Abstract In this article, the writer explains menopause as a natural aging process whereby a woman passes from the reproductive years, with active ovarian function, to the non-reproductive years in which the function of ovaries declines. Quite simply, menopause denotes a cessation of monthly menstrual periods. The writer maintains that it is evident that menopausal women experience symptoms that are reflective of low levels of estrogen. The writer discusses that women undergoing menopause have been treated with hormonereplacementtherapy (HRT) to prevent osteoporosis and address vasomotor symptoms such as hot flushes. The writer concludes that the efficacy of the various alternatives is still being investigated as a reliable solution to menopausal symptoms.
From the Paper "The female begins to have irregular menses, occurring at varying or unpredictable times of the month. The number of days of the menstrual period becomes shorter or longer, and the amount becomes increasingly scarce. Eventually, her menstrual period halts altogether; this state is called amenorrhea. Menopause is characterized by amenorrhea of 12 months. Women who are between 45 to 57 years old may have already reached the state of menopause. It has been found that menopause is not affected by race or ethnicity. However, it was found that smokers tend to reach menopause 2 years earlier than those who do not smoke.
"Aside from amenorrhea, women going through menopause experience several symptoms. One of the concerns of women that may warrant treatment is having hot flushes. A hot flush is a vasomotor symptom that is characterized by a sudden feeling of heat in the upper part or all of one's body."
Abstract This study examines the impact of the WHI as it relates to the prescription practices of physicians who have menopausal patients. The research explores such factors as the knowledge of the physicians as it pertains to the results of the WHI, years of practice, location of practice and the gender of the physicians. The paper hypothesizez that there will be some correlation between number of years in practice and the manner in which the results of the WHI are interpreted. Such a correlation is expected because a great deal of the existing research on this subject suggests that there is a correlation between these variables. The paper includes several long quotations, letters to physicians and the questionnaire.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Definitions of Terms...
Limitations of the Study
Review of the Literature
What is Menopause
Women's Health Initiative (WHI)
HormoneTherapy Post-menopausal Use of HormoneTherapy Potentially Harmful Effects of PHT
Impact of WHI on Physicians Prescribing HRT Impact of WHI on Women using HRT Alternatives for HRT.
Conclusion
Methodology
Overview of the Proposed Study
Research Methods
Subjects
Materials
Proposed Data Analysis
Appendixes
American Society of Reproductive Medicine Recommended Practice Guidelines for HormoneTherapy Introductory Letters
Physician Survey on HormoneTherapy Questionnaire in Prescribing Attitudes if Physicians for HormoneTherapy
From the Paper "The primary limitation of the study is the response rate which was only 30%; although this type of response rate is consistent with a one-time physician survey. In addition the authors reiterate the idea that only one survey was sent so that the results of the survey would not be biased. The respondents were demographically comparable to non-respondents and the overall population of U.S. physicians. In addition the correlation between specialty and attitude was not restricted by gender, age, or region. Furthermore, worst-case assumptions in a sensitivity analysis did not alter the results of the evaluation."
Tags: survey, location, ailments, post-menopausal, herb
Abstract This paper explains that psychological and psychosocial disturbances can reduce the quality of life experienced by post menopausal women; therefore, it is vital that researchers concentrate their efforts on uncovering plausible and effective therapies to improve the mental health and well being of patients during their menopausal and post menopausal years. The author points out that, while the physical side effects and psychosocial side effects of menopause itself have been well studied, relatively little literature exists regarding the mental health and well being of women in the post menopausal phase of life. The paper explains that the longitudinal design of this study will enable the researcher to collect data on the defined variables over time in order to assess the causal relationship that exists between HRTtherapy and the quality of life reported by women participating in the study.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Purpose of Study
Background to the Problem
Objectives of Study
Significance of Study
Method
Research Design
Procedure
Data Analysis
Predicted Results
Discussion
From the Paper "In conducting the study, the researcher will undoubtedly run into some obstacles including determining how to measure change in the participants' health and well being, examining the extent of change and the attributes of change for purposes of the study. Measuring change is a key concept vital to longitudinal research design. As this study is qualitative in nature, the data will be presented via narratives, observations and transcripts from the survey to record and measure data appropriately."
Abstract Menopause is that inevitable and irreversible time when a woman's reproductive cycle and menstruation periods gradually end, as her ovaries cease to respond to male gonadotropins and her capacity to become pregnant stops. The paper begins by defining menopause and its consequences. It then looks at how Estrogen/HormoneReplacementTherapy (ERT/HRT) can help eliminate, minimize or reverse many menopausal symptoms. Finally, the paper looks at the pros and cons of HRT and discusses what a woman might experience by taking these hormones.
From the Paper "With the loss of estrogen at menopause, osteoporosis develops, whereby bones lose calcium and become thin and brittle (Hempel 1996), increasing the risk of fractures. Studies show that 120,000 such women fracture their hips every year and about 15% of them will die from complications of hip fracture. The familiar "Dowager's hump" occurs in the first 5-10 years after menopause. ERT/HRT checks this condition effectively and reduces hip fractures by 25% and spine fractures by about 50% (Hempel)."
Abstract Discusses the purpose of preventing osteoporosis or heart disease, as well as depression and hot flashes. Cites a 2002 report on HRT risks and benefits that contended the use of HRT increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and breast cancer.
From the Paper "For decades, women have been using hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to combat the adverse effects of menopause such as osteoporosis and heart disease (Hlatky, Boothroyd, Vittinghoff, Sharp and Whooley, 2002). HRT has also been thought to help prevent ..."
Abstract This paper examines the incidence of breast cancer in the United States and how in any one year, the American Cancer Society predicts that over 200,000 women will be diagnosed. It looks at risk factors and early symptoms such as starting menstruation early, having menopause late; remaining childless via birth and giving birth for the first time at the age of 30 or older. It also discusses the various treatments available from mastectomies to chemotherapy and hormonereplacementtherapy.
From the Paper "Another concern is that menopausal women have been encouraged to take hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to ease the symptoms of menopause. Some research suggested that HRT might help fight the development of osteoporosis and heat disease. However, research from Sweden has shown that some forms of HRT could account for 9% of their incidence of breast cancer (Napoli, 2003). An even more startling finding is that the surgery for breast cancer itself may cause cancer to spread. However, it might also be that even very small cancers have a tendency to spread undetected (Napoli, 2003). The surgical risk, if present, may extend to breast reconstruction surgery as well as the original surgery to remove the cancer."
Abstract This paper looks at menopause and how it affects women and their lives. It looks at the pre-menopausal phase, common symptoms of menopause and also discusses hormonereplacementtherapy (HRT) and other treatment alternatives.
From the Paper " This paper presents a general overview of menopause. The paper begins with a definition of the term and then goes on to examine the literature on how menopause affects women and their lives. The pre-menopausal phase ...'
This paper is a research proposal to examine the effects of work-related stress on job performance and to determine whether estrogen, a female sex hormone, plays a key role in job-related stress in the nursing industry.
Abstract This paper explains that work-related stress is correlated negatively to the job performance of nurses in the health care profession. The author points out the research hypothesizes that the job performance of male nurses and post-menopausal female nurses is more negatively correlated to stress than the job performance of pre-menopausal female nurses because men and post-menopausal women have less estrogen than pre-menopausal women do. The paper relates that previous literature suggests that stress hormone levels in older women receiving hormonereplacementtherapy are lower than in men of the same age, reinforcing the belief that estrogen lowers stress hormone levels in women.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Sources and Consequences of Stress
Method
Participants
Materials
Job Performance
Gender and Menopausal Status
Procedure
Expected Results and Discussion
From the Paper "There is a great deal of research suggesting that nursing is a stressful job and that the stress experienced by nurses can lead to a broad variety of work-related problems, including absenteeism, conflict, staff turnover, morale issues, and overall decreased worker effectiveness. Too much stress frequently results in burnout and the high turnover of nursing personnel. Thus, the causes and correlates of work-related stress, and the outcomes for job performance are of great concern to the overall nursing industry."
Abstract This paper deals with scientific work that has been carried out over recent years to identify a small group of chemicals and hormones that regulate the processes of the body and the brain. The author provides comprehensive information regarding various hormones that are produced in the body, their importance and how they can affect an individual's diet.
Outline:
Introduction
Cortisol
Estrogen and Progesterone
Testosterone
DHEA
Stress and the Diet
HormoneReplacementTherapy Conclusion
From the Paper " Within the last fifteen years or do, research scientists have identified a small group of chemicals and hormones that regulate the processes of the body and the brain, such as insulin (diabetes), adrenaline, noradrenaline and glucagon, "a hormone that stimulates the conversion of glucogen into glucose in the liver and often is linked with hypoglycemia (Parry, 2005, p. 256). And within the last ten years, these same scientists have discovered that the chemical/hormonal story is considerably more complex, due to finding hundreds of newly-identified compounds that regulate a person's mood, his/her susceptibility to particular diseases, and especially what a person eats, i.e. that these chemicals are secreted and made active by certain types of food based on diet and intake.
"At least seventy neurotransmitters (chemicals that modify or result in the transmission of nerve impulses between brain synapses), have also been identified which regulate nerve function, including memory, mental function, mood, movement, the wake-sleep cycle and appetite. The disruption of even one neurotransmitter significantly alters nerve cell function and causes a reaction which affects all other neurotransmitters, profoundly affecting many natural processes in the brain and the body."
Abstract The medical field is ever evolving. Leeches were once common medical tools used to treat many various ailments, although they have now fallen out of favor. Today, hormonereplacementtherapy (HRT) is often being replaced in the treatment of menopause, although it was once considered the treatment of choice in women of all ages. This paper examines the changes in the treatment of menopause.
This paper describes aggression replacement training which works to give adolescents positive alternatives to their aggression and antisocial behavior.
Abstract This paper presents a thorough explanation of aggression replacement training and the basic tenants of this form of therapy. The goal is to give adolescents alternatives to their aggression and antisocial behavior and teach them to recognize the precursors to their physically aggressive and threatening behavior. The author also cites the importance of adolescents considering the consequences of their actions and taking positive control of their situation. The paper further describes the three intervention techniques used that correspond with the three components of aggressive behavior.
From the Paper "A group format is generally used for this type of training, because the dynamics of the group can be used to help advance learning much more quickly. Some of the ways that learning is solidified are through role playing, homework assignments, and the repetition of important concepts (Glick, et al, 1986). There are both pre- and post-tests that are given to the adolescents in order to help determine whether the program was effective and how much skill development the participants have seen, and adults that have interaction with these adolescents outside of the group, such as probation officers, teachers, and parents, are given information that explains the techniques and terminology that are used in the program (Goldstein & Glick, 1994). "
Abstract This paper looks at the effect of hormonal imbalances on human behavior. The paper looks at thyroid, adrenal, gonadal and placental hormones, PMS, PND, and the chemical basis for how hormones cause depression and other behavioral changes.
Abstract This paper discusses blood glucose and analyzes an experiment, which was conducted to determine the effects of hormones on blood glucose. This paper describes how the experiment was conducted, the materials and methods used, and then discusses and analyzes the results and findings from the experiment. This paper includes charts, graphs, and illustrations that correspond with the data.
From the Paper "Blood glucose (sometimes inaccurately referred to as blood sugar) (Randall et al, 2002), is a measurement of the concentration of glucose in mammalian blood. Glucose is the most vital and direct source of energy for all living organisms, and it is required by virtually all cells all the time. This constant need is satisfied by an efficient system to transport sugar in the blood, via a complex network of hormones and neurotransmitters (Lodish et al, 2004). Thus, the important task of glucose regulation and distribution throughout the body is under the control of numerous chemical messengers. The most common method of studying their functions and interactions is by analyzing the blood glucose levels. This measurement is considered an indicator of the current net result of the hormones' actions relative to each other. A more practical approach is to inject a single hormone and observe its influence on blood glucose. In this experiment, three hormones were investigated using this method: insulin, glucagon and epinephrine (Animal Physiology I Laboratory Manual, Lab 7). Rabbits were chosen as subjects because they are physiologically similar in physiology to humans. Therefore, many of the results and ensuing conclusions of this experiment can be reliably applied to humans."
An overview of cognitive behavior therapy, focusing on the roles of the therapist and patient and how it compares to other therapies used in psychology.
3,720 words (approx. 14.9 pages), 6 sources, 2006, $ 133.95
Abstract This paper discusses cognitive behavioral therapy and the elements of its practice. It also explores the therapist and patient roles of cognitive behavioral therapy, and how it relates to other therapies currently used in psychology. Adlerian therapy, person centered therapy, existential therapy, Gestalt therapy, reality therapy, solution oriented brief therapy, multi-modal therapy, feminist therapy, and rational emotion behavior therapy are discussed and contrasted to traditional cognitive behavioral therapy. Through these comparisons a focus on the central characteristics of these therapies is evident, providing a framework for patients and professionals to determine which therapy would be most effective for the needs of particular patients.
Abstract Distinguishing between types of therapies is beneficial for those seeking to make change within social settings with specific or unique needs. Family centered therapies are one of the many different therapy strategies that can be applied to facilitate change. However while individual therapy tends to be defined as a relationship between two individuals with the purpose of achieving therapeutic change, the family systems therapy approach takes a more integrated process towards the close social units in which the individual seeking therapy resides. This paper identifies differences between the traditional individual therapy style of therapy and the family systems therapy approach.
