Abstract
The paper explores hydrothermal vents and their contribution to the many biological beings that make these extreme conditions their home. The paper defines a hydrothermal vent as nothing more than a geyser that occurs on the ocean floor. The paper supports the thesis that by examining the vents' reactions to continuously changing conditions in their environment, we can gain clues as to changes that are occurring in the earth's core.

Outline:
What Are Hydrothermal Vents?
What Can Life in the Vents Tell Us?
Life in an Alien World

From the Paper
"For the most part, the ocean floor is a sparsely inhabited area of the planet. However, hydrothermal vents are teeming with life. Hydrothermal vents are home to some extremely fascinating creatures to such as tube worms, giant clams, eyeless shrimp and spider crabs (ONR 2006). Cold seeps are other areas that are similar to hydrothermal vents, but the waters in them are closer to the temperature of the surrounding waters. Cold seeps support a similar array of life. Life around these geothermal fountains is dependent upon the chemicals in the surrounding water. The most common chemicals in the water include hydrogen sulfide, methane, iron, manganese, and silica (ONR 2006). This creates an extremely harsh environment to support life."

Tags:geothermal, chemicals, creatures, environment, ocean

Abstract
This paper reviews the factors that influence the availability of food in the deep-sea environment. Given that the deep sea is a made up of a complex set of ecosystems and is part of a larger, interconnected environment affected by large-scale global events, the constraints on food availability are both internal and external. The paper discusses both internal constraints, which relate to the physical and chemical properties of water and to events occurring with the deep sea, and external constraints, such as food web dynamics, seasonal variations, changes caused by human activity such as deep-sea mining, recent abyssal warming and freshening, global warming. The paper concludes that these internal and external constraints on food in the deep sea must be taken into account when determining global and local policy regarding the exploitation, consumption, management, and conservation of marine and other resources.

Outline:
Introduction
General Internal Constraints on Food Availability in the Deep Sea
Food-web Dynamics
Seasonal Variations
Chemoautotrophy
Abyssal Warming and Freshening
Conclusion

From the Paper
"It has generally been held that because the deep sea is remote and isolated, with generally low current velocities and virtually no sediment erosion at the abyssal seafloor [35], it is a fairly stable and self-contained environment with its own internal dynamics, that has undergone relatively little change over geologic timescales, unaffected by the mass extinctions that were common in terrestrial environments and even in the surface oceans. The high percentage of geologically older taxa in the deep sea appears to support this conclusion [19]. It is theorized that the deep sea, particularly the nutrient-rich environments of hydrothermal vents and cold seeps may have served as "refugia" for ancient faunas during the mass extinctions that occurred in the euphotic zone during the Phanerozoic [22, 41]. However, evidence is accumulating that the deep sea is not insulated against catastrophic or other large-scale events [22] and that such events have affected, and continue to affect, food availability in this region of the marine environment. These discoveries are consistent with the growing realization that the oceans and the atmosphere form one single interconnected environment.
"Large-scale events can occur both internally and externally to the deep sea, and both types affect food availability. The most significant external large-scale event that currently impinges upon the deep sea and its food supply is global warming. The attention that this phenomenon has been receiving recently has led to a surge of interest among marine scientists and others in examining its effect on the deep-sea environment. However, not much research has been done so far in relation to the effect on food availability. The discussion that follows will analyze food availability in the deep sea in terms of both the internal and external constraints that have shaped and continue to shape the diet and feeding patterns of the deep-sea community, with emphasis on the external constraints and, in particular, the effects of global warming and other human-generated environmental phenomena."

Tags:food web dynamics, global warming, chemoautotrophy, hydrothermal vents, whale falls, particulate organic matter, phytoplankton, acidification, biodiversity

Abstract
The spreading of the seafloor under the Red Sea offers researchers a chance to study several important areas of science and apply what is learned to a better understanding of earth, earth's history, and perhaps other planets in the Solar System such as Mars. This paper reviews and examines existing science related to the tectonic plates (African and Arabian plates) beneath the Red Sea, the explanation for their movement apart and the dynamics of the hydrothermal activities that are part of the plate spreading itself. The Red Sea is of particular interest to scientists and this paper provides thorough reviews of the research conducted to date and examines why that research is of great value to science and to an understanding of how the Earth was formed. This paper includes figures and pictures.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Red Sea Geologic Evolution
Spreading Seafloor Dynamics Beneath the Oceans and Seas
Red Sea Rupturing: Recent Research
Red Sea Hydrothermal Processes: Link to Life and Link to Mars
Recent Red Sea Science: Discussion
Conclusion
Works Cited

From the Paper
"The Red Sea has become a geologic destination of preference for many scientists who are interested in plate tectonics, seafloor spreading, hydrothermal dynamics, the creation of minerals are ores from undersea activities, and more. As research continues using the latest technologies, students and other interested individuals will become informed and enlightened about the Red Sea and the implications for other undersea areas. It is vital for the health and well-being of the citizens on the planet for scientists and scholars to learn as much as possible about how the earth was formed and what it is doing at this stage in its evolution. The Red Sea is unlocking some of those mysteries, and will continue to reveal answers about the sea and the changing planet as time moves forward."

Tags:geology, plate tectonic movements, mars

Abstract
This paper explains that the first known bathtub was found in Greece in the great palace of Knossos and included impressive technologies that provided water for the tub, including a system of interlocking terra-cotta pipes. The author believes that the function of the bathroom needs to be pushed to a new extreme, allowing people, spaces, and domestic functions new potentials for hybrid activities. The paper relates that a complete home plumbing system requires three distinct networks of pipes: water supply lines, which carry water under pressure; a network of drain pipes, which works entirely by gravity; and a network of pipes, which serves to maintain equal air pressure throughout the drainpipe so that the flow proceeds without interference.

Table of Contents
Introduction
History of Bathing
Evolution of Sanitation
History of Water Closets
Environmental Aspects
Public Health Aspects
Basic Components of Modern Bathrooms
Toilet or Flush
Sinks
Tubs and Showers
Storage
Ventilation
Natural Lighting
Special Effects with Plants
Appropriate Plants for the Bath
Hydroponics
Spirituality
Landscape of Bathing and Relaxing
Metroscape
Artificial versus Real
The New Landscape in Metro Area
Water Supply Service
Purification
Boosting by Pump
Boosting by Pressure Cylinder Water Pump
Drainage
Vents and Traps
The Ideal Living, the Bathroom in New Product Design Context
The Future of the Bathroom Is Here

From the Paper
"In fact, until the mid-nineteenth century, streets were used as refuse dumping grounds, domestic animals roamed the streets and rodents ran rampant. Cesspools were located near houses and buildings, reeking and spreading germs. The Industrial Revolution and discoveries such as the germ theory brought about major changes in approach, raising the standard of living and ending serious epidemics. By 1900, improved nutrition, better sanitation, and, especially, contributions from bacteriologists increased life expectancy at birth by almost six years to age 47.3."

Tags:ergonomic, sewage, decor, bathtub, toilets

Abstract
The paper discusses how scientists have discovered trichloroethylene (TCE) in the groundwater of Lodi, California and are debating a variety of methods to effectively remove this harmful chemical. The paper examines three ways to remove TCE from the ground water: soil vapor extraction, air sparging and pumping the water through carbon filters. The paper then looks at alternative options that involve bio-venting, excavation and capping.

From the Paper
"At 3 A.M. Anne wakes up gasping for breath for the third time in one week. With her lungs and throat burning, she runs to the bathroom because she begins to feel sick. Later Anne would discover that her liver and kidneys have begun to fail, just from having one glass of water every night before bed. Such damage to a person from just a glass of water is startling.
"These are only a few of the many effects of Trichloroethylene, a colorless liquid that has a common use as a solvent for cleaning metal parts ("OSH Answers: Chemical & Materials: Chemical Profiles: Trichloroethylene: Health effects of Trichloroethylene" [CCOHS] 28 Oct. 2005). What if Trichloroethylene (TCE) leaked into a city's ground water and the general populace was exposed to the chemical? Luckily, this has not yet happened in the small town of Lodi, California, but if nothing is done about the leakage, this very well might happen."

Tags:soil, vapor, extraction, air, sparging, filters, bio-venting, excavation, capping

Abstract
This paper explains that the concept album "The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars" by David Bowie, the self-made man who is famous for his fleeting construction of personas, changed the way heavy metal, hard rock, punk music, glam rock and progressive rock sounded. The author points out that David Bowie's teenage wilderness years coincided with the gold-lame era of vintage rock 'n' roll, which reached England in the late 1950s in the form of American hip-swinging, lip-curling singers giving vent to youthful frustrations in a way seen as morally threatening such as Elvis Presley's "Hound Dog", Fats Domino's "Blueberry Hill" and Little Richard. The paper states that the album represented the archetypal rise and fall of the world of pop, which recently had experienced a sense of lost with the breakup of the Beatles and, with them, the cheery innocence of the 1960's; thereby, Ziggy became for many people the missing link between American punk and tight Beatle melodies.

From the Paper
"Kenneth Pitt first entered Bowie's life when he made a suggestion to Bowie's manager that there were already too many Joneses in the entertainment world. The Bromley-raised David Jones saw the adoption of a new stage name as an opportunity to redefine his faltering career and changed his name to David Bowie, after the American Colonel James Bowie, Davy Crockett's sidekick in The Alamo. Pitt and Bowie soon paired up, and it became apparent the Bowie desired to become the "renaissance man of pop". Bowie's aspirations were to sing and dance; he wanted to be seen as an artiste rather than someone who had only just recently shed his rough and ready R&B skin."

Tags:beatles, punk, personas, innovation, link

Abstract
This paper attempts to show how Shakespeare's representation of Venice in "Othello" shows a diverse city full of prejudice beneath its multifaceted surface-a city full of stereotypes about men of color, about women's desires, and about lower-class men like Iago and Rodrigo. It discusses how the danger, however, is not so much in diversity or multiculturalism in and of itself, but how this diversity, if improperly deployed, can be turned against people like Othello, and used by men like Iago, who strive to vent their hatred upon others rather than upon the society that excludes them because of their class.

From the Paper
"Maurice Hunt further suggests, however, that it is not only Othello who is alienated by Venetian society. "Iago's only bond with his wife Emilia is not intimate, or even affectionate, and it becomes the means that undoes him when he believes he must kill her to prevent her from revealing his knavery." (Hunt, 2003, p.2) Iago, while a Venetian by birth, is also a kind of "private, unofficial" alien in an "existential" sense that he feels denied a rightful position in society. (Hunt, 2003, p.2) The alien Iago forges a bond with official Venetian aliens like Rodrigo and Othello which "serves to underscore an unarticulated affinity felt between two sets of men," but which causes Iago to also feel "painful self-disgust" over his lot in life and forms a "compound impulse to stereotype" the Moor as an alien "devil" and to make him "wish to abuse each victim physically and mentally. (Hunt, 2003, p.2) "

Tags:dedemona, rodrigo, iago, class

Abstract
This paper discusses the furtherance of economic political and social structural inequities between Mexico and the U.S., a process which culminated into the establishment and juncture of the Transcontinental Railroad and various railroads in central Mexico. It examines how from the very beginning, Mexico's economy and government were at a disadvantage while the United States benefited from the growing economic independence that was able to tap the non utilized labor resources of Mexico. It analyzes how this railroad mobilization vented a surplus labor supply which was never and has never been sustained in Mexico, by improvements in its own economy. It evaluates how, if these structural inequities continue to grow unilaterally as they have been to the present day, Mexico will continue to experience an irrecoverable population hemorrhage to the north and a damaged economy.

From the Paper
"The very beginnings of a diverted relationship in the development of nation-building between the U.S. and Mexico goes as far back to initial colonization efforts by both Great Britain and Spain leading to opposing economic footholds. It is quite surprising to note that by the 1607 establishment of Jamestown, the first American colony in North America, Spanish colonialism had been in effect since 1536 (Saragoza 2). With a time differential of 71 years, it would be logical to believe Spanish settlements would thrive sooner than those of American origin. However, in order to understand why that was exactly what did not happen, we must observe the circumstances under which each government saw their new territory's raw economic potential. In Latin America, Spain found what they called the "El Dorado," an abundant source of gold and silver."

Tags:chicano, structural, inequities, colonialism, migration

Abstract
With his strategy of non-violent direct action, Martin Luther King defined and shaped the civil rights movement?s effort to transform the racist oppression of American society. The paper shows that, manifested in different versions such as the lunch counter sit-ins, bus boycotts and peaceful protests, the non-violent strategy relied upon the massive mobilization of resources and the commitment of African American communities to stand united behind their fight for desegregation and the right to vote. More significantly, the paper shows that the strategy of non-violent direct action exposed the ugliness and brutality of racial oppression and demonstrated convincingly that peaceful forms of protests could be effective in eroding away the power of oppressive authorities. The paper argues that against the backdrop of rising resentment of African Americans who turned to militant groups to vent their frustration, King?s strategy of non-violent direct action distinguished the civil rights movement from the violence of the African American militants.

From the Paper
"The African Americans who had set the precedent for the civil rights movement in the past had also indirectly contributed to King's civil rights strategy of non-violent protests. Although the Poor People's Campaign of 1968 was based on the principles of non-violent direct action, it was inspired by A. Philip Randolph's original March on Washington movement of 1941, which addressed the exclusion of African Americans from defense employment (Ling 19). Therefore, the past tradition of African American protest was also important in defining King's civil rights strategy."

Tags:Birmingham, Jail, James, Bevel, Poor, People?s, Campaign

Abstract
This paper discusses two literary works by Kate Chopin - "The Storm" and "The Story of an Hour". The paper explains how Chopin has vented her sexuality through the main characters in these two books, Calixta and Louise. The paper shows how she made her personal views on sexuality public, while at that time no woman could do so; how she steered forward if not directly then indirectly with the help of Calixta and Louise.

From the Paper
"Kate Chopin's "The Storm"and "The Story of an Hour" constitute honored literature as her view points depict thinking far ahead of time. As she constructs in depth the story she reveals to the world different aspects that culminated in the society then, and how the sexes reacted to it. Abstaining from unrealistic approach, she limited herself to the developing field of human emotions and the trial they may stand or result as a consequence of one. "

Tags:calixta, louise, sexuality, feminism, suppression, alcee, mallard