Abstract
This paper argues that Canadian homosexuals face institutional discrimination. This prejudice upholds stereotypes of gays as well as impacts their ability to have equal rights in a free society. Institutional discrimination as a term is defined and applied to the current situation faced by homosexuals in Canada. The author contends that although overt discrimination against homosexuals is disappearing, institutional discrimination maintains the status quo.

From the Paper
"Overt discrimination against homosexuals seems to be disappearing. However, homosexual people in Canada still don't have the same access to institutions that other Canadians do. This would seem to indicate that homosexual Canadians are facing a high degree of institutional discrimination. Institutional discrimination is defined as the policies and or behaviours of an institution that negatively impact subordinate and or minority groups in a society (Pincus 1996: 186). Institutional discrimination of homosexuals is basically used to maintain the dominant status of heterosexuals in Canadian society by excluding homosexuals from these institutions. In order to become full and equal members of Canadian society homosexuals need to be able to be a part of any institution they wish."

Tags:institutional, discrimination, homosexuals

Abstract
This paper explains that Egypt has one of the most egregious records in the world concerning the rights of homosexuals because (1) homosexuality is taboo culturally, socially and politically, (2) gay men are demonized both by the press and public and, (3) for over fifty years, the legislation has made male homosexual conduct criminal. The author points out that a survey of American adults shows that the majority of Americans today attribute homosexuality to genetics and are supportive of extending rights for domestic partnerships and marriage to homosexuals; nonetheless, twenty-two states still have laws which criminalize homosexual behavior between two consenting adults, even when done in private. The paper relates that Netherlands was the first country in the world to recognize full marriage rights for homosexuals because the Dutch argue that people are going to do what they want to do no matter what the law is, so they might as well legalize homosexuality so it can be discussed out in the open and regulated.

Table of Contents
Egypt's Political Stance
The Cairo 52
America's Political Stance
The Netherlands Political Stance
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The law condoning homosexual marriage passed in the lower house with a 109-33 vote and in the upper house with a 49-26 majority; the law went into effect April 1, 2001. When the first homosexual marriages were underway the Vatican denounced what was happening as a "grave danger" but the mayor of Amsterdam responded by saying, "we have gained insight that an institution as important as marriage should be open to everyone." Homosexuals now have marriage rights that are equivalent to that of heterosexuals except that homosexual couples may not adopt children from other countries because of their sensitivities."

Tags:domestic-partner, protection, rights, taboo, behavior

Abstract
The ordination of homosexuals has stirred a great deal of debate across America in recent years, and "ground zero" for this debate must surely be the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. In this paper, the writer argues that those in favor of ordaining homosexual pastors within the ELCA have failed to make convincing arguments for changing the long standing position of denying ordination to homosexuals engaged in a sexual relationship. The traditional by-laws, as well as the long-standing church doctrine of not ordaining homosexuals engaged in sexual relations should stand undisturbed for the very simple yet significant reason that, in deference to the ethics of identity, Christian organizations should behave in accordance with their fundamental religious tenets.

Tags:church, bible, traditions

Abstract
In this article the writer eplains that "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" (DADT) is a military policy where gay, lesbian and bisexual members are required to keep their sexual orientation private and not engage in any sexual activities or conduct that would purport a homosexual lifestyle. This paper analyzes how this policy has failed to integrate homosexuals in the armed forces and has instead exacerbated the issues surrounding the gay ban in the US armed forces. The writer maintains that the DADT, irrespective of whether it had good intentions, has failed. The writer concludes that there is a need for changes in the United States Constitution if gays, lesbians, bisexuals, or transgender are to be integrated in the armed forces, since Congress has the power to deny individuals these rights.

Outline:
Introduction
A Brief History: Don't Ask, Don't Tell, Don't Pursue, Don't Harass
The Failure of the DADT Policy

From the Paper
"The United States is considered one of the most economically advanced countries in the free world; however, they are lagging when it comes to changing policies that stand to benefit the overall economy. As stated by Belkin, increasing amounts of countries are allowing gays and lesbians to serve in the armed forces. Belkin shows that Australia, Canada, Israel, and Britain reversed its gay ban and have transitioned into countries that now have service members that are integrated into the armed forces, irrespective of sexual orientation. Unlike popular anti-gay individuals speculated there was no mass upheavals or unstable periods, when the gay ban was reversed, in fact many homosexuals still preferred not to share the fact that they were gay. With the DADT policy in place, it is unlikely that the United States will ever come close to the removal of gay bans in the armed forces as these countries have."

Tags:DADT, gay, sexual, orientation, armed, forces

Abstract
This paper is a research proposal to investigate how the media portray homosexuality in the news, sitcoms, and advertisements. The paper looks at the imbalance in the positive and negative portrayals of homosexuals and proposes a need for further research in this area.

From the Paper
"Homosexuality is a very popular topic on the news. Homosexuals are portrayed as "unnatural," "threatening to society," and are being harshly scrutinized. Throughout the News, such as ABCNews, the point of argument is whether or not gays should be able to get married or if they should be able to adopt children. Such negativity is not only shown throughout every state but our President of the United States, George Bush, is trying to "redo" the constitution so that homosexuals will be unable to get married or adopt. Public support for a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriages has grown in the last month, leaving the nation split down the middle as President Bush announced his support recently for an amendment(Morris). The implications of this amendment will be negative toward the homosexual community."

Tags:same-sex, marriages, will, and, grace, gays, ellen, out, of, the, closet, lifestyle

Abstract
Nearly everyone knows what is meant by the term "the Holocaust" and about the horrors faced by the Jews inside and outside of concentration camps during this time. There are, however, other facets to this nightmare of history about which relatively few people seem aware. This paper argues that homosexuals, who wore the pink triangles and who were imprisoned, tortured, and murdered in Hitler's concentration camps, are entitled to the same attention from historians, researchers, and the general public.

From the Paper
"An informal survey conducted by the author revealed that while all respondents were familiar with the concept of the Holocaust and knew that Jews were among the persecuted, only 2% had heard of or read about homosexual involvement. Statistics such as these are somewhat surprising, considering that as early as 1933, years before mass numbers of Jews were interred in concentration camps, homosexuals were a principal category of prisoners in Sachsenhausen, Dachau, and Buchenwald. Among the first citizens arrested after Hitler was elected chancellor were directors of homosexual rights organizations (Friedman)."

Tags:Klinker, Brickworks, Dachau, castration

Abstract
This paper examines one of the minority groups targeted by Hitler, the "Pink Triangles", or thousands of homosexuals, the vast majority male, who were imprisoned, tortured, and murdered in Hitler's concentration camps. In particular, it looks at how they never received the same recognition as the Jews and other groups and how they were never offered apologies or reparations from the West German government.

From the Paper
"In addition, gay men were disproportionately chosen for cruel, non-anesthetized medical experiments, including amputation of limbs, abdominal surgery, and experiments to study the effects of phosphorous burns. Also, the most arduous work in the camps was often reserved exclusively for the homosexual prisoners. At Dachau, gays were assigned the job of pushing and pulling a road-impaction roller through the streets from morning to night. At Sachsenhausen, homosexuals made up most of the work force for the Klinker Brickworks, which was known as a "human death mill" (Rector, p. 136)."

Tags:pink, triangles, concentration, camps

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of homosexuals in the school system. The writer explores how the mindset of the system as well as the attitudes of fellow students impacts their self esteem, and their educational experience.

From the Paper
"America is recognized worldwide for its acceptance and encouragement of diversity. One of the final frontiers along those lines has been in the arena of homosexuality. Advocates of the homosexual community have lobbied for the equal treatment of homosexuals in the work place, in civic duty and even in the legal recognition of couples. With all of the advances that have been made in the area of homosexuality there is still a stigma for homosexuals within the American school system. From dealings with administrators, to the bullying that occurs to the bias in general education regarding gender issues, homosexual students are often caught in a compulsory system that makes them feel self conscious and substandard."

Tags:gay, student, education

Abstract
During the twelve years of the Nazi reign, nearly 50,000 men were convicted of the crime of homosexuality. This paper looks at how representations of journalists and historians of the homosexual experience during the Holocaust are compromised by the small number of accounts available in the research, and by the oppression faced by autobiographical reporters. It discusses how by design, Hitler had attempted to squelch any and all threats to his ideology, and in doing so, he succeeded in eradicating the voices of thousands of gay men and women who silently died in the ovens, their harrowing stories taken to their graves.

From the Paper
"When Adolph Hitler ascended to power in 1933, Germany was experiencing a period of severe economic hardship. Charismatically, and very likely operating with a delusional mind, he pledged the downtrodden German people that his regime would create a wondrous future by implementing a grandiose strategy in which a master German race would rise up to dominate Europe and beyond. Hitler's plan to create such a superior race of Aryans required him to exterminate any person who posed a physical, psychological, philosophical or political threat by resisting rigid adherence to his Fascist blueprint of a pure, superior German race. Because the Aryan population was highly constituted with blonde haired, blue-eyed, pale-skinned Caucasians, Hitler became obsessed with a pathological compulsion to exterminate all people who did not fit his prototype of the new master race. "

Tags:aryan, concentration, camp, holocaust, jews

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the history and development of rights of homosexuals in America leading up to the present. The writer cites examples of states, such as Texas, that have intentionally held onto a law prohibiting sodomy as a means to punish homosexual men. The paper includes examples of court cases that illustrate the struggle faced by homosexuals and their supporters for equality.

From the Paper
"The increasing inability of government to legislate sexual behavior, and therefore to regulate homosexuality, does not mean that homosexual rights are a universal inevitability. Attempts to add a clause to the Employment Non-Discrimination Act that would prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation continue to face narrow defeat. Legislators are also at odds regarding efforts to include homosexual bias in the list of hate crimes violations. These examples of continued resistance indicate the kind of ongoing opposition to and revulsion for homosexuality that remain prominent in American society."

Tags:sexuality, rights, Texas, government, discrimination