Abstract This paper examines historically socialdancing in the 20th century, also called couple dancing. The paper describes the five different types: Modern Waltz, Tango, Viennese Waltz, Slow Foxtrot, and Quickstep, all of which are presently danced the world over both socially as well as in dance sport competitions.
From the Paper "Social dancing was derived from the concept of dancing by a couple, usually a man and a lady, in a closed hand. Coming from the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, these dances gained popularity from the standard ballroom dances with diverse rhythms, tempos, and aesthetics. Although all these aspects changed with the change in the social attitudes, the one thing, which remained common through out the history of dancing, is that of the couple dance or the social dances. (Evans 2001)"
Abstract This paper assesses the socialhistory approach and aspects of economic history and middle range theories coupled with smaller concepts or heuristic devices that have been utilised in Dora L. Costa's research "Race and Pregnancy Outcomes in the TwentiethCentury: A Long-Term Comparison". The paper looks at how this piece of research centres on a middle-range theory concerning race and not a metanarrative like Marxism, and subsequently theories concerning the family, kinship, status and community are also subsidiary factors in this research.
From the Paper " Data, can be easily skewed to fit the researcher's hypothesis, and the method used for sample selection; from what class, race, religion etc... that the sample is selected can be 'coloured' by the researcher's opinions of a class, race or religion and/or by what class, race or religion that the researcher belongs to. Some researchers may argue in an a posteriori way and omit or dismiss as "accidental, historical data" which does not support their theory. Many scientists are correct to criticise the "the socially manipulative ideological agendas of much social and historical enquiry" , which is often present-centred and policy orientated .However, a strength of Costa's work is its approach to the problem of multiple causation. As Sewell remarks, the notion of most analysts in simply choosing a prime cause and then trying to convey this through a chronological narrative, is not sufficiently analytical. "
Abstract This paper begins by addressing the history of American twentiethcentury foreign policy as being a conflict between internationalism and isolationism. The paper describes five major periods of transition of twentieth-century American foreign policy and analyzes each. This paper then examines American interventions in the world from the Cold War to the Persian Gulf.
From the Paper "Many foreign policy analysts have noted a conflict between internationalism and isolationism in the history of United States foreign policy. However, the recurrence of these ideas is not coincidence. In fact, as Schonberg (2003) claims in Pursuing the National Interest: Moments of Transition in Twentieth-Century American Foreign Policy, these ideas 'combined with their clear effects on actual policy in every era suggests that their role in the process of foreign policy change should be considered more closely.' (Schonberg, 2003, p. 230) Looking at the five major periods of transition of twentieth-century American foreign policy, the premise of this study will conclude that the U.S. has slacked in living up to the ideal set in motion under the administration of President Woodrow Wilson in committing its armed forces to battle."
Tags: foreign policy, cold war, isolationism, world war II, vietnam, clinton administration, woodrow wilson, internationalism
Abstract This paper argues that the history of Libya in the twentiethcentury was the product of colonialism resistance and revolution. While it must be acknowledged that this description is a generalization and does not fully describe the complexity of Libya's domestic and international political and economic relations during this time, nonetheless this description is broadly accurate. As this essay argues, the twentiethcentury experience of Libya represents a dramatic narrative of Libyan subjection to European colonialism coinciding with a decades long resistance to this oppression and culminating some years after formal independence in revolution and a period of profound social and political transformation.
Abstract This paper answers five specific essay questions on the subject of Mark Mazower's book, "Dark Continent: Europe's TwentiethCentury". This book concentrates on the fact that Europe was a place of absolute bloodshed and social decay until the later part of the TwentiethCentury, and that the Second World War arose from not only the Nazi Party but also these factors.
Abstract This paper discusses the political and societal climate of Iran during this twentiethcentury. The importance of Reza Shah to the beginnings of Iranian history is discussed.
This paper discusses the book "From Out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in Twentieth-Century America," by Dr. Vicki Ruiz, specifically, as it gives voice to Mexican-American women.
2,110 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 2 sources, 2002, $ 66.95
Abstract This paper discusses, from all angles, at home, at work and in the community, Twentieth-Century Mexican-American women, descendents of some of the first immigrants to the United States. The paper reviews Ruiz's book that shows Mexican-America women working for menial wages to help support the family and suffering from stereotypes. The author states that, although often history texts can be dry and lifeless, Ruiz's text comes alive with the voices of the women about whom she writes.
From the Paper "Each of the causes of change was important and devastating, but probably the most devastating was the discovery of gold in California. Mexican-Americans had long made California their home, and some owned extensive ranchos, but California glittered too brightly, and the United States took the country for its own in 1850. The rancho way of life disappeared, especially when the ranchos belonged to women, which was not unusual in Mexican society. Unlike the U.S., Mexican women could and did own their own property, but their title was not recognized when the U. S. annexed California, and they lost much if not all of their land."
Abstract This paper discusses Sun Yat-Sen ("The Father of The Revolution" or the "Father of the Great Republic"), who was was the founder of the contemporary Chinese movement that destroyed the death grip of the Manchu reign upon China. The paper describes his philosophy and nationalism and analyzes his leadership and military genius. It also describes the impact that he had on Chinese history in the twentiethcentury.
From the Paper "Sun's personal magnetism can be characterized in several different physical forms. Even during his exile he was able to leverage significant funds overseas to fund his revolutionary campaign. He received investment from many Southeast Chinese immigrants as well as Europeans who believed in his ideological vision. Another one of his coups was to convince both Russian and American military talents to assist him in assembling and building effective military operations in China. The inevitable result was that Sun was able to establish an organized resistance using Western technology and military weaponry as well as sophisticated military strategy and principles. During this time, Sun could only use his own passion and ideology to convince others, and it is through this magnetism that he became the driving force behind the revolution. It is evident that without his strong adherence and persistence, he would never have been able to succeed in his vision for Chinese revolution."
Abstract This essay discusses Eric Wolf's "Peasant Wars of the TwentiethCentury". The paper examines Wolf's account of the major popular peasant-based revolutions of the twentiethcentury -- in Russia, Mexico, China, Algeria, Cuba, and Viet Nam. William Rodney's work is used to illuminate Wolf's main points.
A discussion of whether the imagery that artists in the twentiethcentury used to portray New York City was manipulated by the artists or were more documentary in nature.
Abstract As America developed in the nineteenth century, large cities sprang up across the nation. In particular, by the twentiethcentury with the help of an influx of immigration, New York City had become a bustling city with well over one million people. Opinions on the quality of city life were mixed, especially among artists. This paper refutes the arguments put forth by cultural historian, Alan Trachtenberg, in his book "Reading American Art", that artists, specifically photographers like Alfred Stieglitz, manipulated their art to convey their individual feelings toward the big city. The paper argues that Trachtenberg unfairly groups all artists that presented urban imagery into the same category. The photography Trachtenberg refers to differs substantially from other photographers and painters that portrayed city life. The paper includes several reproductions of photographs and paintings.
From the Paper "However, most often, the Ashcan artists focused on the city as a collection of individual "microneighborhoods"4 rather than a larger entity. This differs again from Trachtenberg's assertion that the city is most often depicted as picturesque. Again, by inserting people into the picture, the picturesque nature is lost. In comparing Sloan's A Woman's Work to Hine's Playground in a Tenement Alley there are parallels that can be drawn. Both show low class tenements with their laundry hanging out to dry over an alley. Sloan's painting portrays the house work that women must do and suggests that the woman is the one who keeps the house in order. Hine's photo proposes that while the children live in a run down rookery tenement, they are quite satisfied playing baseball."
Tags: Jessie, Tarbox, Beals, Arnold, Genthe, Lewis, Hine, Ashcan, School
Abstract The paper relates that during the Renaissance period, dance acquired a great importance both as a social practice and as an emerging art in the form of ballet. The paper relates that this period is very important in the history of dance because it marked the beginning of women's participation in dancing activities. The paper notes that the choreography of the various types of dances reflected the main ethical principles of the Renaissance society and thus transformed dancing from a merely physical exercise to an artistic practice that was highly educative.
From the Paper "During the Renaissance period, dance acquired a great importance both as a social practice and as an emerging art, in the form of ballet. The main dance treatises that appeared during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries by music masters such as Guglielmo Ebreo of Pesaro, Thoinot Arbeau and Fabritio Caroso contained descriptions of the types of social dances and ballets with their respective choreographies, drawings, musical excerpts and dance tablatures. Such treatises like Ebreo of Pesaro's On the Practice or Art of Dancing or Arbeau's Orchesographie are not only guiding manuals for dancing, but also good documentary sources for the ethics, aesthetics and social etiquette specific to the sixteenth century."
Tags: choreography, ballet, social, etiquette, ethics, theaters, art
Abstract The paper discusses the minimization of the horrors of the twentiethcentury. The paper explains that this has not only led to a disrespectful attitude regarding some of these horrors and their survivors, but has also increased the risk that similar events will occur in the twenty-first century. The paper examines three instances of historical revisionism; one that has lasted almost 70 years, (Holocaust denial) and resulted in an increase in anti-Semitism and two that are just beginning to effect social and political concerns, (the war in Iraq and the crises in Darfur.) The paper shows how accurate historical memories are absolutely essential to the future of the world.
From the Paper "One of the problems that have consistently plagued historians who are seeking to teach history in a manner aimed at solving social problems is the concept of revisionist history. There are a myriad of definitions of revisionist history, many of them tailored to address specific issues that arise as a result of specific historical events. For example, for many years history textbooks in the American south continued to teach about slavery from a context of benevolent paternalism. One problem with historical revisionism is that by minimizing the horrors of the past, one renders oneself powerless to address the very real problems that exist in the present-day as a result of those horrors."
Abstract The paper examines the promotion of social democracy or socialism, at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentiethcentury, led by H.G. Wells, George Bernard Shaw, H.M. Hyndman, George Orwell and Beatrice and Sidney Webb. The paper explains that World War II presented an opportunity to counter the fascism of the enemy with support for a more equitable social structure and government. The paper explores how propaganda was produced in various forms to further this utopian vision. The paper examines how Orwell reacted to these forces in his fiction with the satiric beast fable of "Animal Farm" and the dystopian novel "1984."
From the Paper "Pamphleteering has a long history in England and became a means of expression against government policies in the New World as well. As the mass media developed, the practice of pamphleteering expanded as well as various writers produced not only pamphlets and broadsides but longer essays, books, and other printed material to promote their causes. One of the causes that attracted a good deal of attention was the promotion of social democracy or socialism beginning at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century, notably led by H.G. Wells, George Bernard Shaw, H.M. Hyndman, and Beatrice and Sidney Webb."
Abstract This paper is on "the effects of social darwinism theories", espoused by British sociologist and philosopher Herbert Spencer and others. It also includes what effects did it had on issues of class, ethnicity, and race in European society in the late nineteenth and early twentiethcenturies (up to the first World War).
Abstract This paper explores the difficulties faced by Hispanic-Americans throughout the twentiethcentury. It focuses primarily on their fight to achieve social, economic and political equality in the United States. It covers the time period of 1900 to the present. The author also explores Anglo stereotypes of Hispanics.
From the Paper "The difficulties that Latinos and Latinas have faced and continue to face in achieving social economic and political equality in the United States stem from historical conditions of social contact between a group-in-power and a group-out-of-power. Inevitably this contact has generated discriminatory attitudes, assumptions, judgments and stereotypes about Hispanic-Americans. ..."
