Abstract
This study examines the impact of the WHI as it relates to the prescription practices of physicians who have menopausal patients. The research explores such factors as the knowledge of the physicians as it pertains to the results of the WHI, years of practice, location of practice and the gender of the physicians. The paper hypothesizez that there will be some correlation between number of years in practice and the manner in which the results of the WHI are interpreted. Such a correlation is expected because a great deal of the existing research on this subject suggests that there is a correlation between these variables. The paper includes several long quotations, letters to physicians and the questionnaire.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Definitions of Terms...
Limitations of the Study
Review of the Literature
What is Menopause
Women's Health Initiative (WHI)
Hormone Therapy
Post-menopausal Use of Hormone Therapy
Potentially Harmful Effects of PHT
Impact of WHI on Physicians Prescribing HRT
Impact of WHI on Women using HRT
Alternatives for HRT.
Conclusion
Methodology
Overview of the Proposed Study
Research Methods
Subjects
Materials
Proposed Data Analysis
Appendixes
American Society of Reproductive Medicine Recommended Practice Guidelines for Hormone Therapy
Introductory Letters
Physician Survey on Hormone Therapy
Questionnaire in Prescribing Attitudes if Physicians for Hormone Therapy

From the Paper
"The primary limitation of the study is the response rate which was only 30%; although this type of response rate is consistent with a one-time physician survey. In addition the authors reiterate the idea that only one survey was sent so that the results of the survey would not be biased. The respondents were demographically comparable to non-respondents and the overall population of U.S. physicians. In addition the correlation between specialty and attitude was not restricted by gender, age, or region. Furthermore, worst-case assumptions in a sensitivity analysis did not alter the results of the evaluation."

Tags:survey, location, ailments, post-menopausal, herb

Abstract
This paper explains that psychological and psychosocial disturbances can reduce the quality of life experienced by post menopausal women; therefore, it is vital that researchers concentrate their efforts on uncovering plausible and effective therapies to improve the mental health and well being of patients during their menopausal and post menopausal years. The author points out that, while the physical side effects and psychosocial side effects of menopause itself have been well studied, relatively little literature exists regarding the mental health and well being of women in the post menopausal phase of life. The paper explains that the longitudinal design of this study will enable the researcher to collect data on the defined variables over time in order to assess the causal relationship that exists between HRT therapy and the quality of life reported by women participating in the study.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Purpose of Study
Background to the Problem
Objectives of Study
Significance of Study
Method
Research Design
Procedure
Data Analysis
Predicted Results
Discussion

From the Paper
"In conducting the study, the researcher will undoubtedly run into some obstacles including determining how to measure change in the participants' health and well being, examining the extent of change and the attributes of change for purposes of the study. Measuring change is a key concept vital to longitudinal research design. As this study is qualitative in nature, the data will be presented via narratives, observations and transcripts from the survey to record and measure data appropriately."

Tags:longitudinal, causal-relationship, risks, questionnaire

Abstract
In this article, the writer explains menopause as a natural aging process whereby a woman passes from the reproductive years, with active ovarian function, to the non-reproductive years in which the function of ovaries declines. Quite simply, menopause denotes a cessation of monthly menstrual periods. The writer maintains that it is evident that menopausal women experience symptoms that are reflective of low levels of estrogen. The writer discusses that women undergoing menopause have been treated with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to prevent osteoporosis and address vasomotor symptoms such as hot flushes. The writer concludes that the efficacy of the various alternatives is still being investigated as a reliable solution to menopausal symptoms.

From the Paper
"The female begins to have irregular menses, occurring at varying or unpredictable times of the month. The number of days of the menstrual period becomes shorter or longer, and the amount becomes increasingly scarce. Eventually, her menstrual period halts altogether; this state is called amenorrhea. Menopause is characterized by amenorrhea of 12 months. Women who are between 45 to 57 years old may have already reached the state of menopause. It has been found that menopause is not affected by race or ethnicity. However, it was found that smokers tend to reach menopause 2 years earlier than those who do not smoke.
"Aside from amenorrhea, women going through menopause experience several symptoms. One of the concerns of women that may warrant treatment is having hot flushes. A hot flush is a vasomotor symptom that is characterized by a sudden feeling of heat in the upper part or all of one's body."

Tags:hot, flushes, menstrual, estrogen

Abstract
Discusses the purpose of preventing osteoporosis or heart disease, as well as depression and hot flashes. Cites a 2002 report on HRT risks and benefits that contended the use of HRT increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and breast cancer.

From the Paper
"For decades, women have been using hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to combat the adverse effects of menopause such as osteoporosis and heart disease (Hlatky, Boothroyd, Vittinghoff, Sharp and Whooley, 2002). HRT has also been thought to help prevent ..."

Abstract
Menopause is that inevitable and irreversible time when a woman's reproductive cycle and menstruation periods gradually end, as her ovaries cease to respond to male gonadotropins and her capacity to become pregnant stops. The paper begins by defining menopause and its consequences. It then looks at how Estrogen/Hormone Replacement Therapy (ERT/HRT) can help eliminate, minimize or reverse many menopausal symptoms. Finally, the paper looks at the pros and cons of HRT and discusses what a woman might experience by taking these hormones.

From the Paper
"With the loss of estrogen at menopause, osteoporosis develops, whereby bones lose calcium and become thin and brittle (Hempel 1996), increasing the risk of fractures. Studies show that 120,000 such women fracture their hips every year and about 15% of them will die from complications of hip fracture. The familiar "Dowager's hump" occurs in the first 5-10 years after menopause. ERT/HRT checks this condition effectively and reduces hip fractures by 25% and spine fractures by about 50% (Hempel)."

Tags:hot, flushes, vaginitis, osteoporosis

Abstract
This paper looks at menopause and how it affects women and their lives. It looks at the pre-menopausal phase, common symptoms of menopause and also discusses hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and other treatment alternatives.

From the Paper
" This paper presents a general overview of menopause. The paper begins with a definition of the term and then goes on to examine the literature on how menopause affects women and their lives. The pre-menopausal phase ...'

Tags:Menopause HRT hysterectomy, hormone

Abstract
The medical field is ever evolving. Leeches were once common medical tools used to treat many various ailments, although they have now fallen out of favor. Today, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is often being replaced in the treatment of menopause, although it was once considered the treatment of choice in women of all ages. This paper examines the changes in the treatment of menopause.

Tags:changes, treatment, menopause

Abstract
This paper presents a thorough explanation of aggression replacement training and the basic tenants of this form of therapy. The goal is to give adolescents alternatives to their aggression and antisocial behavior and teach them to recognize the precursors to their physically aggressive and threatening behavior. The author also cites the importance of adolescents considering the consequences of their actions and taking positive control of their situation. The paper further describes the three intervention techniques used that correspond with the three components of aggressive behavior.

From the Paper
"A group format is generally used for this type of training, because the dynamics of the group can be used to help advance learning much more quickly. Some of the ways that learning is solidified are through role playing, homework assignments, and the repetition of important concepts (Glick, et al, 1986). There are both pre- and post-tests that are given to the adolescents in order to help determine whether the program was effective and how much skill development the participants have seen, and adults that have interaction with these adolescents outside of the group, such as probation officers, teachers, and parents, are given information that explains the techniques and terminology that are used in the program (Goldstein & Glick, 1994). "

Tags:Aggression, Replacement, Training, adolescents, social, skills

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses total knee replacement and looks at how it is done, as well as the activities the patient can engage in following surgery.

From the Paper
"Total knee replacement also called total knee arthroplasty is one of the most common orthopedic procedures performed in knee replacements were performed. This procedure relieves knee pain and provides better knee functionality for people with osteoarthritis rheumatoid arthritis or gout whose knee joints have worn down. This procedure is undertaken after non-surgical treatments have ceased to be effective. The knee replacement is actually just a 'resurfacing'..."

Tags:total knee replacement, surgery

Abstract
This paper discusses cognitive behavioral therapy and the elements of its practice. It also explores the therapist and patient roles of cognitive behavioral therapy, and how it relates to other therapies currently used in psychology. Adlerian therapy, person centered therapy, existential therapy, Gestalt therapy, reality therapy, solution oriented brief therapy, multi-modal therapy, feminist therapy, and rational emotion behavior therapy are discussed and contrasted to traditional cognitive behavioral therapy. Through these comparisons a focus on the central characteristics of these therapies is evident, providing a framework for patients and professionals to determine which therapy would be most effective for the needs of particular patients.

Tags:cognitive, behavioral, therapy