Abstract
This paper presents a research proposal that will confirm that sediments of the small pond discussed in the paper, like larger bodies of water, will contain significant amounts of P and N, and that these sediments will be one of the sources responsible for the increasing incidence of eutrophic or hypereutrophic in the nation's systems of ponds, rivers, lakes and streams.

From the Paper
"Over the millennia, water has provided humankind with numerous products and services, including transportation, food, drinking water, irrigation, recreation, and protection. Unfortunately, the world's lakes, rivers, and oceans have also been used as a dumping ground for by-products of industrial development and residential refuge. Until recently, however, there was very little attention was paid to water quality (Faeth & Greenhalgh, 2001). Today, the contamination of natural waters such as ponds, lakes, and rivers by anthropogenic organic chemicals has assumed major importance for environmental protectionists. A number of studies over the years have documented how many synthetic organic compounds, although applied or introduced to confined locations, tend to become widely dispersed even to the "ends of the earth" (Schwarzenbach, Haderlein, Muller & Ulrich, 1998). Today, the diffuse loss of phosphorus (P) from agricultural land is generally regarded as a major contributor to eutrophication of fresh water, and there has been a significant increase in research into this issue recently (Fertilizer Applications Influence Phosphorus Runoff, 2004)."

Tags:external, loading, nitrogen, internal, nutrients, murky, water, plant, biomass, quality

Abstract
This paper examines how architecture is inseparable from its social purpose and from its environmental setting. This concept is demonstrated through first examining the function of architecture and how the impact of a specific function directly impacts those who come in contact with a given building, and then by describing how the building impacts the local environment.

Tags:architecture, impacts, society

Abstract
This paper first explains that the objective of the thesis proposal presented is to measure the responses of chaparral plants to elevated N and CO2 by first determining the concentrations of soil and leaf N in adenostoma fasiculatum and bromus tectorum in the Chaparral of southern California. Next, the author reviews literature about carbon, nitrogen and the ecological impact of climate change. The paper describes extensively the research methodology that will be used to evaluate the difference in the concentration of N in adenostoma fasiculatum, bromus tectorum or associated soils under elevated CO2 with or without N amendment, under CO2 with or without N amendment and under elevated N-deposition with or without recalcitrant litter amendment.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Carbon
C Cycle
CO2 Levels
Nitrogen
N Cycle
N Levels
Ecological Impact of Climate Change
Rationale and Hypothesis
Methods
Field Stations
Sky Oaks Biological Field Station
San Dimas Experimental Forest
Experimental Design
Analyses
Soil -- Total Nitrogen
KCl
Soil -- Ammonium and Nitrate
CHCl3 Fumigation
Soil -- Microbial Nitrogen
Ion-Exchange Resin (IER) Bags
Resin Bag Extractions
Available Phosphorous -- Labile Pi
Soil -- Organic Phosphorous -- Po
Soil -- Microbial Phosphorus

From the Paper
"Nutrient cycling is also affected by increased N availability. Historically, N has been a limiting nutrient in terrestrial ecosystems. As such, it has a major influence on the primary productivity, species composition, diversity, dynamics and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. The nature of vegetation in a system can have a large effect on an ecosystems N supply rate, and N supply rates can in turn strongly influence vegetation composition. Many native plant species are adapted to, and function optimally in, soils and solutions with low levels of available nitrogen."

Tags:vegetation, climate change, field station, concentration anova

Abstract
This paper explains that, in lakes that have suffered years of external loading, high levels of bound phosphorus are released from pools into the surrounding water column. Phosphorus in pools is bound in many forms including redox-sensitive iron compounds and loosely bound organic compounds. The paper describes the microbial action, chemical reactions and physical disturbance to the sediment layer, which contribute to the release of phosphorous into the water column. The paper also reviews several management techniques, such as removing heavily contaminated sediment from the lake floor and precipitation by the addition of iron or alum, which help speed the recovery process of the lake.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Phosphorus forms in Sediment
Phosphorus Release Mechanisms
Chemical Release Mechanisms
Physical Release Mechanisms
Biological Release Mechanisms
Management and Restoration Techniques
Source Reduction Strategies
Physical Reduction of Phosphorus Availability
Chemical Removal
Analysis and Summary of Findings
Analyzing the Unknowns
Conclusions/Recommendations

From the Paper
"The first is the use of physical means such as dredging and flushing to remove sediments containing high concentrations of phosphorus. Another method is the use of agents such as Aluminum Sulfate or gypsum to bind phosphorus in the water system. Yet, other methods have focused on long term reduction of external loading as the ultimate solution to the problem. The success or failure of these methods depends on the source and fractionation profile of the lake.
It was once thought that reducing external loading of the lake would rapidly decrease phosphorus levels in lakes."

Tags:redox-sensitive, sediment, method, reductant, dredging, flushing

Abstract
In this paper, the output of a soil nutrient, phosphorus, is examined and it is demonstrated that transpiration plays a role in the phosphorus cycle as transpiration can lead to phosphate output from the soil by initiating soil water extraction by plants. Definitions of key phrases are included within the text of the paper.

From the Paper
"Importantly, phosphorus, as an element, is present in phosphate, a water soluble compound characterized by one phosphorus atom for every four oxygen atoms. The water-soluble characteristic of phosphate is very important from the perspective of plant nutrient intake because, when phosphate is dissolved in soil water, it can enter a plant that draws soil water through its roots. However, in order for a plant to draw in soil water that may be enriched with phosphate, usually transpiration must occur first. For this reason, an analysis of how transpiration leads to the intake of soil water by a plant is necessary in order to understand transpiration's role in instigating the output of phosphorus from soil."

Tags:atmosphere, biogeochemical, cycling

Abstract
The paper identifies the chemical and physical properties of nitrogen dioxide and its sources in the environment. The paper discusses its interaction in the environment, its effects on the human body and its toxicity. The paper also looks at emission standards for nitrogen dioxide gases and provides suggestions for reducing reactive nitrogen dioxide exposure.

Outline:
Chemical and Physical Data
Occurrence/Sources in the Environment
Interaction in the Environment
Effects on the Human Body
Toxicity
Regulations
Suggestions for Action

From the Paper
"Nitrogen Dioxide or NO2 is a red-brown or yellow liquid, which becomes a colorless solid at a specific temperature (EPA 2007). It is a non-combustible component of automotive exhaust fumes. It can be derived during the intermediate stage in the oxidation of ammonia to nitric acid. It is highly poisonous and even fatal when inhaled. Tolerance in the air is at 5 ppm. Nitrogen dioxide can react strongly with reducing materials. It occurs as environmental tobacco smoke and artificially as kerosene heaters, un-vented gas stoves and heaters. Among its effects on health are irritations on the eyes, nose and throat; pulmonary edema and diffused lung injury; chronic bronchitis; decreased lung function; and increased risk of respiratory infections, especially in young children (US Environmental Protection Agency)."

Tags:emissions, fuel, toxicity, combustion, asthma

Abstract
This paper analyzes the way in which technological advancements have made it much easier for the people around the world to be connected to each other. The paper discusses how it has become much more convenient for people to travel, communicate and do business internationally. It discusses the expansion of the corporate sector and policies of trade liberalization and financial market deregulation.

Table of Contents:
What is Globalization
Historic Background of Globalization
Analytical Perspectives about Globalization
Social/Global Stratification
Positive Impacts of Globalization
Negative Impacts of Globalization
Conclusion

From the Paper
"A common perception of globalization is like treating the world as a shared market by breaking the physical and politico-cultural barriers. Its practical implication is in the terms of corporate companies deciding to take part in the emerging global economy and by establishing themselves in foreign markets. These companies in a global environments, adopt their products or services to the final user's cultural requirements. The technology plays a vital role in expansion of the businesses beyond traditional boundaries. These companies make best utilization of the Internet revolution and establish a virtual presence on the international marketplace with a multilingual corporate website or even as an e-business. Globalization is not a new concept any more, but it remains as intrigue as it was at its time of inception. It is an inevitable phenomenon. It has helped in bridging the gulfs between the world's economic, political and cultural values and practices. The last two decades have witnessed a tremendous advancement in the field of technology canalizing way for much faster and dramatic application of the concept of globalization thereby coining the term of a 'global village' for the entire world. Its impacts on different nations, however, remain much debatable."

Tags:deregulation, economy, global, globalization, liberalization, market, marketing, trade, village

Abstract
This paper analyzes the impacts of Hurricane Katrina on labor markets and her effects on both local and national economies. The author explains the sources of information, statistics and research methodology, and finds that although an increased demand for labor after Katrina resulted in increased wages and resulted in improved economic conditions in the south for some, this was short-lived. The findings of the research showed that there are jobs available, but those that are available are low paying jobs and only in certain sectors. The author examines the obstacles New Orleans faced in rebuilding the economy as well as how Katrina affected the economy of the U.S. In closing, the author relates how Katrina can serve as a lesson for better preparations for local and national economies of the U.S in the future. The paper suggests contingency plans and urges more research to be done to analyze what businesses can actually do in the real world to prepare for disaster.

Outline:
Chapter 1: Overall Impact of Hurricane Katrina on Labor Markets in Affected Areas the Effects on Local and the National Economy
Rationale
Research Methodology
Study Results
Chapter 2: Economies (Local/National) Overall Ability to Bounce Back After Katrina
Background
Study Results
Chapter 3: Other Keys Issues that Have Affected the Economy since 2005
Background
Chapter 4: Valuable Lessons from Business and Economic Standpoints, and Preparation for Our Local and National Economies In The Future
Background
References

From the Paper
"When Hurricane Katrina slammed into the Gulf coast, it left behind many lasting affects. Aside from the horrendous loss of life, the Hurricane left behind devastation and destruction of unprecedented amounts. There are two primary arguments concerning the impact of Katrina on employment and the Labor Market in the south and in the nation. The first scenario only considers the loss of business in the area. The other considers the need to rebuild, creating a surge in the construction industry. This research will explore both sides of the labor market issue in the wake of Katrina. The following will present an overview of secondary research related to this specific research question and will explore the rationale for the development of the research technique."

Tags:natural disasters, labor employment businesses

Abstract
The issue examined in this research is the impact of immigration on domestic labor markets in the United States. Specific interests of this research are the impacts of immigration on the employment opportunities for women and minorities. The greater part of this current research consists of a review of the literature relevant to the issue investigated. Included in this research also, however, is a proposed research design for an empirical investigation of the issue.

I. Introduction
A. Issue Examined: Effects of Immigration on Domestic Labor Markets.
B. Focus of Examination: Women and Minorities.
C. Presentation Plan.
II. Literature Review.
A. Globalization and Transnational Migration.
B. United States as a Destination Country.
III. Proposed Empirical Research.
A. Justification for Empirical Research.
B. Research Questions: 18 questions.
C. Period of Analysis: 15 years (1986 to 2000).
D. Data Type: Secondary.
E. Analytical Procedure: Regression Analysis.
IV. References.

From the Paper
"In the contemporary period, more than at any time in the past, migration is a global phenomenon. In search of employment, higher wages, educational opportunities for themselves and their children, and to escape from persecution and violence, millions of people cross international borders each year. Over one hundred million people now live in a country other than that of their birth, and millions of these immigrants maintain their ethnic identities in their adopted countries (Weiner, 1996).
In industrialized societies on average, non-citizens now typically constitute more than five-percent of the population. These large and typically visible immigrant populations are a cause of concern for both governments and their citizens. These concerns lead to questions such as: Do immigrants benefit the economy, taking unwanted jobs and providing needed skills; or Do immigrants displace indigenous workers and burden public resources in their adopted countries (Weiner, 1996)?"

Tags:oppression, migration, globalization, employment

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that with the advent of globalization has come the realization that many of the issues traditionally viewed as national concerns have their international implications. The writer notes that climate change has been an enduring issue of concern since the discovery of the ozone layer depletion and its subsequent effects to ecosystems in the early 20th century. The writer discusses the economic impacts of climate change that affects individuals and industries and concludes that there is a realization that climate change has an impact directly and indirectly to the state of economics, policies and social development nationally and internationally.

From the Paper
"One of the best illustrations of climate change related tradeoffs and marginal choices is the Kyoto Protocol. The agreement recognizes that industries have their environmental costs and gives incentives to countries that will be able to function below the CO2 and CH4 production allocations. Though the effort has been seen to be one of the most cohesive global efforts to reduce emissions, some have pointed out that measures only motivate countries to falsehoods on their CO2 and CH4 production. Bohan believes that though these measures control industries' impact to the climate, they do not aid in addressing existing climate problems. Considering the cumulative impact individual environmental issue to climate change, there is concern that marginal efforts to alleviate climate change do not impact climate conditions. Coupled with other economic issues, some analysts believe that existing measures are not able to deter the impact of climate-related issues regardless of the perspectives used to evaluate the issue."

Tags:weather, conditions, ozone, layer, temperature