Abstract
This paper offers an explanation of Erik Erikson's work, titled "Identity and the Life Cycle." The paper outlines the ways in which the human ego develops in the context of social and cultural realities and is divided into three major sections. "Identity and the Life Cycle" explains ego development and historical change as a function of the specific space and time in which an individual is born.

From the Paper
"At the outset of "Identity and the Life Cycle", Erikson distances himself from Sigmund Freud. On page 18, the author criticizes specifically the "artificial differentiation" between the individual within the family and the individual within the mass of society. While Freud overly focused on familial issues and influences on the budding child ego, Erikson takes this one step further and claims that the individual's perception of socio-cultural realities are equally as significant. It is impossible, according to Erikson, to differentiate between familial and cultural or historical influences; individuals and families do not exist in isolation from the group in which they are formed."

Tags:human, development, psychology, ego, self

Abstract
This paper crosses disciplines of psychology and sociology/anthropology. It uses Erik Erikson's famous "Theory of Identity Formation" to try and make sense of Amish culture. It examines social and psychological aspects of Amish life from birth to death. It finds that Erikson's theory works well and is substantiated by Amish life especially Amish adolescence.

From the Paper
"With this paper I am concerned with observing Old Order Amish Society (primarily in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania) through an Eriksonian framework of identity formation. His epigenetic cycle, the Eight Stages of Man, will be played out using Amish social customs and practices extracted from numerous literary sources, though most predominantly from John Hostetler's Amish Society. Of particular interest, and most emphasized, is the fifth epigenetic stage the identity crisis. To expedite a resolution during this adolescent phase, Erikson prescribes a psychological "moratorium" which corresponds directly to the seemingly peculiar Amish practice of relaxing behavioral standards of teenagers. In order not to misrepresent individual identity as collective identity writ small, the notion of Amish personhood is later invoked, although is more briefly discussed. The successful resolution of an adolescent's identity crisis seems to coincide with the decision to enter the church, which, marked by the baptism ceremony, signifies attainment of full personhood. Despite that Erikson's notion of identity is predicated upon a fairly determinant and universalistic psychobiological trajectory, and therefore of limited utility for comparative studies, it is believed useful here as an analytic tool for understanding Amish development given their strong cultural identity and social dictates of personal behavior."

Tags:adolescence, anthropology, biological, birth, cycle, death, epigenesis, freud, life, psycho, psychological, teens

Abstract
Discusses increased adolescent use of illicit drugs. Considers contextual factors, including societal and cultural factors. Examines adolescent life-cycle issued of identity development, family issues, effects on relationships, and physiological factors.

From the Paper
"This research paper will present adolescence and substance abuse. The topic is reviewed and this is followed by the following issues: the adolescent life cycle issue of identity development, and family issues..."

Abstract
This paper discusses how, in the article, "Investment Risk and the Insurance Cycle in the New Millennium", Charles Ruoff brings some very valid points regarding the insurance industry and investment risk to light. It looks at how the paper is valuable and valid as it points out the importance of investment diversification to eliminate unnecessary enterprise and asset risk. It further expands upon these concepts and ideas.

From the Paper
"Mr. Ruoff points out in his article that there are many situations relative to the market and investing environment that directly affect the risk ratio for insurance companies. For example, he points out that during 1990 Executive Life Insurance Company "demonstrated the lack of liquidity in a portfolio dominated by junk bonds" (Ruoff, 2003). In the present market, as the article points out, the economy is faced with falling stock prices and default on bonds, which often result in insolvencies (Ruoff, 2003). The condition of the economy is constantly changing; as a result insurance companies need to be aware of market trends to make the most risk free decisions possible."

Tags:enterprise, asset, risk, industry

Abstract
This paper explains that intellectual rights are something that almost every business today has to deal with in some form or other. While the concept is a relatively new one, it has, nonetheless, become a concept that no business today can afford to ignore. It shows how intellectual rights can affect every part of the business cycle, and a company that ignores this issue does so at its own peril. The writer points out that companies can be forced out of business or find themselves in complicated legal trouble over intellectual rights if they abuse the intellectual rights of others. Businesses can also find themselves mired down in lengthy court battles and in financial peril if they ignore their own intellectual rights.

From the Paper
"These rights are given or conferred on a person or company by law, and can be given, sold, rented, and even mortgaged (in some countries) to others for the time that the owner holds the intellectual rights to the intellectual property. However, unlike other types of ownership, the ownership of intellectual property often comes with limits, such as time limits. It is also important to remember that with intellectual property, it is only the rights to the property that are owned, not the property itself. So, for example, a person or a company may own the intellectual rights to a certain invention, but they only own the rights to the use and license of the invention, not the invention itself. This may make the term "intellectual property" a little bit misleading to some people. However, while the person or company has the rights to use and license certain intellectual works, those works are essentially the property of that person or company, even if this is not the case in actuality."

Tags:property, law

Abstract
This paper explores two possible ways of reaching the concept of the soul as a constituent or determiner of personal identity; a) as a result of empirical evidence, and b) as an assumption on which a theory of personal identity can be built. Both pose problems for the soul criterion of personal identity. Firstly, the paper argues that a posteriori concept of the soul is invariably tied to psycho-physical continuity, making the soul useless in determining identity beyond the scope of psychological and physical analyses of personal identity over time. Secondly, the paper suggests that an a priori definition of the soul constitutes ad hoc for the personal identity problem. Finally, the paper assesses whether a sensible view of the soul might be reached through the theory of subjective or "flexible" survival and the use of faith rather than logic.

Outline:
A Posteriori Soul
A Priori Soul
Desire and the Unobservable
Conclusions

From the Paper
"The position against unobservability can be found through faith. Theists could make the claim that even though God cannot be observed through the senses, we can be aware of its existence and perhaps even its nature. Why, then, should we be oblivious to the nature of the soul, if it seems to have similar properties? This could be explained in terms of a "sixth sense", a kind of "soul detector". The claim of being able to perceive "auras" or "spirits" are not uncommon, albeit usually discredited. A case could be put forward in which "faith" is the inherent quality that human beings have to observe or experience otherwise unobservable things. This view, however, leans towards ad hoc. Nonetheless, the claim that belief in the soul criterion, as is the case with the belief in God, is a matter of faith and not of logic is widely held, particularly by religious people."

Tags:Posteriori, Priori

Abstract
This paper will discuss how the media uses racial identity development among the articles that it creates. By observing three methods of identity development, we can learn how race is a factor in how media forms characteristics to races in American today.

Abstract
This paper explains that Australia's cultural, economic and defensive dependency upon Britain forged a sense of Australian identity that was intertwined with its British counterpart; however, at the conclusion of the war, Australia emerged as a nation skeptical of Britain's continued leadership, confident of its own military prowess and with its own Australian identity. The author points out that the battles of the Western Front and Gallipoli became the historical foundation, which helped to shape Australia's rugged, individual identity. The paper relates that, in the Digger Myth, Australian soldiers were seen to be athletic, hardy and resourceful to the point of perfection due to biological influences and experiences of a frontier lifestyle; however, these soldiers had never been truly battle tested. The author stresses that the 'Baptism of Fire' proved Australia's legitimacy as a fighting unit and as a nation.

Table of Contents:
Imperial Ties to the Australian Identity Prior to 1914
The 'Digger' Myth

From the Paper
"When Britain declared war, 50,000 young, energetic Australian men immediately volunteered to fight for their nation as well as their native homeland of Britain in order to protect against the evil German menace. These men were primarily single men who were attracted by the steady pay of military service. Australian's wave of volunteers quickly waned as many of these eager young men were slain at Gallipoli and on the Western Front. In 1916, Australia gave 14,000 lives to the war effort and another 22,000 in 1917. In 1917, after Gallipoli, Australian enlistment dropped to 45,000 from a high of 166,000 in 1915."

Tags:gallipoli, environment, viral, british, nationhood

Abstract
This paper offers a developmental autobiography in which the author discusses six of the most life significant events in her life, including her relocation to the U.S. from Jamaica, the death of her close friend's mother, and the birth of her first baby.

From the Paper
"Psychosocial development occurs throughout the life span from attachment patterns formed during infancy to acceptance of impending death in old age. At many stages in our development our environment puts new demands on us. When it does we are often thrown into conflict to one degree or another. How we handle cope with or resolve these conflicts has an impact on our psychosocial development and ultimately our personality or identity. As Berger notes 'The search for identity is universal and the first step in the identity process ..."

Tags:Erikson, life cycle, personality, identity, friendship, parenting, career, coping, maladaptive behavior

Abstract
This paper discusses Erik Erikson's contribution to psychoanalytic theory and compares it to the theories of Sigmund Freud. It discusses the application of his theories not only to identity and personality, but also to social science issues, as well as his focus on the problems of children, adolescents and adults. The paper suggests that Erikson took the basics of Freudian theory and expanded it, placing emphasis on the social development and the development of the individual over the life cycle.

From the Paper
"Erikson has taken the basics of Freudian theory and expanded beyond the basics of psychosocial development placing emphasis on the social development and the development of the individual over the life cycle. His teachings moved away from man as a creature whose personal development was based upon his existence as a sexual being to that of the individual as a whole. Erikson was able to identify that personality differs from culture to culture, although it was his hypothesis that developmental tasks are similar to all cultures. Erikson took the initial psychological basis of Freud's work and was able to expand upon it, establishing a connection between childhood and adulthood (Leffert, 2007). Erikson's hypothesis showed that individuals were not necessarily prisoners of their pre-cognitive development, but rather adaptable individuals who could use the restructuring of negative or missed opportunities to develop positive outcomes, no matter what the stage of life."

Tags:development, personality, social