Abstract This paper discusses IronDeficiencyAnemia (IDA), its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, dietary recommendations, and a nursing plan for patients with IDA. It also looks at how iron is absorbed by cells of the small intestine and how it is transported through the body to erythropoietic cells.
From the Paper "There are several different classifications of anemia depending on the underlying pathophysiology. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common type of anemia encountered both in underdeveloped and in developed countries and is due to a decrease in the number of red cells because of a lack of sufficient iron. Iron is an essential component in the production of hemoglobin the oxygen-carrying pigment in erythrocytes and is normally obtained in the diet."
Tags:IronDeficiencyAnemia (IDA), causes, diagnosis, treatment, nursing plan
Abstract This paper explains that, although iron-deficiencyanemia (IDA) has declined in children since the 1970s, due largely to an increased consumption of iron by children during infancy, irondeficiencyanemia still is one of the most commonly recognized forms of nutritional deficiency among children, particularly in the 6-month to 24-month age group, in affluent and developing countries. The author points out that the prevention of irondeficiencyanemia in children less than two years of age is contingent on adequate dietary intake and supplementation, either in the form of drops or fortified formulas and food. The paper states that early detection and prevention is the most important preventive technique. Adequate screening mechanisms must be used, however, because supplementation does not always correct deficiencies after they arise. Tables.
Table of Contents
Literature Review
Introduction: Prevention of IDA in 6 to 24 Month Old Infants
Preliminary Background
Supplementation and More
Cooking with Iron Adequate Screening as a Prevention Method
Early Detection
Summary of Traditional Prevention Mechanisms
Educational Strategies and Newer Trends
Conclusions
From the Paper "Improved growth and weight gain are also attributed to infants receiving iron supplementation for a period of at minimum 3-6 months. All of these trials do promote the notion that adequate dietary intake from the outset, and oral supplementation of iron in at risk populations, including incidences where the potential for malnourishment is high, will effectively prevent complications associated with iron deficiency anemia in emergencies."
Abstract This paper discusses the disorder, irondeficiencyanemia. It contends that a patient that shows symptoms of irondeficiencyanemia often is tested through a variety of blood tests to determine the level of anemia, as well being subjected to a medical exam and history to determine mitigating factors. It examines conventional therapy of the disorder, daily administration of oral iron supplements, or in some case intravenous delivery of iron. The paper also explores avenues of unconventional therapy, that has proven to be more successful in the case of some parameters.
From the Paper "Iron is one of the minerals the body needs to be healthy. Without iron, hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carry oxygen to the body, cannot function properly. Iron is also critical to proper muscle and organ function. "About three-fourths of the body's iron is bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells, while the rest is either bound to other proteins (transferrin in blood or ferritin in bone marrow) or stored in other body tissues" ("Iron (Fe)", 2003). New red blood cells are made using the iron stored in the bone marrow."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that irondeficiency is an issue for developing and industrialized countries. Irondeficiency involves both modifiable risk factors and the social determinants of health. The writer maintains that part of the problem is that measures of irondeficiency are inconsistent while another part of the problem relates to varying combinations of nutrients or just one nutrient being used in isolation. The writer discusses that Iran is a developing country where the prevalence has been heavily reduced, but it is possible that if the determinants of health were used as variables, the prevalence could be eliminated. The writer notes that the nutrition the mother and child receives during the period when the child is six to 12 months of age has implications for the entire life span but must be situated in terms of the overall conditions of socioeconomic position and the culture.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Rationale
Literature Review
Description of Methodology
References
From the Paper "Iron deficiency is a problem in both developing and industrialized countries. The objective is to demonstrate that whether the issue of irony deficiency is located in the Third World or in affluent nations, it is based in modifiable risk factors. The hypothesis is that the problem with addressing iron deficiency is related to the determinants of health since, if nutritional supplementation is aimed only at the first priority, then entire aspects of the child's development will inevitably be neglected. The research question is: In a country such as Iran where prevalence has been reduced to a moderate level, can that prevalence of iron deficiency be further reduced by using the determinants of health as measures?"
This paper reviews the 2003 report written by Karen Olness in the "Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics" called "Effects On Brain Development Leading To Cognitive Impairment: A Worldwide Epidemic".
Abstract This paper explains that the article "Effects On Brain Development Leading To Cognitive Impairment: A Worldwide Epidemic" is both a technical overview of some possible causes of mental and other cognitive impairments in children in developing countries and a cry for help. The author points out that Dr. Olness states that irondeficiency suffered in infancy has been attributed to behavior problems in children such as anxiety, depression, social problem and other attention issues. The author of this paper believes that these cognitive brain issues are preventable by giving pregnant mothers and infants iron supplements; however, the resources needed to prevent famine situations are too limited at best in second-world nations and nonexistent in third-world nations.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Plot
My Thoughts & Do I Agree/Disagree
Conclusion
From the Paper "Unfortunately, according to the author, cognitive limitations in children appear to be on the rise. Because the majority of these cases are in underdeveloped poor nations, medical help or professional expertise is limited or totally nonexistent. The fact that many of the associated causes of these cognitive concerns stem from malnutrition makes this even a bigger concern as famine continues to spread as the rich get richer and the poor die."
Abstract The paper explains that the iron age of a nation reflects the first uses of iron by the country for any productive purpose. This may include iron forged for weaponry, cooking utensils or tools. The paper discusses how for decades, scientists and archaeologists have argued about the dates of early iron production in Africa. MacIntosh contends that iron became a part of the African culture as early as 1300 B.C., while others contend that the use of iron in Africa still cannot be dated because of the continued archaeological findings that are uncovered. The paper shows that what is evident, however, is that the iron age in Africa was concurrent with the use of stone and other materials, which is perhaps the reason that dating iron use is hard to determine.
Abstract The paper explains the etiology of aplastic anemia that many say is caused by exposure to various environmental conditions. The paper provides a description of aplastic anemia including typical signs, symptoms, age and gender with which it most commonly presents. The paper looks at the procedures used to diagnose aplastic anemia and examines the treatments available and the prognosis of this disease.
Outline:
Introduction and Overview
Main Pathogenesis and Discussion of Etiology of Aplastic Anemia Description of the Primary Pathophysiology of the Affected or Major Body Systems
Description of Aplastic Anemia including Typical Signs, Symptoms, Age and Gender with which It Most Commonly Presents
Description of Common Diagnostic and Medical Work Up Tests and Procedures Used to Diagnose Aplastic Anemia Description of the Most Common and Alternative Treatments for Aplastic Anemia and Its Prevention
Description of the Prognosis of Aplastic Anemia Depending on the Extent and Severity
From the Paper "According to Goozner (2004), "The bone marrow of aplastic anemia patients does not work properly" (18). Likewise, the Mayo Clinic authorities advise, "In aplastic anemia, the bone marrow is described in medical terms as aplastic or hypoplastic -- meaning that it's empty, or contains very few blood cells" (Causes 4). This point is also made by Price who reports that aplastic anemia is a rare blood disorder that is characterized by malformed bone marrow cells that result in either abnormal blood counts or in blood cells that function poorly. The condition primarily afflicts older adults, with more than 80 percent of people affected are older than 60, although the number of cases in younger people has been rising in recent years (Price)."
Abstract This paper provides a broad outline of the various known elements and aspects of the Al Qa'ida terrorist network, with a special focus on the role Osama Bin Laden. A brief biography of Bin Laden's life is presented, as well as a history of the organization. The role of fundamentalist Islamic ideologies in relation to Al Qa'ida is examined as well as Al Qa'ida's links to international militant Islamic organizations. Terror attacks attributed to Al Qa'ida are also highlighted.
Abstract
Origins
Osama Bin Laden
From the Paper "A crucial part of the history of Al Qa'ida is that the fight against the Soviet Union was not conducted in conventional terms, but was seen as a holy war against the aggressor. This resulted in volunteers and supporters from throughout the Muslim world rallying to the call. Furthermore, the resistance experience fused together Islamic fighters from a wide range of backgrounds and views to create the central kernel of the new organization. "Muslims from Algeria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Southeast Asia, and beyond fought side by side, forging relationships and creating a cadre of veterans who shared a powerful life experience, a more global view,..." (Jenkins 2002. p. 3)"
Abstract This paper explains that food insecurity describes a situation in which there is uncertainty in a household's food supply. The author points out that the difference between hunger and food insecurity is related to where they fall on a continuum of food scarcity in a household; if food intake has not actually been reduced, but the possibility exists that it may be, then the situation is food insecurity, and hunger results. The paper relates that, when children suffer from hunger, their bodies are deprived of critical nutrients required for proper functioning, which puts them at increased risk of being deficient in vital nutrients. This is important because children's bodies are still developing.
From the Paper "In the U.S., households are categorized into four groups based upon the reliability of their food source. Ideally, a family is considered "food secure": intake is not reduced and food supply is not a concern. Food insecure (without hunger) reflects concerns "about adequacy of the household food supply" with no reduction in intake reported. Food insecure (with hunger) is further broken down into two categories. If the reduction in intake applies only to adults in the household, the insecurity is moderate. Food insecurity with hunger becomes severe when children in the household are not getting enough to eat."
Abstract This paper reviews and discusses sickle cell anemia. According to the paper, sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized primarily by chronic anemia and periodic episodes of pain. Sickle cell anemia is in essence a condition in which there is insufficient healthy blood cells to convey oxygen to the body.
Outline:
Definition and Description
Inheritance and Genetics
Incidence
Symptoms
Brief Historical Overview
Prognosis and Treatment
From the Paper "In order for sickle cell anemia to manifest itself the presence of two defective genes ( SS) are needed. In other words, if two parents are the carriers of one sickle hemoglobin gene (S) as well as a single normal cell ( A) then each chills born for these parents will have a "...25% chance of inheriting two defective genes and having sickle cell anemia; a 25% chance of inheriting two normal genes and not having the disease; and a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like the parents." (New Hope for People with Sickle Cell Anemia)"
"Individuals who have only one copy of the mutation are said to have sickle cell trait. These people are usually healthy but can transmit the disease to their children. This aspect is clarified by the fact that, "Sickle Cell trait (AS) is an inherited condition in which both hemoglobin A and S are produced in the red blood cells, always more A than S. Sickle cell trait is not a type of sickle cell disease. People with sickle cell trait are generally healthy." (What is Sickle Cell Disease?)"
Abstract This paper provides information on the history and origins of the Al Qa'ida Trans-national Terrorist Network and describes particular qualities that characterize this organization. Aspects such as the origins of the name "Al Qa'ida", Al Qa'ida's networking style of operation, its membership and hierarchy, its doctrine and ideology are discussed, as well as the modus operandi of the organization and the threat it poses to the world.
Table of Contents
Name
Definition
Geographical Location
Size of Organization
Membership
Resources and Finances
Leadership and Senior Members
Chain of Command
Organizational Structure
History
Doctrine
Motivation
Strategy
Record of Attacks
Weapons
Internet Activities
Summary
From the Paper "Al Qa'ida, which means the "Foundation "or the "Base" in Arabic, is the general name given to this organization, which is seen as a worldwide or transnational network or alliance of militant Islamic organizations. (Wikipedia: Al Qa'ida) However there are some disparities and ambiguities that must be mentioned in relation to the naming of this organization. Firstly, the name "al-Qa'ida", while a recognized name within the popular mind, is a designation that the organization does not often use to identify itself. Furthermore, the origins of the name is disputed in some quarters and "some allege it was coined by the United States government based on the name of a computer file of Bin Laden's that listed the names of contacts he had made at the MAK in the Bait al-Ansar guesthouse during the late 1980s." ( ibid) The name, which refers to the training camp for the militants, has however become the common designation for the organization."
Tags: the, islamic, army, world, islamic, front, for, jihad, against, jews, and, crusaders, human, capital
Abstract Sickle cell anemia is a devastatingly painful and fatal disease that strikes those of African-American heritage at a disproportionate rate. After a brief discussion on the generalities of the disease, diagnostics, treatment and prognosis, this paper examines the biochemical and genetic influences of the disease and offers suggestions for further research efforts. Advances in biochemical knowledge and technology are taking research on sickle cell anemia to the next level; however, advances in genetics are even more remarkable. This paper highlights one of the most recent and promising genetic fixes for those afflicted and at risk for sickle cell anemia.
From the Paper "According to the National Human Genome Research Institute ("Learning About," 2005) sickle cell disease "is the most common inherited blood disorder in the United States." The disease strikes 1:12 African Americans who are parented by two disease carriers who pass on a mutated hemoglobin-Beta gene found on chromosome 11 ("Learning About," 2005). Until recently, sickle cell disease was thought to be a death sentence with most victims not living beyond 20 years of age and the rest generally not living past the age of 50 (Taher & Kazzi, 2005). With new treatments, such as hydroxyurea, victims of the sickle cell genetic mutation are not living past 50 ("Learning About," 2005). After a brief disease profile that includes a discussion of disease pathology, biochemical and genetic influences, diagnostics, treatment and prognosis. Advances in biochemical knowledge and technology are taking research on sickle cell anemia to the next level;"
Abstract This paper presents a biographical account of the life and work of Ida Tarbell. The paper details Tarbell's academic career, her position on the women's suffrage movement and her journalistic career. The paper also discusses some of her biographical works on famous historical figures, her expose on Standard Oil and what life experiences influenced her writing. The paper points out that Ida Tarbell, considered the first investigative reporter in the U.S. and one of the original muckrakers, considered herself to simply be a journalist reporting facts and history in the making through intellectualism rather than sensationalism.
From the Paper "Ida Tarbell grew up at the end of the pioneer era in our country's history. This experience was a source of her independence as well as instilling an imbedded curiosity for the world around her. Rather than living on the farming frontier of the west, Ms. Tarbell grew up on the frontier of the oil fields of Pennsylvania. Life on a frontier laid the framework for her belief in the wrongness of privilege.1 She began to develop a deep belief in each individual having an unfettered chance at success through fairness to his or her fellow man. During Ida's young adult life she also developed a keen interest in science, which probably led to her attention to details in her reporting and her thoroughness in research. Each of her journalistic reports began with a conviction that she wished to research, or a theory she desired to analyze."
Abstract The paper discusses the life of Ida Wells-Barnett and the many activities and movements she was involved in during her lifetime. The paper describes how not only did she tell the government what she believed, but she boldly spoke to women, men, clubs and organizations about her beliefs on racial inequalities, lynching and other suffrage topics. The paper portrays how Ida Wells-Barnett was an African American woman who believed in changing inequalities and boldly did so through speeches, newspapers, journals and books while taking after the man that affected her life the most, her father.
Abstract This paper details the symptoms, treatment, and possible effects of pernicious anemia if left untreated. The author of the paper, who suffers from pernicious anemia herself, explains exactly what the disease is and how her monthly visits to the doctor's office for vitamin B12 injections have kept her from a life of misery.
From the Paper "Many people hate to go to the doctor's office?especially when they know that they will be receiving an injection. However, I, along with millions of people the world over, consider ourselves very lucky to do just that, each and every month of our lives. You see, for people like me with a disorder known as ?pernicious anemia,? the doctor and her needle are the important link between a healthy life and a life of absolute misery. This is because, unlike classic anemia, the common form of the blood disorder that usually results in little more than fatigue, pernicious anemia can result in catastrophic changes in the body, chief among them severe neurological impairment that, in its severe form, can result in absolute madness. For those of us who suffer from this disease caused by an inherited deficiency, or caused from some disruption or disorder in the stomach and gastro-intestinal tract, the Vitamin B12 injection is a lifesaver."
