Abstract
This paper discusses, from different perspectives, the 1941 attack of the Japanese Imperial Army on Hong Kong and the brutal Japanese occupation there till the end of the War in 1945. It examines three scholarly articles that are seen to relate to the same broad topic of how events during World War II in Asia continue to shape thinking on Japan, more than 50 years later, in matters of power and strategy involving China, Japan, the U.S. and other influences. June Teufel Dreyer is introduced as an American follower of East Asian affairs and the author of an article on Japan and China that seems more American in scope than Asian. Richard J. Aldrich's study of British secret intelligence in Asia during World War II is then discussed in relation to Hong Kong. The third paper is by Kent Fedorowich on a British diplomat's view of Hong Kong before the colony fell to the Japanese.

Outline:
Introduction
On Sino-Japanese Rivalry
Allied Intelligence in World War II - Hong Kong
Hong Kong on the Eve of its Occupation
Concluding Remarks

From the Paper
" When Hong Kong fell to the Japanese, civilians were interned and thousands of Indian, British and Canadian soldiers that had tried to defend the colony became prisoners of war, many of them dying of disease, starvation and general abuse. (CBC 1972) Consulting Greenhous's summary of the 2,000 Canadians defeated at Hong Kong's struggle against the Japanese showed the takeover as something that people in Hong Kong would remember for many years. (1997) The soldiers fought from December 8 to 18, 1941, the Imperial Japanese Army often killing the wounded just as they viciously attacked civilians. When the Japanese took control of the colony the people lived on tiny rations, the actual takeover as brutal as anywhere in Asia the Japanese conquered. The people of Hong Kong till the lapse of 1997 were used to seeing Communist China as a place of oppression and perhaps unwanted designs on the future of Hong Kong, but Japan stayed in mind as the greater enemy, and a potential new threat. "

Tags:British, secret, intelligence, china, colony

Abstract
The paper presents three papers that at first seem unrelated, and pertain in different ways to WWII and the fall of Hong Kong to Japan. The paper then shows how they relate to the same broad topic of how events during World War II in Asia continue to shape thinking on Japan, more than 50 years later, in matters of power and strategy involving China, Japan, the US and other influences.

From the Paper
"This paper refers in different ways to the 1941 attack of the Japanese Imperial Army on Hong Kong and a brutal Japanese occupation till the end of the War in 1945. Three scholarly articles at first seemed very different from one another. In time, they were seen to relate to the same broad topic of how events during World War II in Asia continue to shape thinking on Japan, more than 50 years later, in matters of power and strategy involving China, Japan, the US and other influences. June Teufel Dreyer is introduced as an American follower of East Asian affairs, an..."

Tags:dreyer, aldrich, fedorowich

Abstract
A critique of two articles focusing on Hong Kong's economic development in the post World War II era. The focus of both articles in on the industrialization of Hong Kong.

From the Paper
"This paper will analyze two scholarly articles "Strategies for Rapid Economic Development: The Case of Hong Kong" by Leonard Cheng and "Hong Kong and its Strategic Values for China and Britain" by Cheuk-Wah Chan. Both articles explore the post World War II industrialization of Hong Kong albeit from different perspectives and over different timelines. The two articles are a study in contrasts, however, and not merely in their substantive content but also in their very structure and the quality of their writing. Cheng's article fails to present..."

Tags:Hong Kong, economy, development, post world war II, industrialization

Abstract
This paper explores the ongoing significance of the brutal Japanese occupation in Hong Kong's during World War II. The paper describes impact culturally on Hong Kong and the civilian suffering that took place. Additionally, the paper touches on today's lingering resentment and mistrust of Japan in Hong Kong.

From the Paper
"History can shape cultures over very long periods of time. Hong Kong was invaded by the Japanese in December of 1941 and occupied till the early autumn of 1945, an experience remembered for its brutality that is still a topic of resentment. The occupation of World War II is part of Hong Kong's history and local memory for it harshly affected every family then living, there. Japan's unknowable agenda caused some people in Hong Kong to rather welcome the 1997 lapse to the PRC, aware that their territory would be defended by the Red Army should their worst fears come to pass. The reader..."

Tags:hong kong, ija occupation, xmas 1941

Abstract
The paper explores the declining material and social conditions in Hong Kong during the Second World War. The paper argues that the Japanese had more pressing matters to attend to and had a general lack of interest in the well-being of prisoners.

From the Paper
"Hong Kong has had one of the most diverse political histories in East Asia. It has been the territorial property, colonial possession or occupied territory of at least three countries. One of the most dramatic political developments in Hong Kong was its occupation by the Japanese during the Second World War. The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong did not last a long time. According to Ming K. Chan in "Hong Kong", In September 1945, the British formally received the Japanese surrender and..."

Tags:hong, kong, japan

Abstract
This paper takes a critical look at the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong in December of 1941. The paper points out that the occupation lasted till the early autumn of 1945, and the brutality of the experience is still a topic of resentment. It asserts that the occupation of World War II is part of Hong Kong's history and local memory for it harshly affected every family then living there. The paper adds that Japan's unknowable agenda caused some people in Hong Kong to rather welcome the 1997 lapse to the PRC, aware that their territory would be defended by the Red Army should their worst fears come to pass. The paper concludes that the fall of Hong Kong and the Japanese occupation were shattering events that have shaped Hong Kong's culture and consciousness.

Outline:
Introduction
Taking Hong Kong
A Fighting People
The 21st Century
A Changed Identity?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"One is unsurprised by comments of older people from Hong Kong on a 'Japanese mentality' or condemnation of recent Japanese elections favouring right-wing candidates. Stories still abound of Hong Kong civilians forced to dig hideouts for Japanese boats on Lamma Island, the diggers killed to keep the boats' locations secret. Part of the trouble involves how such horrid events contrasted with a colony of which many Chinese were most proud for Hong Kong had grown from nothing after the 1840s, the work of ordinary immigrants from the Mainland, the British administration working in their favour in years when the Mainland was hopelessly turbulent or just inefficient. In fact, after World War II, people wanted a return to stable government, eschewing decolonization in favour of colonial rule that lasted till 1997. The Japanese occupation had a deep impact, in this sense, as in 1952 proposed liberal reforms were not of interest to the public. Authoritative, stable rule was wanted instead, for the IJA occupation had destroyed Hong Kong's pre-War trading economy based on entrepot shipping and services linking the Chinese treaty ports that were most profitable. Hong Kong was a place of employment, education and hope, different from other European colonies in the region, its atmosphere said to be happier and more harmonious than in British Malaya or Singapore. Its people were often the children or the grandchildren of 19th century migrants, many from Canton, the whole social order differing from that of China, the well to do proud to descend from some ordinary soul to head for Hong Kong to make his fortune, away from the rigid class system of Mainland China, Qing instability and corruption."

Tags:WWII, occupation, invasion

Abstract
This paper recounts Hong Kong's economic history from the time it became a British colony in the mid-19th century until the present. Hong Kong has prevailed as a remarkably prosperous territory since then, surviving various calamities, and has maintained its success even under the rule of the People's Republic of China. The paper concludes that Hong Kong's economic history has produced a distinctive culture that seems permanent, different from what is found in newly industrialized and advancing areas of Mainland China.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The 19th Century
World War II and Beyond
The 1960s and 1970s
The End of British Hong Kong
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In the 1930s, the Global Depression affected all Chinese ports including Hong Kong. Small scale manufacturing engaged many Chinese by this time whereas outsiders tend to think that most people were employed in the port of Hong Kong or its support trades and industries. The completion of the Canton-Kowloon railway was a boon because goods could be moved quickly from the Mainland, undercutting steamers and junks that once took goods to Hong Kong for onward shipping. (Chui, 1973, 55) Also, Chinese business experience allowed many to tough out years of lower demand finding new niche markets in simple goods required elsewhere in East and Southeast Asia. Clan and family networks allowed small profits from goods said to be needed in the Netherlands East Indies or Rangoon or Malaya, the general 'survivability' of the business community seen. In December of 1941, the invasion of the Imperial Japanese Army destroyed nearly built up in a hundred years of activity. No one knows how many local Chinese were murdered, foreigners interned, as Allied soldiers and local reservists tried to defend the colony, many of whom were killed or taken as prisoners of the Japanese. This time is remembered by Hong Kong people as an era of suffering and destruction. (See Banham, 2003)"

Tags:British colony, Britain, United Kingdom, industry trade bank commerce

Abstract
The paper analyzes both the development of the Hong Kong economy into an Asian Tiger in the 1950s and 1960s and the current opportunities provided by reform in China and Hong Kong's retrocession. It also emphasizes the balance between private initiative and investment and the role of the public sector and government finance.

Abstract
The paper begins by examining the main causes of WWII, with a focus on Adolph Hitler and Germany's role as the major aggressor in the conflict. It examines Hitler's philosophies, his anti-Semitic sentiments and his bid to establish the Third Reich. The paper then provides a time-line of events which began with Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939 and ended with the landing of Allied troops in North France on June 6th, 1944 and the dropping of the atom bomb in 1945 which forced Japan into surrendering. The paper concludes with the results of the war and a graph showing the percentage of deaths in each country involved in the war.

From the Paper
"Despite these advances, the summer of 1942 was the worst time period of the war for the Allies. Axis forces were conquering Egypt, penetrated the Caucasus and launched a giant offensive against Stalingrad and sinking Allied shipping fleets and an accelerated rate. But the Axis powers couldn't go on for very much longer. Their militaries were showing signs of wear and were getting tired. But the United States and Russia were just gearing up to fight with their huge reserves. Though the war had been going very badly for the Allied powers up to this point, the turning point came when Britain leveled the Axis in North Africa in October, 1942. Soon after this, on November 8th, 1942, the US invaded Algeria. The Americans and British were soon joined by the French Free Forces of General de Gaulle, and by the regular French forces that were passed to the Allies after the surrender of Admiral Darlan. (History Channel)"

Tags:World, War, II, Pearl, Harbor, Stalingrad, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Axis, Allied, ww2

Abstract
The paper examines how democracy was not a primary concern in the development decades following World War II, despite the American need for this. The paper assesses the desperate circumstances of economic destruction of wartime, the Cold War, and the need to build a secure future. It notes that interest in democracy tended to evolve after the achievement of security. The paper looks at the Japanese aggression in Asia and the resulting power struggle in the region.

From the Paper
"The day of Globalization involves much propaganda to do with 'Democracy', as the path to development. However, 'Democracy', in this sense, means a set of arrangements favouring American or other foreign interests. Examples in Asia show that the state can be developmentally effective, in what the West would see as non-democratic methods, including a rather corporatist relationship with business communities. The political institutions of Democracy need to be historically legitimated, as our day's propaganda of Democracy ignores. It is not a system that can be "applied" in a top-down fashion, as much as American propaganda continues to assert that Democracy belongs in.."

Tags:singapore, hongkong, taiwan