Abstract This paper analyzes the article, "Prejudice as Self-ImageMaintenance: Affirming the Self Through Derogating Others," Fein and Spencer (1997) which illustrates how self-imagemaintenance processes facilitate prejudice and stereotyping and internalizes them in people. The writer shows that the most important message from this article is that we should be aware of the existence of these unconscious processes because it will be impossible to modify prejudiced behaviors unless we are aware of the processes.
From the Paper "Hate crimes are among the most serious problems in the United States. Hate crimes against victims? racial or ethnic origin, religious preference, and sexual orientation are most notorious, but the fact is that hate crimes target anybody based on any factor. Stereotyping and prejudice are the main causes of hate crimes and are deep-rooted and hard to modify. It appears that stereotyping and prejudice are not merely a product of accumulated historical issues but also a product of a psychological mechanism, which reinforces stereotyping and prejudice. In this article, "Prejudice as Self-Image Maintenance: Affirming the Self Through Derogating Others," Fein and Spencer (1997) discuss how self-image maintenance processes underlie stereotyping and prejudice."
Abstract This paper examines the literature on prejudice and self-image in order to determine how comprehensive the protection given by a strong self-image can be in respect to prejudice. The paper discusses how self-esteem and self-image are separate constructs and examines racism and gender in relation to self-image. The paper also discusses how it is highly probable that a target of prejudice with a strong self-image will be less likely to suffer psychological or emotional harm from prejudice, but he may still feel the effects of prejudice. The paper concludes that it is necessary to engage in further study in which a narrow focus is used to identify the impact of prejudice on a specific population, such as either gender or race.
Outline:
Introduction
Self-Esteem and Self-Image Racism and Self-Image Gender and Self-Image Conclusion
From the Paper "The study of prejudice and its impact on the individual has been well-documented in the literature. It is recognized that prejudice is both expressed and responded to in multiple forms, suggesting that it is feasibly impossible to prepare for all social interactions in which prejudice is exhibited (Owens, Stryker, & Goodman, 2001; Kernis, 2006). This in turn indicates that the person who is targeted by a display of prejudice is likely to be affected by it, and that the impact that prejudice has upon the person depends upon the type of prejudice displayed and the character of the person who has been targeted by it."
Abstract This paper examines the minstrel show and its negative images of black Americans that enforced commonly held white prejudices or mistaken cultural characteristics.
From the Paper "The images of blacks as presented in the minstrel performances remained embedded in the minds of audiences after they left the show (Anderson, 24). Due to their lack of frequent contact, many whites had nothing else to base their perceptions off of. Minstrel shows were not only entertaining, but they presented a foreign culture. It did not matter whether the characters were accurate or not; the audiences looked at the singing and dancing black-faced actors and expected all blacks to be like this."
Abstract This paper analyzes the issue of software maintenance stating that software maintenance is an ongoing process that helps sustain the software product throughout its life cycle. It explains that for many, if not most programs, software maintenance is virtually automatic with the computer itself accessing websites and checking for updates and then installing what needs to be installed. In other cases, it claims, the user must perform the task manually or must request that the system check for updates and make changes.
From the Paper "Software maintenance is an ongoing process that helps sustain the software product throughout its life cycle. For many if not most programs, software maintenance is virtually automatic, with the computer itself accessing websites and checking for updates and then installing what needs to be installed. In other cases, the user must perform the task manually or must request that the system check for updates and make changes. The process includes several steps for the programmer, occurring as modification requests are logged and tracked, the impact of proposed changes is ascertained, the code is modified, the system is tested, and a new version of the software product is released. Any necessary additional training is then provided to users. Software maintenance can be defined as the modification of a software product after delivery and installation, with an eye to correcting faults, improving performance or other attributes, or adapting the product to a changed environment."
An examination of the different ways prejudice can be approached in children's literature, focusing on Terry Pratchett's "The Amazing Maurice and His Educated Rodents" and Karen Levine's "Hana's Suitcase."
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, 2005, $ 26.95
Abstract This paper examines the incident and approach to the matter of prejudice in children's literature. The paper discuss how this has been accomplished in Terry Pratchett's "The Amazing Maurice and His Educated Rodents" and Karen Levine's "Hana's Suitcase." The paper discusses the different ways in which these two authors approach prejudice and how difficult a topic it is to address in children's literature.
From the Paper "Dealing with Prejudice in Children's Literature This paper examines the incident and approach to the matter of prejudice in children's literature. Because this can be a difficult subject at any age level, dealing with it in children's literature can be especially difficult. Below, I will discuss how this has been accomplished in Terry Pratchett's The Amazing Maurice and His Educated Rodents and Karen Levine's Hana's Suitcase. Sometimes, addressing prejudice is done in a very straightforward fashion. Readers are never question the fact that prejudice is one of the primary themes of the work. This is the case in Hana's Suitcase. However, other writers approach the subject more subtly and less directly, preferring to dance around the matter with allusion and metaphor. This is Pratchett's approach in The Amazing Maurice and His Educated Rats."
Abstract This is an insightful essay dealing with the impact of World War Two on two communities, which contain Japanese Canadians and Americans. The two novels, "Obasan" and "Snow Falling on Cedars", show the prejudice and racism of the Second World War, as well as the paranoia of the white community. The essay describes the impacts of the war, and also contrasts how memories and emotions of war can be suppressed by silence or resurfaced in everyday life. This essay shows both effects using the two novels to show the various outcomes.
From the Paper "Many memorable events in people's lives have the power to affect their memories, emotions, and relationships later in life. These events may be positive or negative and are dealt with in various ways, such as silence, anger, denial or confrontation. In "Snow Falling on Cedars", by David Guterson, and "Obasan", by Joy Kogawa, the event of World War II creates lasting impressions on all the characters, which are evident even many years later in both plots. In "Snow Falling on Cedars", a man named Kabuo Miyamoto is charged for the murder of a well-liked fisherman. While he and others are on the stand, memories of World War II surface, revealing a complex plot containing separated lovers, a battle for land, and the island's always present, racism. In Kogawa's novel, a schoolteacher named Naomi Nakane visits her Aunt Obasan because her uncle has passed away. During the visit she remembers her family's separation and relocation during World War II through the reading of diaries, and eventually learns the details of her mother's demise after thirty years. Both novels deal with the prejudice toward the Japanese in North America during the Second World War, as well as show the lasting effects that war leaves on its survivor."
Abstract This paper is a literary critique about the novel "Pride and Prejudice". It comments on the view of marriage as portrayed through the characters in the novel.
From the Paper "19th century England had serious social problems from the heyday of Royalty and Nobility. One of the most significant of these was the tendency to marry for money. A person sought a partner based on the dowry receivable and their allowance. This process went both ways: a beautiful woman might be able to snag a rich husband, or a charring and handsome man could woo a rich young girl. In these marriages, money was the only consideration. Love was left out, with the thought that it would develop as the years went by. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen comments that marriage in her time is a financial contract, where love is strictly a matter of chance. This is clearly evident from the very first line of the novel: "It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife" (Austen, 1). "
Abstract This is a fake study written in APA format that concludes that one's level of prejudice affects the extent to which one will have their behavior affected by subliminal racial priming. This conclusion contrasts with Devine's theory of activated stereotypes and falls in line with several real studies that are cited in this paper. This paper has extensive introduction, method, results and discussion sections as well as a full reference section. It also includes some of the "materials" supposedly used during the experiment. The conclusion is hardly controversial and the results are consistent with results that have been found in similar experiments that were actually carried out.
From the Paper "While society continues to become less overtly racist and prejudiced in general (Dovidio & Gaertner, 1998), the relationship between stereotypes and behavior remains an important focus of social psychology. This is especially true given the results of several different lines of research over the last 15 years that suggest that stereotypes wield a covert, but strong power to affect behavior even in people who do not endorse - even in those who strongly deny - the validity of the stereotypes (Fazio, Jackson, Dunton & Williams, 1995; Devine, 1989). The true force of stereotypes is even more alarming based on research that shows how easily stereotypes can be activated in a wide variety of situations (e.g., Bargh, Chen & Burrows, 1996; Colcombe, 2001; Devine, 1989; Fazio et al, 1995; Lepore & Brown, 1997)."
Abstract This paper examines the role of women in 19th century England as presented in Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice." The paper defines these roles as mothers, daughters, sisters, aunts, housekeepers, matchmakers, imperious controllers, and practical acceptors of their lot. These women fit into the picture Austen paints of middle class social life in England at the beginning of the 19th century. The paper further suggests that Austen is poking fun at and mildly criticizing some of the ideas expressed about what women are and should be.
From the Paper "The role of the economy and its effects on women's roles is introduced from the very first lines of the novel. Austen says, "It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife...[and]...he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other" (Austen 1) of the daughters of the neighborhood. Economy and financial matters is an appropriate way to begin the novel because it addresses a central problem for the main characters and for women in general in the early 19th century. Ownership at the beginning of the 19th century was denied to women. According to The Historical Context of Pride and Prejudice, "titles and property usually passed along a male line. Women were usually left something in securities, but such inheritances were often pittances that would not comfortably provide for a woman. While women of the highest classes managed to keep more control of their money and thus of their lives, women of the gentry, with few acceptable job options, had to secure their livelihood by marrying a man of means" (Shepherd xii). The five daughters of the Bennett household are of marriageable or near marriageable age and they are highly motivated to marry because of their financial condition. The fact that their father's estate is entailed away on their nearest male relative, Mr. Collins, will make their situation desperate upon the death of their father. Women could not own property, so they fell under the protection of a father and then a husband. Certainly, poverty and homelessness is not a romantic reason for matrimony, but it is a strong practical inducement to wed."
Tags: Jane, Austen, Pride and Prejudice, literature
Abstract This paper describes the emotional and mental growth of Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy, the protagonists in Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice." The author traces not only the development of their relationship, but how both characters had to change in order to overcome their own vanity and be able to love another. The paper includes a plot summary which explores Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy's transformation.
From the Paper " Elizabeth's dislike for Darcy is obviously grounded in his rejection of her soon after they first meet. Her vanity is hurt when she overhears him say that he would not dance with her because she is neither handsome nor interesting enough, and after that, she gradually grows more and more prejudiced against him until she lays as much guilt as possible on his account. Darcy on the other hand, is prejudiced against Elizabeth because of her family and her social inferiority but quite soon forms a very good opinion of her character. Both of their transformations begin after Darcy's first marriage proposal. Elizabeth indignantly refuses Darcy because she persuaded herself that he was the cause of her sister's separation from Bingley, and of all of Wickham's misfortunes. Darcy's honest confession of his own prejudice against her only enrages her more as she sees in them a token of his extreme vanity: "why [...] [did you choose] to tell me that you liked me against your will, against your reason, and even against your character?"(Austen, 125) The confrontation brings to light all the hidden tensions between them, and the frustrations connected with their pride and their partial thinking. However, the letter that Elizabeth receives from Darcy the next day is the actual point where her transformation begins. She realizes how wrong she has been in her judgment of Darcy and how blinded by vanity, instead of being blinded by love: "She grew absolutely ashamed of herself. Of neither Darcy nor Wickham could she think without feeling she had been blind, partial, prejudiced, absurd."(Austen, 129) The grounds of her preference for Wickham are now clearly revealed, as she herself realizes her prejudice against Darcy began with his rejection of her: "Pleased with the preference of one, and offended by the neglect of the other, on the very beginning of our acquaintance..."(Austen, 130) The extent of the transformation that ensue is given by her realization that she had not known herself up to that moment, because she was completely blinded by her prejudice and her pride: "Till this moment I never knew myself."(Austen, 130) Step by step she tries to reconstruct her feelings for Wickham and the basis of her preference for him, but she discovers that she immediately believed the latter's false confessions only because she was ready to believe anything ill of the man who had humiliated her so on the night of the ball. Indeed, in her conversations with Wickham, Elizabeth was extremely superficial, appreciating him because of his pleasant manners and positive attitude towards her, and omitting any other considerations: "Elizabeth honoured him for such feelings, and thought him handsomer than ever as he expressed them."(Austen, 36) Elizabeth had been definitely wrong in her opinions of both Darcy and Wickham, but had been right about the other man who proposed to her, Mr. Collins. Her match with Collins would have helped the family's situation since he was supposed to inherit their property after Mr. Bennet's death, but Elizabeth dismisses the proposal immediately, being persuaded that neither of them would have been happy and that it would be a mistake: "You could not make _me_ happy, and I am convinced that I am the last woman in the world who could make you so."(Austen, 89) In this episode, Elizabeth is true to her own feelings and unprejudiced. She is witty as usual, but honest and she demonstrates that she believes in marrying for love. This version of Elizabeth can be identified in many other episodes, but in none where Darcy is also involved. Although she is not prejudiced, she is still proud however and refuses to marry Collins also because he emphasizes that he is doing her a favor, just as Darcy will do later. The ultimate stage of her transformation begins when she is at Pemberly, and she sees Darcy again with the knowledge that she has misjudged him terribly. Meanwhile, she had also found out that he had been the secret benefactor of Lydia and Wickham by giving Wickham enough money to persuade him to marry Elizabeth's sister. When the servant at Pemberly talks about Darcy's character and good temper and sets him in an amiable light, Elizabeth realizes even more her former blindness. The servant emphasizes that she does not know a woman good enough to marry Darcy, and Lizzy begins to see Darcy for what he is: "I do not know who is good enough for him."(Austen, 178) The previous tensions between them which were created by their vanity, like in the episode of the ball when Darcy refuses to dance with Lizzy or that at Netherfield, when she refuses to dance with him, are transformed into a deep embarrassment in their meeting at Pemberly. Once they have put aside their vanities and prejudices, they can begin to like each other. Thus, Elizabeth and Darcy undergo important transformations in the novel, and learn how to put aside pride and prepossession when they judge other people. The greatest gain is the fact that they learn to love each other instead of loving only their own selves."
Tags: Jane, Austen, Pride, and, Prejudice, Victorian, literature
Comparing three articles - "I Want to Be Miss America" by Julie Alvarez; "My Inner Shrimp" by Garry Trudeau and "Victoria's Not-So-Secret Strategy" by Marisa Kula - which deal with how sociey has physical expectations of a person and beauty image.
Abstract Current society is one where body image or looks is central to self image. Movies, television, beauty products, diet programs and exercise programs are all reminders of this. Every person in society is haunted by the image of what they should look like. This paper focuses on three essays, each which argue something different about the impact of our need to look a certain way. Alverez's shows what happens when a person cannot obtain the ideal look society dictates. Trudeau's shows that even if the ideal is attained, the impact on the person lingers while also showing that it is not only an issue for women. Finally, Kula shows how companies like Victoria's Secret project these images and make profit by fooling women into believing they can be the ideal. This paper considers these essays and the impact of body image and shows how living up to an ideal set by society impacts on everyone's life, whether or not that ideal can be attained. The writer concludes that the end result of this is low self-esteem for all individuals, even if some of those ideals can be attained.
From the Paper "1. The Alvarez family's ritual of watching the Miss America pageant is so important to Alvarez and her sisters because it represents what they could be. The Alverez's come from a culture where women can only be wives and mothers. The Miss America pageant represents that in America, they can aspire to more than that. The Miss America pageant also represents what it means to be American, something the Alverez sisters are trying to find out so they can fit into their new environment."
Abstract The paper shows that diagnostic imaging is a rapidly growing healthcare industry that involves the application of electromagnetic radiation to create images of internal structures of the human body with the goal of providing an accurate diagnosis of the patient's condition. It points out that a common theme in the literature review is the need for an increased receptiveness on the part of all healthcare practitioners, both senior clinicians as well as those in training, to improve interdisciplinary activities, as well as more effective communications and collaboration among the various imaging subspecialties. Regrettably, the same market forces that have driven the rapid growth of diagnostic imaging for the benefit of the healthcare consumer are the same forces that are fueling the growing tendency to use these techniques unnecessarily or for inappropriate purposes. The writer points out, however, that there are a lot of imaging machines out there that are going to require skilled and competent technicians to operate them.
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Diagnostic Imaging Today
Identifying Effective Supervisory Techniques in Support of a Constructive Clinical Learning Experience
Current and Future Trends
Bibliography
From the Paper " According to Anreson and Carroll, "These external accrediting agencies for specialized services provide a means to legitimate the organization. Internal participants also make legitimacy evaluations that can affect their own levels of involvement and motivation" (p. 36). Just as the Holy Bible points out that "No man can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other, or else he will hold to the one, and despise the other" (Matthew 6:24, KJV), Anreson and Carroll note that one or another of these internal or external assessments may represent the most important at any given time within certain areas of the organization and different sources of legitimacy may conflict with one another.
A fundamental consideration in this regard concerns the need for changing an organizational component that is not going to be easily changed. According to Amy C. Edmondson's essay, "Framing for Learning: Lessons in Successful Technology Implementation" (2003), "The decision to bring a new, innovative technology into a complex organization is only the first step in an implementation journey. Many new technologies disrupt existing organizational routines and relationships, requiring potential users to re-learn how to work together--a challenge that usually proves more difficult than anticipated" (p. 34). As a result, any type of new technology will cause the subsequent implementation process to take place along a variety of paths that are determined less by the unique qualities of the technology itself than by a complex interaction between the technology and the adopting organization. Edmonson suggests that "Those participating in an implementation effort may have considerable leeway in how to interpret the technology's benefits and challenges, and so the same technology can be seen differently and can elicit different responses, even in organizations that may appear quite similar (p. 35)."
Abstract This paper focuses on the representations of women's body image in the media and asks how these representations affect women's self-image and behavior.
From the Paper "The images of the media surround us constantly. According to Peach (1998): "We are exposed to over 2,000 ads a day, constituting perhaps the most powerful educational force in society. The average adult will spend one and a half years of his/her life watching television commercials". (p. 128). Leafing through the morning paper we unconsciously take in adverts and photographs. Going to work we pass billboards, signs on bus stations and busses, company logo's on clothing and merchandise. At home relaxing in front of the television we are bombarded by images. What are the main messages that are conveyed by this unstoppable deluge of the media?"
Abstract This paper examines how nuclear medicine is a medical specialty that involves the use of radioactive isotopes in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. It looks at how positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is used extensively as diagnostic tool in the U.S. and Europe, but has limited availability in the U.K. It shows how the information obtained from these examinations can differentiate between different organs without the need for the patient to undergo surgical procedures. It also examines how, despite the long history of PET development, the costs and effectiveness of its use in routine clinical practice remain unknown. It reviews the relevant literature to determine whether PET imaging should be used more extensively in the U.K. instead of conventional nuclear medicine imaging.
From the Paper "These researchers report that despite the long history of PET development, the costs and effectiveness of its use in routine clinical practice remain virtually unknown. However, what is known is that the bottom line for these and other advances in medical technology is clinician and patient accessibility. According to Michael Johns, "Physicians who do not have access to or choose not to utilize cutting-edge technologies could potentially limit the care provided to their patients. But for many in the developing world, the cost of new equipment and materials continues to be prohibitive. Even in the West, both public and private insurance agencies take into account the cost of a test or therapy before deciding whether to pay for it" (2001, 132)."
