Abstract
This paper presents a review of the life and career of American President Andrew Johnson. As little is known about this man, the writer provides a background and history of his life and a review of the highlights of his presidency. The writer points out that Johnson was the first president to ever be impeached. The paper compares his presidency to other, possibly more well known presidents, such as Abraham Lincoln. The paper includes a review of the major issues which were present at the time of Johnson's reign, including slavery and the reconstruction of the country after the civil war.

From the Paper
"As a matter of fact, neither author really tells us much about Johnson, or even how he was nominated as Lincoln's vice-president. In 1864, as the Republicans re-nominated Lincoln, they nominated Johnson, who was perhaps the most militant Unionist serving in the South, as vice president. It was, in a way, a reward for helping to pass a law in Tennessee which abolished slavery in perpetuity. Thus, a Jacksonian Democrat became the running mate for the Republican President, Lincoln."

Tags:politics, america, president, impeachment, lincoln, republican, election, civil, war, tindall, zinn

Abstract
Discusses Anddre Johnson as first American President to be impeached (he missed impeachment by a single vote). Johnson's political ideas. His importance in the aftermath of the Civil War. Conflicts between Congress and President Johnson. Cause of his impeachment as based in the political struggles between conservatives & radicals. Implications of Johnson's Presidency on the principle of the separation-of-powers.

From the Paper
"THE MOST MISUNDERSTOOD AMERICAN PRESIDENT: ANDREW JOHNSON

Most people, if they know anything at all about Andrew Johnson, know he was the first American President ever to be impeached, and that he missed it by only a single vote. In fact, the two books used for reference here, picture Johnson similarly, in lots of ways. First of all, it would have been nearly impossible for anyone to successfully follow the appeal of the martyred Lincoln. Yet, he was not at all like Lincoln- not in personality, in attitude, nor in his devotion to a strict interpretation of the Constitution. In fact, he seemed to be not so much for the slaves as he was against their masters. He had become an advocate of the small farmers against the privileges of the large planters. He also shared the racial attitudes of most white yeomen. Damn the Negroes, he exclaimed to a friend ..."

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the history of President Andrew Johnson and his rise in the political arena. This paper also discusses how he reconstructed the former Confederate states and how his impeachment effected the history of the United States of America.

Contents:
Reconstruction as Conducted by President Andrew Johnson
Andrew Johnson: The Making of a Martyr to the Republic?
Juggernaut Toward a Restored Union

From the Paper
"It was also the era in which American understanding of the law changed, and that change was responsible, along with the actions of President Andrew Johnson, for helping the Union remain intact when continued strong forces for a separate North and South still held sway.
Spaulding makes an essential point for understanding Reconstruction, and one that is particularly apt concerning the impeachment of Andrew Johnson. Spaulding notes that "Although the modern legal profession has its roots in the same time period (legal formalism, education in law schools rather than apprenticeships, Socratic instruction, bar associations, large firm practice, and a distinct brand of constitutional conservatism all emerge in the 1870s), historians of the legal profession have largely ignored the relationship between professional organization and lawyers' experience of the Civil War and Reconstruction" (2005, p. 2001+)."

Tags:federalism, republican, democratic, Congress, legal, Civil, Rights, Act, slavery

Abstract
Discusses the first impeachment trial of an American President. Issue of accountability. Presidential aggression and Congress. Political issues that led to Johnson's trial. Actions of the Republican majority. Conflict between the President and Edwin Stanton. Details of the impeachment trial of 1868. Public support for Johnson. His aquittal by one vote.

From the Paper
"THE IMPEACHMENT OF ANDREW JOHNSON

The recent attempts to impeach President Clinton re-focused historians and politicians on the first impeachment trial of a U.S. President, Andrew Johnson, in 1868.

The widely held view that the impeachment was a political abuse of constitutional power and an attempt to make the president subservient to Congress is greatly exaggerated. It was reluctantly undertaken by representatives who felt compelled to defend their institution against presidential aggression (Stathis, 29).

The key is accountability . Among American presidents, Andrew Johnson experienced one of the major tests of accountability. His political future as well as the fate of several members ..."

Abstract
This paper discusses the public opinion concerning the impeachment of Andrew Johnson. The media's influence and the role they played surrounding this topic is discussed. The political climate and revelations of the reconstruction issue are addressed. An overview of the trial and its developments are recounted.

Abstract
This paper examines the impeachment process in the United States. It outlines the basis, conditions and process of impeachment. Then it examines various impeachments and threats to impeach including Presidents Johnson, Nixon and most recently, Clinton.

Abstract
The author of this paper presents a comparison of three cases in which United States Presidents were either impeached or at very real risk of impeachment. Following a brief explanation of the impeachment institution, the paper then goes on to look at the impeachment of Andrew Johnson following the civil war and of Bill Clinton. The paper also examines the case of President Nixon who resigned rather than face impeachment. The paper compares these three cases in an attempt to discover the underlying reasons and the political motivations behind each case.

From the Paper
"Impeachment of the president is an extreme measure only to be undertaken in the most unusual circumstances of abuses of the office. The President, Vice President, "and all other civil officers of the United States, including members of the federal judiciary," can be only removed from their offices if they are found guilty of "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors" (Ellis 2009). "Articles of impeachment, or accusations of misconduct, are drafted in the House of Representatives and approved by majority vote; the trial is before the Senate, with a two thirds vote needed for conviction. In cases of presidential impeachment, the trial is presided over by the chief justice. Conviction in a case of impeachment can result only in removal from office and disqualification from holding office in future, but does not prevent the guilty party from being held further accountable in regular courts of law. Finally, the presidential pardoning power does not extend to individuals convicted in cases of impeachment" (Ellis 2009). Articles of impeachment have only been seriously entertained three times in American history, twice during periods of intense national self-examination and shame, once when the president was enjoying a 70 percent approval rating (Impeachment: Bill Clinton, 2000, The History Place). When asked the question if these impeachments were politically motivated, one might say--of course they were, rather the better question is to the degree they were motivated by partisanship, versus out of political interests in preserving the integrity of the office of the president and the union."

Tags:treason, bribery, civil, rights, senate, congress, FBI, watergate, lewinsky, republicans, democrats

Abstract
Examines the role of this President (1865-1868) in Reconstruction, his struggle with Congress over federal-state and North-South relations, enfranchisement of ex-slaves and causes for his impeachment.

From the Paper
"JOHNSON, RECONSTRUCTION POLICY AND IMPEACHMENT

This research paper explores the degree to which President Andrew Johnson's conduct shaped Congressional reconstruction policy toward the defeated Southern states and whether that conduct made him deserving of impeachment. Both by his substantive approach to reconstruction and the defiant manner in which he challenged the prerogatives of Congress, Johnson frustrated and impeded the will of the majority in Congress and embittered a hard core of Radical Republicans. The impeachment of Johnson reflected not only a partisan political clash, but also fundamentally different approaches by Johnson and his Congressional opponents to federal-state relations in the North-South context and to the enfranchisement of newly freed slaves. Johnson's conviction in the Senate was defeated by one vote which ..."

From the Paper
"Reconstruction, the post-Civil War effort to re-integrate he states of the defeated Confederacy into the United States, and to reform the economy and society of the South to fit a new world without slavery, is at once one of the most familiar and least understood chapters of American history. It gave the American language the term "carpetbagger," among others. The popular image of Reconstruction is still essentially that of Gone With The Wind: enduring white Southerners trying to put their lives together in the shadow of outside rule and endemic corruption.

In fact, Reconstruction was America's first, abortive Civil Rights era. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation officially freed the slaves--those in the Confederacy, at least, where it had no direct force; slaves in Union territory were not freed--but in ... "

Abstract
This paper explains that Clinton was able to amass a great deal of the international clout and political capital over the latter course of his first term and early in his second terms, partly because of the relative strength of the American economy and partly due to his new vitality as a leader of substance. The paper states, however, that this was all undone by a series of various scandals of both a political and personal kind that resulted in Clinton becoming the first president since Andrew Johnson to be impeached and tried.

From the Paper
"When the former Governor of Arkansas Bill Clinton came to power, world opinion as to his foreign policy competency was fairly negative. This was only to be expected, perhaps, given that the recently deposed first President Bush was not only a vice president before he assumed the presidency, but was a former director of the CIA and an ambassador to China under Richard Nixon. Clinton had campaigned with the homespun, America-focused slogan 'it's the economy, stupid,' and his domestically oriented past career made him appear like anything but a statesman. "(BBC, 2001) Clinton was keenly aware of the recession, and his first campaign offered change and focused on the economy and the high unemployment rate. He promised health-care reform, tax cuts for the middle class and tax increases for the wealthy, and reductions in defense spending." (Rozell, 2005) However, Clinton seemed to offer little coherent vision for the post Cold War's increasingly fractious and divisive world."

Tags:arkansas, middle, east, monica, levinsky