Abstract
In this article, Heaton's work, the United Nation's Iraqi Oil-For-Food program and its suspected illicit dealings, are investigated. The writer points out that over a 6 1/2 year period, beginning in 1996, more than 1,300 oil contracts were issued, with the intended purpose of humanitarian relief for the Iraqi people. However, the writer shows that many have questioned whether all of the money transferred during contract issuance through oil extraction went to the humanitarian aid for which it was originally intended. The writer discusses that Heaton looks to answer the economic question of whether or not Saddam Hussein utilized these contracts to line his personal coffers, as well for the purchase of weapons.

From the Paper
"This is an important question that needs to be answered for two reasons. First, the United Nations needs to understand not only where their Oil-For-Food program went right, but also where it went wrong. The idea behind the program is a sound one. It allows the U.N. to economically sanction a country, punishing its leaders, but still be compassionate to the general populace that have little to no choice in their country's matters. However, as this work demonstrates, if there are loopholes in the program, and the details are not sufficiently considered, the punishments, meant by the economic sanctions, will barely be felt by those in power. And, in fact, despite rules to the contrary, sanctioned countries cannot only acquire the hard currency they desire, but also weapons as well, circumventing restrictions. The article implies that Hussein was able to offer oil contracts significantly below market value, in exchange for kickbacks, which were given when the contracts were resold to other individuals or organizations, to actually extract the oil, closer to market price."

Tags:Saddam, Hussein, humanitarian, aid, economic, sanctions

Abstract
This paper explains that Halliburton, its subsidiaries, and subcontractors play a prominent role in Iraq by providing a wide range of services, including fighting oil fires, pumping oil, supplying soldiers with hot meals, shelters and beds, and transporting materials across dangerous stretches of road. The author points out that, while the company offers incentives for employees to work in Iraq, it is experiencing a high rate of employment turnover due to the dangers many employees face on a daily basis. The paper relates that, although the company has come under scrutiny in recent years due to its involvement with Vice-President Cheney and its accounting practices, it has still managed to win billion-dollar military contracts due to its expertise in the oil service industry.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Halliburton Oil
Providing Services
Kellogg, Brown, and Root
Private Over Military
Fighting Fires
Improving Oil Production
A Year of Hard Work
The Price of Danger
The Most Dangerous Job
High Turnover
Code of Business Conduct
Chow Billing
Overcharging for Oil
War for Profit?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Halliburton Oil is a "service firm for the oil and gas industry that currently has more than 24,000 employees and subcontractors in Iraq." The company, which was established in 1919, is based in Houston, Texas and "describes itself as one of the world's largest providers of products and services to the petroleum and energy industries."
The company was "headed by Vice President Richard Cheney before he accepted Bush's invitation to be his running mate in the 2000 presidential election. Cheney is credited with dramatically expanding Halliburton's operations by bringing in billions of dollars in new contracts, but has repeatedly denied any role in company operations after his departure."

Tags:service, military, contracts, danger, turnover

Abstract
This paper notes that examining the impact of media reports about the abuse of Iraqi prisoners by American soldiers in Abu Ghraib prison reveals the powerful emotional impact of photographs and video. The author points out that only minor attention was paid to the story until shocking visual evidence of abuse became available. The paper contends that the media controversy generated by Abu Ghraib demonstrated that reality itself has become a prisoner in America, bound and chained by political ideology and vulnerable to the whims of those in authority.

From the Paper
"In examining the impact of media reports about the abuse of Iraqi prisoners by American military personnel in Baghdad's Abu Ghraib prison, it is significant that only minor attention was paid to the story until shocking photographs and videos became available. Visual proof of prisoner abuse (Kick) altered the American public's perceptions of reality in a fundamental way and revealed the shallow and superficial knowledge many Americans have of what is happening in the world. The Abu Ghraib debacle and the controversy it generated exposed the manipulative nature of the Bush Administration and the mainstream media establishment, which both benefit from portraying American military operations as idealistic crusades against "evil.""

Tags:iraqi, prisoner, abuse

Abstract
This is two papers that demonstrate the student's full understanding of contracts in Canadian construction led by the commonly used CCDC-2. The paper provides a discussion of 3 and 4 and their differences and addresses the implications of a formal contract vis-a-vis architect, client, contributors to the project. The second paper shows thematic understanding of project management of which actual construction is one feature, with an emphasis on client relationships, the need for acquired awareness of what happens in the business of architecture, and the need for experience gained in firm settings before attempting private practice.

From the Paper
"This paper refers to standard contracts used in the Canadian construction industry in CCDC-2, CCDC-3 and CCDC-4 by a variety of architects, civil engineers and building contractors. The Canadian Construction Documents Committee (CCDC) is a national joint committee made up of public and private sector participants, the Canadian Bar Association as an ex-officio player, the Association of Canadian Engineering Companies, the Canadian Construction Association, Construction Specifications Canada and the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada. Policies and procedures are set through..."

Tags:contracts, project mgt, canada

Abstract
This paper describes the stalemate America faces in trying to find a solution to being dependent on oil from the Arab world. The author traces the history and background of this problem, and cites the end of the 1973 oil embargo as the reason that no serious research has continued in this field. The paper additionally shows how oil pricing is high and further outlines the causes of Western dependency on oil. Also analyzed is the connection between oil dependency, the increased energy needs of emerging nations and the environment. The author concludes with a call for more research and public awareness of the issue of oil dependency.

Outline:
Introduction and Background
Genesis, Continuation and Increasing of Problem
Attempted Solutions
Evidence for the Problems of High Oil Price
Causes
Effects
Solutions
Conclusion
Table "U.S. Retail Gasoline Prices"

From the Paper
"Solutions to the ongoing and continually-increasing problem of oil dependency could still be reached; if the political will and commitment were to truly exist (and in the opinion of this author, it currently does not). No real solution is viable without that. Oil lobbies would need to lose their grip on Washington politicians, which would even conceivably happen only if a groundswell of citizenry were to threaten to "un-elect" the career politicians supported, politically and sometimes, at least to an extent, personally (trips; favors) by various big oil interests."

Tags:oil, OPEC, United, States, Arab, world, petroleum, dependency, alternative, energy, sources

Abstract
The paper relates that a lessening of the available oil supply on the world market usually has a detrimental effect on the economies of much of the developed world, and Canada is no exception. The paper discusses how a scarce oil supply increases the amount of money the public has to spend for energy, adds to the cost of goods for several reasons, and so can become a drain on the GDP. The paper relates that Canada is in part an oil-producing country and so might benefit from higher oil prices, as happens when there is a scarce supply. However, the paper explains that the cost to the public can be so much greater that any increase in payments for oil are not sufficient to bolster the economy.

From the Paper
"A lessening of the available oil supply on the world market usually has a detrimental effect on the economies of much of the developed world, and Canada is no exception. A scarce oil supply increases the amount of money the public has to spend for energy, adds to the cost of goods for several reasons, and so can become a drain on the GDP. Canada is in part an oil-producing country and so might benefit from higher oil prices, as happens when there is a scarce supply. However, the cost to the public can be so much greater that any increase in payments for oil are not sufficient to bolster the economy. The Canadian economy was transformed after the 1970s from an economy based..."

Tags:canada, oil, economy

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the oil industry. The paper reports that the history of the oil industry dates back to the earliest civilizations of the Middle East. According to the paper, there are inscriptions, that originated from Mesopotamia, describing the use of oil from as far back as 4000 B.C.E. The paper also reports that in the United States, the invention of the kerosene lamp led to the formation of the first American oil company, Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company, founded in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1854.

From the Paper
"The development of the oil industry also took place in many countries outside of the United States. For example, Canada's first oil boom occurred in Ontario in 1867 and in 1947, the great Leduc field near Edmonton, Alberta, was discovered which soon led to Canada becoming an important contributor to the oil industry. In Mexico, oil production began on a commercial scale around 1918 which made Mexico the second-largest oil producer of the early 20th century. Of course, in 1901, one of the first concessions for oil production was granted in Iran and when huge oil reserves were discovered in 1908, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company came into existence and was soon replaced by the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in 1914. "

Tags:Drake, Well, petroleum, pipelines, crude, oil

Abstract
This paper discusses the article 'China's Rising Demand for Oil and Pipelines Has Worldwide Implications?'by Gordon Feller. It applies macroeconomic theory to oil as a commodity product in China where oil and other petroleum products, as well as coal, have become a major source of energy production. The paper discusses the opinion expressed in the article that this development in terms of world oil markets, the petroleum industry and the fact that China has great potential to affect the world oil industry either positively or negatively.

From the Paper
"In the article "China's Rising Demand for Oil and Pipelines Has Worldwide Implications," Gordon Feller discusses the unexpected negative impact that the ascendancy of China's economy into a major global economy has had on international markets. For years companies all over the globe and especially in the West have viewed China as an emerging market with vast potential for increasing sales for many years to come. Yet, most analysts seemed to overlook the fact that China's economy was expanding for a reason and that its emerging modern infrastructure and middle-class population with greater income levels would have the same energy demands as any other developed nation: China's rapid economic expansion makes it one of the largest energy-consuming nations with demand growth continuing to surge."

Tags:oil, petroleum, economics

Abstract
Recently an oil pipeline belonging to the Dutch Royal Shell Company in Nigeria was attacked by an insurgent group known as MEND. In spite of similar attacks the oil company is making huge profits and the government is not acting. The issue points to tremendous corruption in Nigeria and a failure to share oil wealth with the average citizen. This has created a dangerous situation.

From the Paper
Nigeria's Oil Morass Summary: The immediate topic of this article is the recent shut down of a Dutch Royal Shell Oil pipeline by local insurgents in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. The larger issue is Nigeria's inability or unwillingness to deal with corruption, political dissidents and local poverty in this huge, oil rich region in West Africa. The results include continued discontent among inhabitants, disruption of international oil shipments and frustration on the part of oil companies. However, despite these problems Nigeria's government is only minimally interested and oil companies, like Dutch

Tags:oil, nigeria, corruption

Abstract
This paper reviews the relationships between OPEC crude oil production levels, Canadian crude oil prices, and Canadian crude oil consumption. The paper includes a regression analyses applied to relevant data to assess the effects of OPEC production.

From the Paper
"Poor discipline among the member states of OPEC together with increased production in non-OPEC oil exporting states compromised OPEC's ability to dictate world crude oil prices. The organization, however, continues to play a highly important role in the world crude oil market..."

Tags:Crude, Oil, OPEC, Marker, Share