of this influence, combined with the isolation of most Nova Scotia settlements and British control of the North Atlantic, had a restraining impact and played an important role in preventing the American Revolution from spreading into British North America.

From the Paper
"The Loyalists had a limited but relatively important impact on British North America from the time of the American Revolution to the early 19th century, primarily in terms of preventing the widespread sympathy for revolutionary principles that existed among the general populace in Nova Scotia and Upper Canada from developing into active rebellion against Great Britain. Loyalist influence was not extensive, especially in Canadian possessions of the British Crown, but the existence of this..."

Tags:loyalist, influence, british

Abstract
This paper examines how Robert Rogers' play, "Ponteach: Or, the Savages of America", tells an illuminating story of relations between the Indians of America and their English occupiers. It looks at how in a remarkably progressive feat, Rogers condemns the despicable and dishonorable practices of the English while painting a more realistic picture of the Indians. It also discusses how, in a defiant turn from popular practice and opinion, Rogers quite consciously argues the similarities between the Indians and English while criticizing his own culture's shameful hypocrisy and trickery.

From the Paper
"While the themes of pride and savagery can only be applied to the Indians and the British, respectively, malicious accusations rain on the shoulders of both parties. In the third act, Monelia tells of her British fiancee who showered her with fine words and promises of committal before being rebutted for "ask[ing] to stain [her] Virtue" (III i). The rebutted fiancee calls Monelia a "proud Bitch" and "pray'd Heav'n to blast [her] Soul", and then "bid [her] begone in Haste/ Without the smallest Mark of his Affection" (ibid). This view of Monelia's is to represent the view Indian women take of English men: corrupt, flattering, false, venomous and ignoble."

Tags:indians, savages, english

Abstract
This personal essays shares the author's emotions and experiences about moving to America as a teenager from Colombia. The author had grown up in a privileged family, who gave up everything when they relocated to the U.S. This narrative shares anecdotes and memories of the author's journey and her difficult adjustment period, including financial difficulties and learning the English language.

From the Paper
"In school, America was always a giant up North, where there were lots of rich people, and where many used the drugs that were grown and exported from Colombia that made some people very rich and dangerous. This giant was now our destination. My whole family was able to leave without trouble. But, we left without money. We left with hope. That hope, for my parents, was that their children could grow up in peace and silence! Yes, silence! It was so good to be able to sleep at night without the noise of battle and arrests and fighting. If there is anything I first remember about coming to America it was that at night you could sleep without being disturbed."

Tags:immigrant, English, poor, drugs, danger, safety, adjustment

Abstract
This paper reviews Andrew Rudalevige's 2005 book "The New Imperial Presidency: Renewing Presidential Power after Watergate," which discusses the tendency of U.S. presidents to abuse their power and the constitutional role of Congress in keeping their power in check. The author explains how this precarious balance has been swayed in favor of the powers of the chief executive by wars and the national fear of the Soviets and communism, as well as by corruption in the White House. Rudalevige suggests that since only Congress can limit the power of the chief executive, it must exercise its right to do so if America is to retain a healthy balance of power between the legislature and the presidency.

From the Paper
"However, as quickly as Congress tried to check executive authority, presidents tried to reassert their imperial power. To demonstrate how this has affected recent history, Rudalevige begins with the current Bush Administration's war on Iraq in his book. The Bush Administration is clearly his inspiration for his historical overview. Contrary to the lack of support the administration has in the legislature today, at the time of the beginning of the war, Congress was willing to accept the administration's assertion that there were weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, and some legislators stated openly that the president must "know more" than did the congress (12). Congress even put forth the president's tax cut bills without question and declared French fries to be replaced by freedom fries at the congressional cafeteria, because of the French condemnation of the war effort. "As 2002 closed, observers suggested that Bush had created one of the most powerful White Houses in at least a generation" (12)."

Tags:dictatorial unethical surveillance, Patriot Act, Guantanamo security authority, Vietnam War, Lewinsky

Abstract
This essay argues the thesis that the judgements of the JCPC changed or distorted - the choice of terms arguably being dependent upon whether one is supportive or critical of the JCPC's rulings - the British North America Act.

From the Paper
"One of the most controversial debates in the constitutional evolution of Canada regards the question of the role of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) in interpreting the British North America Act in the course of a number of legal appeals to this body in the last decades of the twentieth century.

Tags:canada, bnaact, constitution

Abstract
The paper discusses how America's empires depended on force, although not only aggressive, colonially-expansive force. The paper relates that the colony and the state/company in charge of the various imperial projects, exerted force in economic, social, religious, political and territorial spheres, which included an ultimate dependence on military force.

From the Paper
"Edmund Burke, in propounding his theory that imperial rule should serve the interests of the ruled showed in his speech 'On Conciliation with America', that force must only be a temporary measure which is able to subdue a populous for an limited period of time . His scepticism regarding the application of force in a colonial situation highlights how imperial force was exerted in America, with varying success. However, Burke's definition on force seems to weigh more towards military coercion than other uses of force which were present, to varying extents, in each of the European colonies of America. America's empires did not necessitate the wielding of military force, it could simply be one of many tools exercised by imperial masters and subjects. When a broader definition of force is taken, it becomes easier to show the importance of force, and the dependence America's empires had on a variety of forces before the eighteenth century. "

Tags:military, coercion, domination, subjugation

Abstract
The alcoholic beverages that eventually played such a pivotal role in the politics of the American Revolution and the original colonies' relationship with the British Empire in the 17th and 18th centuries had a tradition that began long before the first settlers traveled to North America. This paper showed that the tradition continued in colonial America as people used alcoholic beverages and public drinking as an extension of their culture, a forum for ideas, a method of communication, a source of news/current events, and a way to interact with strangers in a time when travel was slow and dangerous. In order to fully understand this unique relationship between alcohol and early America, this paper presents a look into England's past.

Paper Outline:
The Origins of Alcoholic Beverages in England
Britain's "Spiritual" Tradition
Alcohol Arrives in Colonial America
The Colonial Tavern as Political Forum
Beer on the Battlefield?
Our Founding Father and Alcohol
Other Aspects of Alcohol in the New Nation
Final Thoughts on Alcohol in Early America
Works Cited

From the Paper
"The jovial atmosphere, often accentuated by entertainment of various types and fueled by rivers of beer, loosened tongues and encouraged free speech. Far from being restricted, free speech in local taverns, as well as the operation of the taverns themselves, were encouraged by local governments and the English crown, but more for the reason that the contentment, or lack of it, among the English subjects could be monitored(Smith). In spite of this supervision, or perhaps in part because of it, people began discussing the possibility of breaking away from English rule."

Tags:norman, conquest, gin, demon, rum, whiskey, rebellion