Abstract This paper provides the reader with a look at the history and development of the field of meteorology. How the field began and the chronological unfolding of its components are outlined and explained. There were three sources used to complete this paper.
Tags: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY / SCIENCE HISTORY (DISCOVERIES, THEORIES), historydevelopment meteorology
Abstract This paper discusses the definition of Rabbinical Judaism and examines its historical development. It explores the history of the sect including its roots in Pharisaical doctrine and the Rabbinical movement. It also discusses how the teachings of Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai influenced rabbinical teaching and the importance of Rabbinical Judaism to Jewish history.
From the Paper "Wagner also writes that the ancestry of the Pharisee movement can be traced to the Hasidim of the second century BC, these were the men referred to as pious and saintly in Israel who wanted to maintain a reverence for Mosaic Law among the descendants of the Jews who returned from the Babylonian captivity. The loyalty that these men had to their covenant relationship with God provoked them to instruct the descendants to keep the Law of God even when confronted with pressure from worldly Hellenization by the Greek-oriented, Seleucid monarchy attempted to Hellenize the Jewish people in a myriad of ways and caused the Jews to discard their faith which was based on Mosaic law. (Wagner)"
Tags:history, hasidim, pharisee, messianic, temple, torah, god
Abstract This paper discusses the history and development of the universal automatic computer, the UNIVAC. It describes the new possibilities that were opened up with the UNIVAC for companies and organizations in the US and shows how the UNIVAC paved the way for further funding and development of computers that have led to the modern digital age.
From the Paper "The UNIVAC entered the public spotlight when CBS used it to cover the 1952 presidential election. Reports vary, but UNIVAC predicted the outcome of the election at around 8:30 PM the night of the election after only 1-5% of the votes had been officially counted (Cho, 2004; Deagon, 2001). Onlookers, even at Remington Rand, were dubious that the computer could produce accurate results with such a limited amount of data so quickly. Despite this skepticism, the programming and computational prowess of the UNIVAC ultimately proved accurate. The prediction it made was based on the available counted votes, the history of returns in presidential elections, and past voting habits of people throughout the nation. UNIVAC's original prediction was that Eisenhower would best Adlai Stevenson in the election by a significant margin. UNIVAC predicted 438 electoral votes would go to Eisenhower and only 93 for Stevenson, with 100 to 1 odds in favor of Eisenhower (Cho, 2004)."
Abstract This paper presents an examination of the English language and its origins. The author traces through the three stages of Old English, Middle English, and Modern English and examines the development of language.
From the Paper "The English Language has been built on the backs of great nations and as these nations rose they brought with them a language that has evolved over many generations and is spoken all over the world. The history of the English language is an extensive and colorful one that has filled the lives of the linguistic scholars who have studied it with many hours of reading material. The English language and its origins will be traced through the three stages of Old English, Middle English, and Modern English. The stages will be studied in order to understand what influences have played a key role in the development of English. Also in this paper a look will be taken at the ways slang, jargon, and Colloquialism continue to the changes that English is even now under going."
Tags:development, english, history, midle, modern, old, language, words
Abstract This paper takes the reader on a tour of the history of architecture. It shows that the two main characteristics of good architecture are stability and aestheticism. The writer shows how the Ancient Egyptians managed to build with these characteristic so many years ago and how this has influenced modern architecture today. It compares later uses of material by the Romans and the Egyptians and analyzes which civilization introduced which material.
From the Paper 'The architecture of a building is conceived with two things in mind: Structural stability, and aesthetic design. In all structures, stability is obviously the aspect which takes precedence over aesthetics. A visually stunning building is worth nothing if it cannot stand the test of time. This is an idea which the Egyptians created, and then took to its utmost extreme. Many view the Egyptian style of creation as the father of modern architecture, being as durable as it was stunning. Several common elements of architecture such as pillars were reputedly created by the Egyptians, and these are still used in the creation of modern buildings. The Egyptian engineers had a good grasp of fundamental physics, and the role it must play in the design of structures. The Architects then took this knowledge, and fused it with grand aesthetic design, creating buildings which would become a simple base of reference for all structures which were built in the future. Egyptian civilization is known primarily for the structures it left behind. Most of which still stand, either in whole or in part today. "Although 3000 BC is considered almost prehistoric, the style of architecture which resulted from Egyptian building in this period is one which has endured as a major contribution to modern design and construction styles."
Tags: structure, beauty, stone, steel, brick, style, history, ancient, construction
Abstract This paper provides an overview and background of aramids, in general, and Kevlar, in particular, including its physical properties, its advantages and disadvantages, as well as anticipated future developments and trends in its production. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Advantages and Disadvantages
Future Developments and Trends
Conclusion
From the Paper "Background and Overview. Kevlar is an industrial textile that is most commonly known in the manufacture of bulletproof vests; however, it is also used in the manufacture of composites, and fiber optic and electromechanical cables (Seewald, 1991). Industrial textiles refer to the manufacture of such fabrics as asbestos, glass fibers, carbon fibers and Kevlar, which are produced for the automotive, aerospace sectors of industry (Martin, Penn & Scattergood, 1991). Following the success of nylons in such applications, aromatic nylons known as aramids were created through the condensation of a diamine and terephthalic acid (this is a carboxylic acid that contains a hexagonal benzene ring in its molecules). The close packing of the aromatic polymer chains resulted in a strong, tough, stiff, high-melting fiber that was suitable for use in radial tires, heat- or flame-resistant fabrics, bulletproof clothing, and fiber-reinforced composite materials. DuPont first began to produce Nomex (its trademark for poly-meta-phenylene isophthalamide) in 1961 and Kevlar (the trademarked name of poly-para-phenylene terephthalamide) in 1971 (Stevens & Kauffman, 2004)."
Abstract This paper takes a look at the development and history of LEO, the world's first business computer. LEO was developed by the British catering company J. Lyons, initially through the establishment of a systems research office, which was assigned the task of identifying what potential business improvements could be made by changing processes. Lyons recognized that not only could changing business processes be best achieved by automating the process, the large development costs involved could be recouped because greater automation meant greater efficiency and thus a higher profit margin.
LEO's development began just after the end of the Second World War when Thomas Thompson and Oliver Standingford reported to the J. Lyons board of directors that business office efficiency could be greatly improved by the use of electronic computers. LEO was ready for operations in 1953, and was followed by the appearance of LEO II in 1957 and LEO III in the early 1960's. Ultimately, the paper concludes, LEO could not compete with much larger computer vendors as the computer revolution intensified and expanded, but it is justifiably recognized as the pioneering computer system that began this revolutionary era in business.
Outline:
The Development of LEO through Time
LEO's Influence and Application in the World of Business
Technological Description
From the Paper "As LEO systems developed over time, J. Lyons designers and consultants were guided by the important recognition that unlike most of the computer industry at this time, LEO's approach to computer design and incorporation into business was application-based, not technology-based. In terms of technology, LEO could not compete head to head with computer industry rivals, so J. Lyons' innovative approach to business processes was adapted as LEO evolved into LEO II and LEO III."
Abstract This paper discusses the different criteria that affect the way that individual beings develop themselves. It looks at the way that human development is defined or is greatly influenced by religion, history and environment. The paper then discusses the various differences that can be found in human development as differentiated by the these specific factors.
Table of Contents:
Human Development in Relation to their Social Environment
Age and Rites of Passage
The Family
Social Stratification and Division
The Law
Observation
From the Paper "As societies advanced and progress, laws were created and enforced to address the deviant behaviors of individuals in society. Deviance refers to the non conformity of an individual with the society's social, moral or legal rule. The notion of crimes came into being as a result of the establishment of laws and the legal system. Punishments are imposed that vary in gravity according to the weight of a crime. Laws aimed to create peace and harmony in societies. As societies are flooded with different people from different culture, laws evolve to accommodate and protect their rights. Among countries, treaties are signed to avert aggression against each other. On the other hand, sanctions are imposed on countries that are perceived to be a threat to world peace and security."
This paper traces the history of the development of the study of Sociology and examines the works of its founders , including Marx, Durkheim and Weber.
1,450 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, 2001, $ 48.95
Abstract This paper provides a complete overview of the development of the science of sociology. It focuses on three major players - Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber and their influence on the early stages of the science. It shows how they they helped form the basis for the three general perspectives in sociology: conflict theory, functionalism, and interactionism.
From the paper:
"It was Auguste Comte (1789-1857) who coined the term ?sociology.? He believed this new science should study the question of "how is society possible"? (Bartek/Mullin14) He based his own science on the idea that society is composed of individuals in the same way as a line is composed of points. The focus must be on observations of society and the collections of those individuals. Because of Comte's work, other sociologists began to study the changes in society."
Tags: conflict, theory, functionalism, interactionism, development, history
This paper studies the oppression of women by men as a basis of the development of the family as a social institution and how modernization has changed that.
Abstract This paper examines the family's role as the backbone or core unit of every culture and society, as well as its development throughout history. It examines the roles of the mother and father in the family as well as the development of marriage as an institution.
From the Paper "The modern form of family is the result of a long historical journey. This voyage began thousands of years ago. Many historians believe that the institution of family may not have been clearly defined in the beginning, but it was present all the time. The great historian Will Durant writes in his famous book 'Our Oriental Heritage', "In some African tribes, pregnancy was not attributed to sex, but to the entrance of a 'baloma', or ghost, into the body of a woman while she was bathing; 'a fish has bitten me,' the girl would report." When asked who was the physiological father of her child the question was not understood, the answer was the same; 'a baloma gave her that child?. (1)"
Abstract Canada, while not a major military power, has a long and proud military history, including a far from peaceful past. A brief history of the origins of Canada's military in the 16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries. It examines how these early developments helped form the type of army in existence today.
From the Paper "Canada as such is not a nation possessed of a major military presence or historical traditions. the present day Canadian army officially traces its formal origins from those forces raised to replace the departing British garrisons after confederation in 1867 (1). Before this a formal Canadian Army as such did not exist, or did it? The purpose of this paper is to show that a formal regular military developed during the first decade of the nineteenth century. This force was in addition to the British Imperial garrisons and the militia, which had always existed. From the period just prior to the Conquest of New France in 170 up to the War of 1812, the military in Canada underwent a significant change both in quality and in resulting opinion of their American and European counterparts and superiors. "
Tags: 1812, american, french, history, indian, revolution, war
Abstract This paper looks at the different economic and political developmenthistories of Thailand, Ghana, and Chile. It then compares and contrasts these histories by applying different economic and political development theories to each country. The paper concludes with the finding that each of the countries mentioned has achieved great developmental progress, but they all have a long ways to ago in terms of freedom for their people and their social institutions.
From the Paper "How to best assist developing countries has been a political an economic issue ever since the end of colonization. Three developing areas of particular interest are Thailand, Ghana, and Chile. They each have very different development trajectories, and have gone about developing in very diverse ways. Thailand has actually followed the modernization theory of development, and just needs to continue working on social issues. Ghana in more in line with dependency theory due to its colonial past and has a lot of work to do in the political, economic, and cultural arenas. Chile followed dependency up to a point, when Pinochet took over and led the economy into modernization, leaving much to be desired in the social areas."
Abstract This paper compares the history and development of the Mediterranean civilization to that of the history and development of the civilization of the Near East. The paper compares the political, economic, and social realms, cultural and intellectual ideas, and values and institutions of both civilizations and looks at how each differed in its impact on the creation of Western civilization, as well as the degree of that impact.
From the Paper "Civilization in the ancient Mediterranean (1000 B.C.E. - 500 C.E.) arose out of a number of important causes. First, the location of the Mediterranean area between three continents, and the influence of civilizations like Mesopotamia, India and China nearby. Further, the excellent communication by sea, the mild climate, and the invention of writing were important factors in encouraging the development of civilization in the area (Poiycratis)."
Tags: ancient, mesopotamia, india, china, egyptians, hebrews, iran, afghanistan, sumerians
Abstract The paper examines the general shift in land use in Toronto's Spadina District. The land has been both predominately residential and predominately commercial at different times of the city's history. The paper studies how the size of the district and the changes in the range of dominant uses has affected the development of this district.
From the Paper "A history of urban development in Toronto's Spadina District is challenged by both the size of the district and the changes in the range of dominant uses in the physical space. As this essay will demonstrate, over the past century and a half the district has experienced a general shift in land use from predominantly residential, to commercial, and more recently back to predominantly residential save for retail stores along the major arteries of Spadina, Queen and King. This shift has reflected both changes in the transportation networks in the district, as well as changes in the demographics of the area's population."
