Abstract This paper explains that the hydrologiccycle is the term used to describe the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-atmosphere system. The paper then looks at how the most important processes that drive the hydrologiccycle are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation and runoff. The paper concludes that the extent to which people come to recognize the importance of water and the hydrologiccycle that drives it, will likely be the extent to which current and future conservation efforts will be successful.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview.
Hydrologic Processes.
Conclusion
From the Paper "While the hydrologic cycle keeps things continually changing, some things remain relatively the same. For example, Fisher (2001) points out that even with all of this movement of water around the planet, everything tends to end up right back where it started when all is said and done. "In the Water Cycle game," he says, "fair or not, the oceans have and keep almost all the wealth. The total of all the fresh (that is, not salty) water on land, including lakes, rivers, streams, ponds, puddles, bathtubs, kitchen sinks, and all the water under the ground, comes to only 2.4% of Earth's water. The atmosphere contains the rest, only .001% (that's 1/100,000th), in the form of water vapor and clouds" (Fisher, 2001, p. 14). In fact, this author emphasizes that it is this infinitesimal percentage of the water that is suspended in the Earth's atmosphere at any given point time is what keeps the whole system operating."
Abstract The paper explains how the hydrologiccycle is fundamental for the overall health of the environment and the quality of the earth's water supplies. The paper then discusses the situation in Florida and emphasizes the importance of taking steps to conserve the water resources that are available, protecting the quality of Florida's aquifers and practicing good waste management techniques. The paper provides a glossary that contains key definitions for some of the terms important in the study of water management issues both in Florida and throughout the world.
Outline:
Introduction: The HydrologicCycle Issues in Water Management
The Situation and Circumstances in Florida
Steps to Better Manage the Water Supply
Glossary
From the Paper "The hydrologic cycle is the process by which water moves through the environment. Surface water evaporates or transpires from surface collections and plants to condense in the atmosphere as clouds. Those clouds release precipitation that falls back to the Earth. Some of that water percolates through the surface and charges underground deposits of water. The hydrologic cycle consists of the passage of water through the environment in different states in response to environmental conditions. The hydrologic cycle includes processes such as storage as ice/snow, precipitation, infiltration, ground water storage, ocean storage, evaporation, condensation, evapo-transpiration, surface runoff, springs, and sublimation (Cervone, "Florida Aquifers"; "Hydrologic Cycle"; Perlman)."
Abstract This paper discusses the transformation of water that takes place through a continuation process referred to as a hydrologicalcycle, which derives its momentum from solar energy and gravity. The paper analyzes the various methods for maintaining an adequate water level. The paper contends that a comprehensive examination, analysis, and determination of the hydrologic and geological characteristics of a selected location are essential for the productive management of the water resource.
Outline
The Occurrence of Ground Water
Properties and Classification of Water-Bearing Formations
Darcy's Law
Measures of Water Quantity
Utilization of Groundwater
Permeability
Water Level Measurements
From the Paper "The groundwater is observed to rest on the empty spaces of the natural elements such as soils, unconsolidated settlings and rocks. Envisaging the level of underwater is quite a hard task. It is considered by some that the groundwater is reserved in the subversive lakes and flows in subversive rivers. The groundwater is the underlying water beneath the ground that is fully soaked through the small outlets of soils and rocks. The groundwater is refilled primarily by the downpour and determined totally by the local environment and geology, which causes its disproportionate distribution in both quantity and quality."
Abstract In this article the writer reviews the nature and functioning of the Diesel cycle. The writer discusses applications of the Diesel cycle through the use of Diesel engines. In this paper, the writer looks at applications of the Diesel engline cycle to both industry and consumers.
From the Paper "This research reviews the Diesel cycle and considers applications of the Diesel cycle in industrial capacities and consumer uses. The findings of the research are presented in two major discussions. The initial discussion reviews the Diesel cycle while the second discussion considers the applications of the Diesel cycle. The diesel engine was developed in Germany by Rudolf Diesel. Although Diesel intended that the new type of engine would burn fossil fuels from the very beginning ... "
Examination of the validity of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) prediction equation to estimate submaximal VO2 during cycle ergometry in cyclists and aerobically-trained non-cyclists.
Abstract This study examines the validity of the ACSM prediction equation for estimating oxygen consumption during submaximal cycling in aerobically trained males. The alternate hypothesis of this study is that the estimated vs. actual VO2 during submaximal cycle ergometry would be similar from 50-200 W. A secondary focus analyzes and compares the accuracy of the equation between two distinct groups of subjects (trained male cyclists vs. aerobically-trained male non-cyclists).
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "The results of this study suggest that the ACSM cycle ergometry prediction equation is most accurate at moderate workloads (~100-150 W). Furthermore, training status has no effect on the predictive value of the equation. Further studies on the effects of training habitus should be fashioned to include a larger sample with greater distinction in training volume, i.e. cycle ~200 miles/week vs. sedentary. Based on the current sample size, subtle differences are very difficult to observe. However, this study provides a strong basis for the direction of future research in this area."
Abstract This paper explains the theory behind the carnot cycle. It also goes through the influence of Nicholas-Leonard-Sadi Carnot, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), and Rudolf Clausius. The paper includes pictures and diagrams as supplements to the text.
From the Paper "All of the heat input is supplied at a single high temperature and all the heat output is rejected at a single lower temperature. The Carnot cycle is completely reversible since there are no "one way" processes such as explosions or throttling actions. The isothermal and adiabatic processes of the Carnot cycle are idealizations of actual processes. The direction of either process may be reversed by only a slight change in the external pressure. In addition, there is no friction present and the working substance is always extremely close to equilibrium."
Tags: carnot, clausius, cycle, engine, heat, kelvin, lord, rudolf
Abstract This paper studies Erik Erikson's life cycle stage development theory. The paper applies the eights stages of Erikson's model to the life history of a retired 69-year-old male accountant.
From the Paper "My interpreter is named Don Weldon, a 69 year-old retired accountant who is divorced with one male son. Mr. Weldon worked for Penn State University for over thirty years and resides in State College Pennsylvania in the summers and Lakeland Florida in the winter..."
Tags: Erikson, life cycle, stage development, friends, family, life history, human growth
Abstract This paper explains the benefits of using a system development life cycle methodology (SDLC) for implementing a management information system. The paper describes the various options for a MIS and explains why the model of an SDLCs is preferred.
From the Paper "A system development life cycle SDLC is the overall process of developing information systems through a multistep process, from investigation of initial requirements through analysis, design, implementation and..."
Tags: systems development life cycle methodology, SDLC, benefits, management information system, top-down design
Abstract This paper describes the impact of organizational life cycle on management philosophies and practices. It explains the significant management challenges during each of the stages of the organization (start-up, growth, maturity and decline). It describes how one might responded to those challenges.
From the Paper Organization Life Cycle Introduction Bill Blundon and Allen Bonde in Information Week note that when it comes to managing a company change is the rule ratherthan the exception It is an organization's success in managing changethat differentiates the well managed and successful companies from theirless successful competitors Constant change in the internal and externalbusiness environment requires continual improvements by the organization Successful corporations are willing and able to change and are willing todo so in order to stay competitive Many companies rely
Tags: organizational life cycle, management philosophies and practices, management challenges, stages of the organization, start-up, growth, maturity and decline
Abstract This paper describes how a family of origin functioned during family life cycle events and tasks. Considers aspects such as degrees of assimilation and adaptation, differentiation, boundary adjustment, shifting of roles and establishment of family rules. The paper gives attention to particular events that challenge a family of origin during a phase of development. The essay shows that we can apply developmental thinking to a family system. The important points discussed are as follows:, clear introduction and focus, clear concise reporting and observations, demonstrated understanding of developmental tasks and events.
From the Paper "This paper describes how a family of origin functioned during family life cycle events and tasks. The events tasks selected are those of having young children, dealing with adolescence, launching children from the home, and being confronted with the empty nest phenomenon. The family of origin, Family Y, consists of a traditional nuclear family. They have been married for years and have three children, two girls and a boy, which are now adults."
Abstract The sport of cycling and coaching pedagogy is changing as newer technologies provide for the opportunity to train more effectively with less risk of physical damage. This paper outlines some of the more recent changes including the use of heart rate monitors, power ranges for training and performance based on heart rate zones, lactate thresholds and FaCT training.
An examination of the relationship between global warming, its hydrological consequence,s and the ecological dynamics and distribution of Sweetwater fish in the Great Lakes of America.
Abstract This paper examines how the equilibrium in a lake as an ecological ecosystem is directly dependant on the regional hydrologicalcycle and how, since that cycle is dependant on climate patterns, it is assumed that global warming will have an immediate effect on the lake's physical conditions and, thus, its inhabitants. It explores the Great Lakes system in the eastern United States, which includes thermal niches suitable for the three guilds. In order to get the most accurate prediction, this paper includes parameters, such as depths, water volumes, thermocline depth, and the Great Lakes water chemistry. The main conclusions show that there are three levels of direct effect: 1) thermal niche size changes; 2) changes in growth rate and food consumption; and 3) changes in reproductive success and population size.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Research Area
Data Collection
Fish and Thermal Niches
Results
Food Consumption and Growth Rate Changes
Population Response
Ecosystem Response
Impacts of Changes in the Hydrological System on the Habitat
Global Warming Impact on Thermal Niches
Conclusion
From the Paper "Smallmouth bass communities thrive today in warm niches and are unlikely to be affected in the future global warming conditions. A positive response is predicted for the cool water niche, where a 9-fold increase in yearlings population and a 23-fold increase in the fishable populations are expected. This is in fact a mediocre response, intermediate to influence on cold and warm water niches.
The extended reproductive success and the increase in mature individual numbers are logical, since the growth season is expected to be longer and the winter, when the "winter kill" phenomena (Jackson, 2002) takes place, to be shorter."
Abstract This paper discusses the many effects of global warming, such as agriculture, flooding, health and refugees, which will be the most severe on Third World countries. This paper explains that global warming has a negative effect on the world's hydrologicalcycle, which could seriously threaten global water supplies thus severely affecting the massive areas of Asia and Africa that already have drought. The author believes that the very technologies, which the Third World needs to develop to survive and to be like the First World, are the ones that will do them the most harm.
From the Paper "Bangladesh has the highest population density on Earth, with 114 million people in 1993. By contrast, the Netherlands, the most crowded nation in the First World, has a population density only half that of Bangladesh. Approximately 85 percent of Bangladeshis live in rural areas, and more than half of Bangladesh lies less than 5 m above sea level, making it susceptible to extreme events such as cyclones, storm surges, and coastal flooding. Global warming is expected to intensify the cyclone system in this region with catastrophic results. Inland flooding also occurs in Bangladesh because the country lies on the flood plains at the congruence of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers. Half the gross domestic product of Bangladesh is attributable to agriculture, making the nation economy prone to flood damage."
Abstract The paper looks at environmental studies and focuses on lake hydrology. The writer collected data on water levels in Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. Then the writer determined, using statistical analysis, if Lake Ontario has been affected by the dam built in 1957. The paper argues that it was affected.
From the Paper "Lakes and other bodies of water are very dynamic systems that are often changing in small ways on a continuous basis. To prove this point, data on water levels in Lake Ontario from 1918 to 2005 was examined. The statistical analysis of this data and similar data from Lake Erie suggest that the dam that was built in the St. Lawrence in 1957 is regulating flow rates into Lake Ontario. This has resulted in relatively consistent water levels."
Abstract This paper discusses how in 1995, Gartner analyst Jackie Fenn created the Gartner Hype Cycle to explain the cycle of hope and disappointment that is common with technology innovations. Specifically, the paper provides a view of Gartner's Hype Cycle and cdiscusses each of the five phases in the cycle.
Outline:
Abstract
Predicting the Dot-Com Bubble
The Hype Cycle: Technology Trigger
The Hype Cycle: Peak of Inflated Expectations
The Hype Cycle: Trough of Disillusionment
The Hype Cycle: Slope of Enlightenment
The Hype Cycle: Plateau of Productivity
The 2008 Hype Cycle Conclusion
From the Paper "In 1999, in the midst of the e-business craze, Gartner analyst Alexander Drobik used the Hype Cycle to look at the Internet and the "new economy" from a different angle (Fenn & Raskino, 2008). He refused to believe that the rules that govern business in the brick-and-mortar world could be ignored in a world where "loss-making companies [could be] valued more than profitable companies" (Fenn & Raskino, 2008). Fenn and Raskino (2008) explain, "When he applied the hype cycle tool, he quickly convinced himself that the Internet and all things "e" weren't heading onward and upward forever; rather, the market was about to crash and crash spectacularly." Drobik released his report in November of 1999 with the following opening: "E-business is set to fall into a period of disillusionment by 2001, before successful organizations move through the 'hype cycle' and emerge fully transformed so that they can be referred to as just plain 'businesses' again" (Fenn & Raskino, 2008). "
