Abstract
This paper examines prejudice attitudes towards Japaneses Canadians and Americans. It claims that they often report experiencing estrangement and 'identity denial' by their fellow citizens. The paper draws upon history and literature to illustrate this phenomenon. It discusses the Japanese internment in the US during WWII, Sapna Cheryan and Benoit Monin's article "Where are You Really From? - Asian Americans and Identity Denial", and Joy Kogawa's novel "Obasan".

From the Paper
"Prejudice may still exist in Canada concerning people of Japanese descent, along with occasional prejudice faced by all newer communities, as may be part of the human process of resettlement, as in Irish immigrants or yore to face considerable ostracism as did members of some Eastern European communities. Early arrivals from China certainly faced ostracism and in central Canada report that they no longer feel a 'visible' minority, the community having developed over time its place in the mainstream, distinction remaining between persons of Chinese origin long established in Canada or those seen as recent arrivals. The point made is that some differentiation or exclusion may be part of the way of the world, more than overt racism, significant only if it produces direct abuse as opposed to exclusion. Then again Kogawa refers to a British Columbia where anti-Japanese and just anti-East Asian racism does seem to have been in place. World War II and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour had pitched feeling against a visible and concentrated community that was not well known to others and suspected of pro-Japanese sympathies. The day was one of racialist thought too, distinct from racism, and lingering belief in a 'yellow peril' resulting from unregulated Asian immigration. Films, hearsay and ordinary ignorance encouraged a generalizing of Asian peoples as though all engaged in secret society activities, in a Fu Manchu motif carried from people of one origin to another."

Tags:prejudice, immigrant

Abstract
This paper explains that the kind of partnership, which was forged between these two nations following Japan's defeat in the Second World War, is unprecedented, an unlikely alliance between conqueror and conquered, an unequal alliance that places both parties in a position of advantage. The author points out that a major social factor influencing American-Japanese relations is the sense of insecurity and vulnerability, which the Japanese have, being subject to earthquakes, typhoons, tidal waves and the possibility of domination by nations with greater military strength; whereas, to the Japanese, the high degree of self-confidence displayed by Americans comes across as being "mindless arrogance". The paper relates that the Japan's phenomenal economic growth in the span of a single generation, owing largely to its 1960 "income-doubling program", has raised serious problems for the American-Japanese relationship, especially since it was paralleled by a slow decline in the American economy up until the 1980s.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Historical Overview
Social and Cultural Dimensions
Economic Dimensions
Geopolitical Dimensions
Conclusion: The Future of U.S.-Japanese Relations

From the Paper
"U.S.-Japanese relations date back to the middle of the nineteenth century, when, in 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry sailed into Tokyo Bay and opened up Japan to trade with the West. The U.S.-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce, signed in 1857, not only gave the United States an immediate advantage over its Western competitors, but also had the profound effect of re-instating the Japanese Emperor and launching Japan on the road to modernization. A more serious consequence, however, was Japan's emerging imperialist ambitions, which were early demonstrated in its launching of the Sino-Japanese War (1895-1895) with its resultant acquisition of Taiwan as well as in its success in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) and subsequent annexation of Korea (1910) and Manchuria (1931). "

Tags:debt, conquer, multi-polarity, defense, military

Abstract
While there might be more economic efficiency and more economic progress, Canada will lose its ability to hold on to its social programs and ability to control its own autonomy. In other words, the increase of Canadian-American economic integration will restrict the real choices that Canadian leaders can make.

Tags:impact, economic integration

Abstract
A look at this 19th century school of philosophy, with a focus on three main scholars - Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau and Margaret Fuller. All three of these Transcendentalists dealt with the identity of the "self" from different perspectives. The author finds that while they share several key elements - the notion of independence and "entitlement" in thought and action being chief among them they also diverge on specific applications for the Transcendentalist philosophy.

From the Paper
"The American identity has a character and uniqueness all its own, not without obvious cause: never before was such a "grand experiment" of self-rule implemented on such a vast scale. Under the auspices of unprecedented liberty and self-determination, the American consciousness and identity developed with its own flavor and distinction, heavily weighted with the notions of individual freedoms, rights, and responsibilities.
American authors and scholars took that freedom to heart, emerging beyond mere scholarship and letters into the realms of philosophies that influence us to this day. In the nineteenth century, one of the major new philosophical schools of thought in America was the Transcendentalist movement, and a list of its primary "thinkers" now reads like a "Who's Who" of American literature. Among the names on the list are three whose philosophies we will touch on in this essay: Emerson, Thoreau, and Fuller."

Tags:philosophy, american, identity, self

Abstract
This paper examines how Japanese women came to America from their homeland and how, instead of starting anew, they simply brought the repressive culture with them. It looks at how, during the time they were in camps, they were forced to let go of tradition in many areas of life and how they found they had the ability and strength to make decisions, survive, and handle adversity. It also examines how, once they were out of the camps, they still faced attitude problems from those who blamed the residents for the Pearl Harbor attack. It shows how the camps were an atrocity and unfair to all who were forced into them and how, for Japanese women, they did help break a multi-generational pattern of self-doubt.

From the Paper
"While the women were in the camps their treatment was a catalyst for their future. Women were ripped away from everything and everyone they had depended on before the camps were constructed. Their husbands were often sent to far away places, and if the females had married Americans then their husbands were not interned, but the women were. They were ripped away from their children many times as well. With very little notice, everything that they nurtured and lived for each day was suddenly gone. Their existence was stripped from them and once they were placed in the camps they were forced to re-invent and identify their existence."

Tags:pearl, harbor, family, children

Abstract
This essay looks at the issues of gender and ethnic identity in two films and one novel, Double Happiness, The Wedding Banquet, and Maxine Hong Kingston's The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts. These works provide the framework from which a reconsideration of ethnic and gender identity can take place. In these works, this reconsideration of identity centers on balancing old structures of identity with new experience and searching for a potential empowerment and confluence in the balancing the formation of a new identity.

Abstract
This paper aims to conduct a literature review that focuses on the attitudes of teachers toward students in terms of their expectations for a student's achievement. The paper discusses the outcomes in educational achievement of African-American students in the mathematics and science advanced placement (AP) courses and looks at how students' racial identity affects their academic achievements.

Outline:
Objective
Review Of The Literature

From the Paper
"When the surveys/questionnaires were complete the statement of a teacher was revealed as conveying that the critical factor to the success of African American students in advanced mathematics to be the factor of "high expectations and collaborative leadership" (Ibid) The teacher goes on to state that collaboration in the school in inclusive with assessment, curriculum and reform advisers working in cohesion together. The teacher stated specifically that "It's about having high expectations...it's not okay that because these kids come from poverty or from an unsupportive home, or because these parents aren't knocking on the door of the school, to accept low performance. If I got something that wasn't the best piece of work, before I might have excused it and thought, "Well they don't have anyone to help them a t home."" Now I'm asking: What can I do to aid this child, to give him or her more support? "(Ferguson & Holt, 2006)"

Tags:performance, cognitive, stereotype

Abstract
This paper examines how Malcolm X and Sanyika Shakur wrote strikingly of the transformations of their roles and identities in their autobiographies. Though born decades apart in distant locales, one east and the other west, Malcolm X and Sanyika Shakur encountered similar life struggles. The end result of the street crimes committed by each man was incarceration. And it was for both of them, that while they were imprisoned that they were transformed.

From the Paper
"The most dangerous Black man is the ghetto hustler. ... He has no religion, no concept of morality, no civic responsibility, no fear-nothing . . . forever frustrated, restless, and anxious for some 'action.' Whatever he undertakes, he commits himself to it fully, absolutely (Malcolm X 311). This quote from Malcolm X illustrates the manifestations of an identity formed in an environment of hostility and violence, one that fosters a lack of stability focused on action rather than purpose or meaning."

Tags:malcolm x, shakur, identity

Abstract
This paper discusses the differences between American and Japanese food-related customs, emphasizing fast food, slow food, community, and respect. The paper emphasizes the special relationship of food to a culture.

From the Paper
"Few things are more intimate or more telling than a culture's relationship with food. Not only does the food people eat affect the way they think of themselves but also the way they think of others, as Braudel points out, the Europeans have the saying "Tell me what you eat and I will tell you who you are". Ohnuki-Tierney Parry notes; "A man is what he eats. Not only is his bodily substance created out of food but so is his moral disposition". (Ohnuki-Tierney) A country's food and..."

Tags:American, Japanese, food, customs, fast food, slow food, community, respect, culture

Abstract
This paper explores the events, ideas, and developments that most affected or shaped Canadian-American relations between the 1890s up to 1918. In so doing, this paper looks at whether or not relations improved over this period of time and why - or why not - they did. Ultimately, this paper concludes that relations did, in fact, improve. As far as the details of this paper, the essay begins with a lengthy look at several key events - the Alaska Boundary Dispute, the resolution of fishing and sealing disputes in the North Atlantic, the creation of the International Joint Commission, and the advent of the First World War - and how these incidents both made Canada into a nation that deserved respect and cemented closer US-Canada ties.

From the Paper
"This essay explores the events, ideas, and developments that most affected or shaped Canadian-American relations between the 1890s up to 1918. In so doing, this paper will look at whether or not relations improved over this period of time and why - or why not - they did. Ultimately, this essay will conclude that relations did, in fact, improve. As far as the details of this paper, the essay will begin with a lengthy look at several key events - the Alaska Boundary Dispute, the resolution of fishing and sealing disputes in the North Atlantic, the creation of the International..."

Tags:canadian, american, relations, 1890s