Abstract
This paper discusses the possible link between immunization, specifically MMR immunization or vaccination, and the growth of autism in our society in recent decades. The paper relates that since the shocking findings of Dr, Andrew Wakefield in the late 1990s - findings which ostensibly linked MMR vaccination with autism - there has been much debate in academia about whether or not such a linkage really exists. The paper discusses how Wakefield's controversial conclusions have been largely debunked in the past decade, though there remain small pockets of academics who insist that Wakefield was really on to something and that he might have unlocked a vital portal into why autism afflicts so many children in the contemporary age.

From the Paper
"This paper looks at the possible link between immunization, specifically MMR immunization or vaccination, and the growth of autism in our society in recent decades. Since the shocking findings of Dr, Andrew Wakefield in the late 1990s - findings which ostensibly linked MMR vaccination with autism - there has been much debate in academia about whether or not such a linkage really exists. Suffice it to say, Wakefield's controversial conclusions have been largely debunked in the past decade, though there remain small pockets of academics who insist that Wakefield was really on..."

Tags:link, immunization, autism

Abstract
This study considers the issue of preventing the quadrivalent human papilloma virus (HPV) through a immunization program of girls in a California school. The population of the study is specifically Latino, and issues surrounding health care in the Latino community are discussed. The efficacy of the vaccination is described as are the methods in which this disease is transferred. The paper also explains the dangers of HPV, giving statistics of the consequences of infection. Methods of prevention, including vaccination, are also highlighted. The paper concludes that further research which include studies to determine the long term efficacy of the vaccination as well as the length of protection it offers is necessary.

Outline
Abstract
Background/Review of Literature
Discussion/Recommendations for Further Study

From the Paper
"According to the Centers for Disease Control, Advisory Committee on Immunization and Practices, Resolution 6/06-2 the administration of the quadrivalent Human Papilloma Virus vaccination is suggested for administration to girls as young as 9 but preferably in the age set of 11-12, and as a catch up vaccination for girls aged 13-18. The vaccination is to be given in three staggered doses with the second dose given 2 months from the first and the third 6 months after the first dose. This is based on the positive research findings of both non-profit research groups and pharmaceutical companies developing preventative HPV vaccinations. This work addresses the validity of mandating this vaccine in Solano County California, upon these age guidelines as a prophylactic measure to decrease the incidence of the specific HPV types (6,11,16,18) associated with the vaccination, namely the Merck vaccination trade name Gardasil. In addition to this informative resolution the California Department of Health Services has obtained the vaccination and has made compatible resolutions to vaccinate girls according to the national recommendations, either through private physicians or through state and local agency immunization programs, (California Vaccines for Children (VFC) Program Providers) such as those found in Solano County."

Tags:vaccinatin, immunization, HPV, human, papilloma, virus, vaccination

Abstract
This paper discusses the relationship between vaccinations and diseases. It specifically looks at the relationship between the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccination and autism. The paper argues, through foundational research, that there is no scientifically based connection between autism and the MMR vaccination and therefore the risks taken by those who deny their children essential vaccination far outweigh any risks they could incur from the MMR.

From the Paper
"Madsen et al also noted that there was no connection between the age or date of vaccination and the development of the autistic spectrum disorder, a connection that had been made in the Wakefield study. (2002, p. 1477) Within nearly all the research there is no or little connection between the two factors, making it irresponsible to say the least, to continue to reject and deny the lifesaving vaccination to children. Yet, fear and the extreme nature of the disease seem to continue to drive an overall anti-vaccination movement, as parents wish to make absolutely certain that if there is even a negligible chance of complication that their children will not be put at risk by it. Sadly, the real risk is a global recurrence of the disease as, one at a time, people begin to reject vaccinations because they are associated with controversy, not real medical findings."

Tags:immunization, disorder, CDC, development

Abstract
The paper discusses the immunization programs for various types of diseases that are currently available in the United States, Canada, Mexico and in many countries in Europe. The paper explores the effectiveness of the various programs available and the issues that these countries face with their immunization programs. The paper shows how although countries offer different immunization programs, they all have one goal in mind, which is to eliminate and control the spread of infectious diseases.

Outline:
Introduction
What are Immunizations?
HBV Program in Canada
Childhood Vaccinations in Canada
The United States
Mexico
Europe

From the Paper
"Immunizations are used to protect the human body against preventable diseases. Immunizations are usually given in the form of a shot or vaccine. When one gets immunized, the body develops the ability to fight off a given disease. Immunizations safeguard the body from illnesses and death caused by certain infectious diseases. Some immunizations are given to prevent a single disease, while others will take care of two or three diseases. Immunizations help control infectious diseases that were once common. They have reduced, and in many cases, eliminated, diseases that routinely killed or harmed infants, children, and adults. However, the viruses and bacteria that cause vaccine-preventable disease and death still exist and can be passed on to people who are not immunized. Children need immunizations to protect them from dangerous childhood diseases."

Tags:vaccinations, children, measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, smallpox, hepatitis, A

Abstract
The letter writer asserts that at this time in Canada, there is no coordinated vaccination strategy, despite the existence of expert groups such as the National Advisory Committee on Immunization. The writer argues that Canada has what has been described as a "patchwork of policies" (Canadian Medical Association 533) and as a result, children are dying and becoming ill needlessly (Canadian Medical Association).

From the Paper
"Recommendation for a Change in Vaccination Policy: At this time in Canada there is no coordinated vaccination strategy, despite the existence of expert groups such as the National Advisory Committee on Immunization. As a result, Canada has what has been described..."

Tags:infancy, development, policy

Abstract
This paper focuses on the concept of global immunization. The paper asserts that eradication of disease sounds wonderful, potentially achievable and perhaps utopian. But the first question is, is it worth the cost? Secondly, can it be accomplished on a global scale? And thirdly, what types of diseases are candidates for eradication? Is the world ready to make the investment for the eventually dividends where there would be no need to vaccinate any more?

From the Paper
"Eradication of disease sounds wonderful, potentially achievable and perhaps utopian. But the first question is, is it worth the cost? Secondly, can it be accomplished on a global scale? And thirdly, what types of diseases are candidates for eradication? Is the world ready to make the investment for the eventually dividends where there would be no need to vaccinate any more? The only disease ever to be eradicated is small pox. On May 8, 1980, the World Health Assembly declared that smallpox had been eradicated globally."

Tags:eradication, disease, global

Abstract
The paper discusses how a substantial number of parents either fail to immunize their child or are resistant to immunization. The paper explains that among the reasons for this is the complex nature of immunization schedules, but notes that the main reason is similar to the idea of misguided beneficence in ethics. The paper discusses how parents often regard immunizations as being not only unnecessary but as causing serious harm to the child and this view is understandable especially when the child suffers serious side effects. The paper asserts that the harm that parents perceive is real; parents grapple with fear, the idea of risk, worry, confusion and guilt as they attempt to make the right decisions about immunization (Austin & Campion-Smith, 2008).

From the Paper
"A substantial number of parents either fail to immunize their child or are resistant to immunization. Among the reasons for this is the complex nature of immunization schedules. The real concern is with immunizations from 0-6 years because immunization schedules change as the child matures. However, the main reason is similar to the idea of misguided beneficence in ethics. Parents often regard immunizations as being not only unnecessary but as causing serious harm to the child. This view is understandable especially when the child suffers serious side effects. The harm that parents perceive is real. Parents grapple with fear, the idea of..."

Tags:vaccines, fear, resistance

Abstract
This paper explains the challenges to the assumption made by a British doctor in a reputed journal that states that there is an association between administration of MMR vaccine and development of autism. Next, the author highlights the extensive debate between parents and highly qualified medical authorities questioning if Dr. Andrew Wakefield's reasoning is correct. The paper concludes that a cause-and-effect relationship has not been established between the occurrence of autism symptoms and inoculation with the MMR vaccine; however, epidemiological studies have proven to be inadequate in giving a complete answer.

From the Paper
"This particular study compared the rate of occurrence of autism in 96,000 unvaccinated children with the incidence of autism in 440,655 MMR vaccinated children. Their observation was that the rate of incidence of autism was in fact, somewhat higher in unvaccinated children than in MMR vaccinated children. Another case-control study carried out in Atlanta, Georgia, in February 2004, found no evidence of a link between MMR vaccine and autism with enteropathy. Another study conducted by CDC and NIH's 'National Institute of Child Health and Human Development' or NICHD during April 2006 studied data from thirty-one "typically developing children" and 351 children with a cluster of symptoms resembling autism."

Tags:regression, immune system, media coverage, fatally flawed, temporal relationship

Abstract
This paper explains that the common end goal for parties for and against immunization is the same; both parties want their children and the public to lead safe and healthy lives. The author points out that immunizations, which have eliminated numerous diseases that used to kill thousands of children, are the most cost-effective measure in all of medical science; children not immunized against measles have a 3500% higher risk of contracting measles than others. All children deserve the benefits of immunizations unless medically contraindicated. The paper relates that some people believe that vaccines are dangerous, that the government's power to deny individual rights is wrong, that vaccination does not constitute immunity, and that vaccines contain adjuvant substances known to amplify the body's response to the vaccine, which can sometimes cause allergic and autoimmune responses.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Those in Favor of Immunizations
Those Questioning Immunizations
Stakeholders
Interview of Health Care Providers
Parents Interviewed
Summary

From the Paper
"For those promoters of vaccinations, the general belief is that "vaccination is modern medicine's greatest achievement." The goal would be to have 100% compliance. This group believes that vaccinations are necessary to the basic welfare of every child. "Public health officials take the stance that they are legally and morally obligated to act out of concern for the well being of every individual child, and the reality is that any unvaccinated child remains vulnerable to serious, even life-threatening diseases." Non-medical exemptions from immunizations also lower the level of protection in the general public."

Tags:autoimmune, compliance, autoimmune, cost-effective, stakeholders

Abstract
This paper looks at the idea of the Anthrax immunisation problem and the philosophies of Kant and Mills along with a Utilitarian approach as to whether it is bets to inoculate or not. The paper discusses Kant along side Mills and concludes that in personal views Mills would be the best approach to take.