Abstract
This paper outlines why the Human Genome Project will reduce the cost of treatment for at least some types of illnesses and diseases - most notably colorectal cancer and breast cancer. The paper details some of the objections historically raised against the Human Genome Project and then delves into the conclusions of others who staunchly insist that the Project is a worthwhile expenditure of time and money. After reviewing the evidence, the paper concludes that while the Human Genome Project may not be without its flaws, it is still adding to our basic knowledge about genetic diseases and it still going to save us lives and save patients and their families money - and that makes it important.

Tags:human, genome, project

Abstract
The paper recent completion of the human genome project required an analysis of all necessary pieces of human DNA. This was a scientific milestone, and means that we now have a "map" of the human genome's three billion letters of DNA, which encode some 80,000 genes that make up a human being. This breakthrough is expected to be used to develop new medical treatments that can counter disease at the gene and cell level (Wade). However, it will also have a profound impact on evolutionary studies.

From the Paper
"The recent completion of the human genome project required an analysis of all necessary pieces of human DNA. This was a scientific milestone, and means that we now have a "map" of the human genome's three billion letters of DNA, which encode some 80,000 genes that make up a human being. This breakthrough is expected to be used to develop new medical treatments that can counter disease at the gene and cell level (Wade 2000). However, it will also have a profound impact on evolutionary studies. In addition, we..."

Tags:gene, genome, human

Abstract
This is a high level paper which examines the Human Genome Project and it's implications for pathophysiology. The paper examines the project goals and outcomes over the 13 years of the program, in addition to a central focus on the implications for pathophysiology, ranging from medical testing for high risk parents to early diagnosis and intervention for genetic abnormalities or predispositions.

From the Paper
"The Human Genome Project was a huge undertaking with results of the growing medical technological era enabling genetic study or advances in medical science requiring medical technology to keep pace. Genetic study and research offers tremendous promise for various pathologies. This paper will explore a brief review of the program and follow with a high level discussion of the various implications the program holds for the field of pathology. Conducted by the US Department of Energy and the National Institute of Health (NIH), The Human Genome Project was a major long term project which began in 1990 and concluded in 2003 ("About the Human," 2005)."

Tags:genome, pathophysiology, genetics

Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the Human Genome Project. The paper begins by listing the project sponsors and explaining that the project's primary purpose was to map the human genome. Next, the paper briefly explains what a genome is and notes that the project was completed in 2003. Additionally, the paper explains that another objective of the project was to identify all of the genes in the human genome and that, at the heart of all of these objectives, was the goal of advancing the diagnosis and prevention of diseases, and advancing biotechnology and fundamental knowledge in medicine. The paper also discusses the controversial issues surrounding the Human Genome Project as well as social and ethical considerations of the project. Finally, the paper looks at the project's implication regarding the topic of evolution and concludes that, despite the controversy enveloping the project, its benefits exceed its disadvantages.

Table of Contents
Controversies
Accuracy of the Project
Societal Effects of the Human Genome Project
Ethics and the Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project and Evolution

From the Paper
"As with many scientific advances and projects, there are many points of contention surrounding the Human Genome Project. These controversies range from arguments about whether the HGP should exist at all to minor quibbles regarding the project's inner workings. Below are descriptions of two of these contested issues."

Tags:department, energy, national, institutes, health, organism, dna, amino, acids, nucleotides

Abstract
This paper discusses the Human Genome project, a project that aims to complete genetic sequencing and gene mapping of the human genome and resources that humans share through genetic ties. The author relates the advantages of such a project - doctors and scientists will be able to better predict and avoid genetic disorders through genetic screening. However, the author also adds that it is also because of these advancements that ethical issues will arise. The bioethics involved is also briefly discussed in the paper as well as the topic of cloning.

From the Paper
"On the potentially positive side, the HGP can help doctors and scientists to better predict and avoid genetic disorders. It is the assumption that in the future genetic disorders from cerebral palsy to bipolar disorder will be able to be seen through genetic screening. It is important though, to outline exactly how this information would be made available to people in the future in the face of ethical issues. Results suggest now that researchers and professionals need to make a stand on ethical issues linked to susceptibility patterns for genetic disorders or psychiatric problems that could be noted through genetics research such as the HGP."

Tags:genetics, bioethics

Abstract
This paper examines the major issues and concerns that have arisen out of the Human Genome Project, noting that the concerns within the scientific community differ markedly from those in the public arena. In attempting to address the question of whether the project was ethical or not, the paper takes the position that, like any other scientific endeavor, the attempt to map the human genome does not belong in the domain of ethics and is not amenable to such analysis. Questions of ethicality, it suggests, apply to the ways in which information is used rather than to the activity of gathering the information itself. The paper proceeds to discuss the desirability (rather than the ethicality) of mapping the human genome and concludes in favor of the endeavor.

Outline:
Introduction
Issues Within the Scientific Community
Issues in the Public Arena
Discussion
Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Launched in the late 1980's, the Human Genome Project was an ambitious attempt, involving several nations, to map and sequence the approximately 3 billion nucleotides in the human genome (Gilbert 1992: 85). The genome is the entire set of genes contained in the 23 sets of chromosomes that make up the cells of the human organism. The goal of the project is to identify the precise function of each of the genes in the human genome, or, put conversely, to find the precise location in the genome of every single known human trait or characteristic (Lee 1991: 1). This makes it the largest-scale undertaking in the history of the biological sciences. One of the major benefits of mapping the human genome is that scientists will be able to identify the genes responsible for the more than 3000 known genetic diseases (Keller 1992: 294)."

Tags:biotechnology, diseases, dna, eugenics

Abstract
This paper outlines why the human genome project will reduce the cost of treatment for at least some types of illnesses and diseases - most notably colorectal cancer and breast cancer. The paper details some of the objections historically raised against the project and then delves into the conclusions of others who staunchly insist that it is a worthwhile expenditure of time and money. After reviewing the evidence, the paper concludes that, while the project may not be without its flaws, it is still adding to our basic knowledge about genetic diseases and ie still going to save us lives and save patients and their families money - and that makes it important.

From the Paper
"One of the chief concerns that opponents of the Human Genome Project have is that medical research will be adversely affected by the Project because of the massive diversion of time and funds towards something that, in their view, is utterly superfluous. In an April, 1990, correspondence to colleagues, Michael Syvanen of the University of California at Davis (the email was actually posted online by a close associate, Paul R. Chernoff of Berkeley, though it appears to be essentially Syvanen's words and thoughts) outlines this position. Specifically, Syvanen (the letter is co-signed by several colleagues but the top of the letter suggests that Syvanen was the chief writer of the correspondence) insists that most genes involved in disease can be located and accurately sequenced without resorting to the drastic step of sequencing the entire genome; in fact, as early as 1990, promising steps were being undertaken in the battle against disease through genetic research that did not entail the expensive sequencing of the human genome in its entirety. Proceeding onward, Syvanen notes that the rush to sequence the human genome has sparked a scientific environment wherein peer review boards that balk at uncertain and even downright questionable human genome proposals are being muscled aside in favor of appointed administrative bodies seduced by the notoriety of possibly sequencing the human genome - and not by the actual validity of the science appearing before them (Syvanen et al, 1990). For Syvanen and others like him, both in 1990 and surely today, the Human Genome Project is nothing more than a costly "play thing" of scientists who conveniently forget that 95 to 98 percent of the human genome consists of useless, "junk" DNA that simply serves no function at all and has no bearing on whether someone acquires a disease or not (Syvanen et al, 1990)."

Tags:research, treatment, screening, diagnostic

Abstract
This essay discusses recent discoveries in evolutionary studies, including the human genome project, and will speculate on the impact that these new discoveries will have on evolutionary studies. The paper concludes that we can look forward to substantial and possibly profound breakthroughs in terms of understanding what it is to be human, but warns that we should not expect to find the meaning of life with our microscopes.

From the Paper
"For example, since the completion of the human genome project, scientists have achieved another milestone: they have completed the genetic map blueprint of the chimpanzee. Due to the chimpanzee's close relationship to humans (in evolutionary terms), we now have the opportunity to better understand the evolutionary processes that have combined to create human beings. The scientific analysis has revealed that some 96% of human and chimp genomes are exactly the same. More important still are the insights provided by the differences between human and chimp genomes."

Tags:darwin, chimpanzee, sequences, blueprint, molecular

Abstract
This paper explains that, when completed, the Human Genome Project (HGP) will map the 50,000-100,000 genes contained in the human DNA resulting in the single most dramatic sphere of biological research, which holds the power to change theories and assumptions in the areas of biology, psychology and medicine. The author points out that the early stages of this project already have provided important new information about human genes, resulting in ethical questions requiring carefully judgment about such issues as congenital diseases and privacy. The paper stresses that in cases of clear-cut genetic causation, such as Huntington's chorea and some types of breast cancer, medical professionals and their patients have to make some difficult decisions.

From the Paper
"Other questions involve the right of individuals to privacy. Once we have human DNA completely mapped, will we then begin to generate detailed genetic profiles of all medical patients? If we do, is this information that can be shared with other organizations, by, for instance, hospitals? If it can be shared, insurance companies might then drop people with genes that make them prone to certain kinds of cancer, or destined to develop some genetically-driven disease such as Huntington's. In those cases, the individuals would get glimpses into their medical future whether they wanted to know what their genes reveal or not."

Tags:genetically-driven, chorea, insurance, crime, revolutionize

Abstract
This paper provides an overview and discussion of the current state of genetic technology, with emphasis on the Human Genome Project. The microbiological aspects of genomic sequencing are briefly summarized. The focus is mainly on the ethical and social implications of knowing and understanding each gene. It also looks at how this emerging biotechnology is embedded into modern society through complex interactions between several institutions.

From the Paper
"The project is a culmination of the application of the results of the past 50 years in genetics. Since the discovery of the structure of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), scientists have made two vital conclusions. The genome, containing an individual's DNA sequences, is a map for the physical and behaviourial traits that one has inherited. Therefore, a species' genome is the code to all of its biological faculties (Levi 6). In this sense, the Human Genome Project can be viewed as a necessary and central component to genetic progress, since complete knowledge of our DNA sequence is required to develop biotechnology that is more effective and on a broader scale."

Tags:genetic, applications, virus, DNA, sequencing, abortion, disease