Abstract This paper explains where terrorism has come from and examines the ideological foundations upon which it rests. The writer discusses how, historically, terrorism has always had political roots, where as modernterrorism has emerged as something that is somewhat divorced from this political context. The writer points out that understanding terrorism will provide modern scholars with the resources needed to understand the motivations and future actions of terrorist organizations.
From the Paper "The threat of terrorism has been bandied about in the West since the 2001 attacks on the United States as the preeminent security issue for modern nations. While this may be something of a hyperbole, it is nonetheless true that terrorism does represent a threat to the Western world in at least some instances. But to understand the modern form that terrorism has taken and the real or imagined threat it poses, it is important to have a sense of the historical roots of terrorism."
Abstract This paper examines the historical origins of terrorism from the 1700s to the present. It discusses various revolutions including the Russian Revolution in order to provide perspective to the origins of terrorism. The paper specifically focuses on the era of the Enlightenment during the French and American Revolutions and describes how during this time extreme violence brought the term terrorism to be defined at another level.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Enlightenment, Revolution, and Terrorism Class Revolution and Changing Meanings
Terrorism and the Role of Anarchists
Terrorism and the Russian Revolution
Old and New Terrorism Summary
From the Paper "The source of the terrorism the world knows today is from the era of the Enlightenment. When citizens fought for more rights against the ruling classes various forms of violence arose. Revolutions brought different types of terrorists from moderates to anarchists. The Russian revolution gave examples of revolutionaries rising to become terrorist leaders of the country. Today, the revolutions are not as dramatic; however, the terrorists have clearly become forces to be reckoned with waiting for opportunities to carry out their work."
Abstract This article looks at the history of terrorism from ancient to modern times. The writer defines terrorism and its roots. The writer also discusses different types of terrorism: state terrorism and non-state terrorism. The paper looks at the many forms of terrorism.
Brief Historical Overview of Terrorism Introduction and Purpose
Definition of Terrorism Purpose
Brief History of Terrorism Roots of Terrorism Ancient History
Modern History
Types of Terrorism State Terrorism Non-State Terrorism Responding to Terrorism Identifying Proper Targets
Conclusions
Works Cited
From the Paper "Any academic definition of terrorism would refer to a violent act omitted by individuals or a group not during a war undertaken in order to achieve a political goal. Modern forms of political terrorism became popular ... "
Abstract This paper analyzes America's position regarding global terror and questions whether U.S. wars foster worldwide hatred of Americans. The writer of this paper contends that the ongoing U.S. war on terrorism is misguided and can only promise more terrorism as a result. This paper examines the fundamentals of terrorism, which need to be understood as a means of waging warfare, usually adopted by those who possess significant strategic and militaristic shortcomings. This paper details President Bush's stance on terrorism, which became clear at the September 2002 national debate. In his speech, of which various portions of the text are cited in this paper, Bush laid out what he believed to be the primary function of the U.S. government. While many people have applauded Bush's active policy against terrorism and supported his reasoning behind the war in Iraq, there are those, like former president Jimmy Carter who feel differently. This paper touches on Carter's 2002 speech in which the former presidents brought up a number of problems he had with the movement towards Iraq. This paper also discusses the manner in which the Bush administration has chosen a particular perspective, that is intended to justify the employment of the U.S. military as a tool in rooting out terrorism.
From the Paper "Not everyone has been as enchanted by Bush's war on terrorism as Charles Colson. Jimmy Carter, in his speech to the Nobel committee in December of 2002 brought up a number of the problems he sees with the movement towards Iraq as an aspect of the war on terrorism. He quotes Ralph Bunche as having said, "To suggest that war can prevent war is a base play on words and a despicable form of warmongering." A more concrete objection is the continued unilateral actions of the United States under the Bush regime. He states, "If we accept the premise that the United Nations is the best avenue for maintenance of peace, then the carefully considered decisions of the United Nations Security Council must be enforced." This is a criticism of Bush's continued assertion that the United States needs to continue working through the United Nations, while simultaneously operating without its support."
Tags: u.s., america, war, terror, terrorism, iraq, jimmy, carter, government, political, military
Abstract The paper looks at how nations identify with others that are similar to them and whose enemies value a society they oppose. The paper describes how terrorism is used to achieve a political agenda. Also discussed is the recent move by President Bush away from isolationist foreign policy as a result of the terrorism of 9/11.
From the Paper "At one level, this question is unanswerable in the same way child abuse and rape are incomprehensible. For people who do not believe that violence is ever acceptable except to defend oneself or other innocent people, it is impossible to fathom what would motivate people to harm innocent bystanders, an element in so much of terrorism. But, clearly ? given the number of terrorist acts that occur in the world ? to other people terrorism is something that simply makes good political sense: Realpolitik carried to logical extremes."
Abstract This paper examines the available literature to determine what root cause, if any, is the one legislators and the international community should tackle above all others in their efforts to end terrorism. Suffice it to say, as with domestic crime, finding out how to remedy certain problems before they become bigger problems lies at the heart of successful crime prevention. Moreover with global resources entrusted with fighting international terror stretched to the breaking point as it is, any effort to undercut the precipitating factors giving rise to this global scourge will be well looked upon.
This in-depth paper analyzes the changing role of law enforcement administrators and agencies around the world in the face increasing global terrorism.
Abstract This well-researched paper opens with a comprehensive and historic look into both the American and British law enforcement agencies. The writer of this paper traces the origins of the British Sheriff's office back to the Norman Conquest which took place in 1066. This paper delves into the significant increase of international terrorism while focusing on the effectiveness of various law enforcement agencies in America and around the world in combating this growing problem. This paper discusses the views and opinions of several historians regarding the increase and decrease of crime and terror from the medieval times and up to the present. The writer of this paper examines specific historic events and their resulting impact on global terrorism including the fall of the Soviet Union, the Cold War and the 9/11 terror attacks. This paper analyzes the manner in which the Bush Administration moved to establish additional intelligence and enforcement cooperation among the existing agencies in order to more effectively face terrorist threats such as al-Qaida. This paper contains detailed and in-depth historical facts and dates relevant to this particular topic. This paper also examines the manner in which recent advancements and progress in technology are assisting law enforcement agencies around the world to thwart off potential threats of terror.
From the Paper "Various historians have offered various different reasons for the unexpected decrease in the crime rate during the comparatively modern times, and there were some who assumed that perhaps it was industrialization and urbanization and modernization that contributed to this phenomenon. There were some other scholars and researchers who theorized that in actuality crime had not diminished, but had in fact shifted form bodily assaults that were popular in those times, to crimes that were more or less closely related to property, which also indicated that the nature of crime had shifted from an innate scarcity and paucity, to a greater prosperity as well as a free availability of material goods and possessions during modern times. There is also another form of opinion, which states that the decrease in crime seemed to have happened irrespective of industrialization and urbanization."
Abstract The subject is religious terrorism. Is religious terrorismrooted in religion or politics? There are four major religions that this paper discusses: Christianity, Judasim, Islam, and Hinduism.
A study of the development of international terrorism and counter terrorism, both in general and specifically, since the events of September 11th, 2001.
Abstract This paper focuses on the way counter terrorism and terrorism have changed since 9/11 and the growing role of the U.S. It also looks at the development of 'modern' terrorism and the possible consequences of the continuing War on Terror. It debates whetherr or not September 11th, 2001 can be seen as a day that changed the face of terrorism. It also discusses how since the invasion of Afghanistan, terrorist attacks have become more numerous and high profile although their basic purpose remains the same, to gain attention. It puts forward the view that what has changed about terrorism since 9/11 is the amount of media attention it now controls.
From the Paper "As well as presenting a recent point of reference for terrorist activity, the conflicts in Palestine and Northern Ireland also show two different ways of dealing with the problem, certain aspects of which have been adopted by the United States. In the case of Britain and Northern Ireland, the conflict is one of territory and security for those who want British rule. In Palestine and Israel however, the situation is based purely on territory. This difference in the foundation for the terrorist action seems to have dictated the way in which terrorism has been dealt with. Because of the presence of British citizens in Northern Ireland, and the small section of society that is involved in the unrest , it has been British policy in recent years to try and settle the situation through political sanctions and increased security measures to prevent terrorism."
Abstract The writer of this paper details the large gap between what terrorists can do and how legitimate armies respond to terrorist actions. The writer contends and explains why the main goal of terrorist organizations are to destroy fighting units and lower the morale of citizens around the world. This paper examines the difference between terror and crime while citing the importance of labeling terrorism as warfare. This paper details the manner in which armies have had to alter their operations when dealing with terrorist organizations. The writer illustrates the emergence of terrorism which grew with the end of WWII. The writer delves into the issue of North Korea, which could be labeled as a terrorist nation, due to its nuclear capability. This paper also details the various offensive tactics available to the U.S army to combat terror, by way of technology and weapons. One useful vehicle in combating terror is the UCAV, Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle. This vehicle is essentially a fighter and bomber drone, that costs less to manufacture than manned fighters. Another example of warfare equipment is the Land Warrior, which is a digital system for infantrymen that combines a portable computer, GPS location finding equipment, laser range finder and communications network access.
Table of Contents:
The Modern Terrorist War
The Best Offense is a Good Offense
Conclusion
Endnotes
Works Cited
From the Paper "While the Vietnam war was an example to the American people, if not also the military, of how not to conduct a war in the age of terrorism, the Gulf War "was a supreme example of the power of superior technology. It was indeed the first war where, as one scholar puts it, 'brilliant munitions arrived'." But it was not a complete exercise in total war. It still pitted large masses of men and heavy munitions against each other on open ground. It looked much like a World War II battle, except for the equipment. Shortly after it, one critic noted, "America's fighting forces are still organized and armed to fight hard, fierce battles from fixed bases against an enemy that no longer really exists." The current war in the same region is proving that insight to be more accurate than not. In 2001, immediately after the terrorist attacks on New York City, Hinkle wrote that the nature of foreign threats was changing."
Tags:terror, war, north, korea, history, vietnam, world, war, two, combat, military
Abstract This essay discusses the various legislative responses in the UK to the threat posed to society by modernterrorism. Beginning with the origins of anti-terrorism law in the United Kingdom in response to the troubles in Northern Ireland, the paper subsequently offers a discussion on the Terrorism Act 2000 and the Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act (including the judicial response to the powers conferred under this Act in 'A v Secretary of State for the Home Department'). The writer concludes by attempting to reconcile the two core issues in this matter -namely security of the state versus civil liberties.
Outline:
Abstract
The Origins of UK Anti-Terrorism Law
The Terrorism Act 2000
The Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001
Conclusion
From the Paper "In December 1995, Lord Lloyd of Berwick undertook an inquiry into the adequacy of the UK's counter-terrorism legislation to deal with future terrorist threats . Two important concepts arose from the report which are of significance to the discussion at hand: firstly, that it was the expectation of the Government that whilst the peace process would lead to the receding of the terrorist threat in relation to the Northern Ireland Troubles, the threat of international terrorism would increase and need to be dealt with; and secondly, that consideration had to be given to the UK's obligations under various treaties in international law, predominantly the European Convention on Human Rights, when creating any new anti-terrorism legislation ; thus acknowledging that a balance would have to be drawn between security and liberties and that the Government did not hold a carte blanche to introduce any anti-terror measure that it wished."
Tags: crime, security, human, rights, freedom, IRA
Abstract This paper analyzes the question, posed in Juergensmeyer's book "Terror in the Mind of God," if religion is supposed to preach peace, love and good will toward man then why is it often linked to violence? The answer according to the author is that intrinsically religion deals with ideas and values that matter including: Life, death, good, evil, rewards and punishments. This paper discusses state sponsored terrorism as well as various historic world events including: Josef Stalin's pogroms and the ethnic cleansing in Bosnia and Kosovo. This well-researched paper details the author's views on the Israeli-Palestinian crisis as well as the religious and cultural difference between countries that play an important role in how well people get along.
From the Paper "In 1995, there was a sense of impending change in the relationship between Palestinians and Israelis. The Palestinians seemed closer then ever to being granted official statehood, forcing the Israelis to pull out of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Moderate and more liberal Jews, who held control of the government at that time were preparing to evacuate the settlements to return the land to the Palestinians. More militant groups of Jews, however, were not happy with the new peace and cooperation that seemed to be fomenting between Jews and Palestinians. Hard conservative Rabbi's began speaking out against the actions of the more moderate government."
Abstract The paper explores how international terrorism is related to and often dependent on modern communications technology and the connectivity in our social, economic and personal environment. The paper looks at cyber-terrorism and shows how the spread of terrorism is an almost unavoidable result of the proliferation of electronic media and technology.
Outline:
Introduction
Extremist Groups and Technology
Divergent Groups and Communication
Varieties of Cyber-Terrorism Conclusion
From the Paper "The growth of terrorism in our contemporary world is a fact that is without doubt one of the greatest threats to peace and civilization today. The question that may be asked is why has terrorism become such a global and international threat to the world? Terrorism as a style of protest and even warfare, characterized by the aim of instilling fear and terror in certain countries or people is not something new in history. Terrorism in some form or another is evident, even from a brief glance at human history. However, in our age, terrorism is international and is often coordinated between different countries and regions of the world."
Tags: cyber-terrorism, hackers, Internet, extremist, groups
Abstract This paper shows that George W. Bush's reasons for the war on terrorism are similar to those of his father in the first Persian Gulf War and to those of President Johnson at the start of the Vietnam war. The paper analyzes several of the reasons why these earlier presidents waged war, and illustrates that the strategy behind George W. Bush's war on terrorism is aligned with them.
From the Paper "Presidents Lyndon Johnson and George Bush took the United States to war for remarkably similar reasons. We will see that George W. Bush's reasoning also runs along the same lines. They were convinced that military intervention against North Vietnam, Iraq and Afghanistan was necessary to uphold international order. Failure to respond to these acts of aggression, they contended, would have resulted in the erosion of a stable world."
Tags: George, W., Bush, Presidents, terrorism, cause, and, effect
Abstract This paper explains Baudrillard's argument on "unequal returns" put forth in his article "The Violence of the Global". The paper looks at Baudrillard's analysis of the emergence of terrorism and its gradual prevalence in the period of globalization, as well as his position that universalization, globalization, and terrorism are linked together through the theory of "unequal returns", a process that occurs throughout human history and eventually leads to violence, wars, and, in present times, terrorism.
From the Paper "Baudrillard's discourse posits two important generalizations relating the three concepts enumerated earlier (universalization, globalization, and terrorism). The first assertion that he claimed was that the death, or rather, the suicide of universalization was due to the emergence and eventual dominance of globalization in the modern to post-modern societies. The second assertion that he discussed in the essay was that, due to the 'unequal return' of the opportunities given to the West by the Enlightenment-that is, usage of these positive effects of the Enlightenment and modernism without giving these benefits to other societies in return-societies that have learned to cultivate an anti-universal social culture have later resorted to acts of violence against United States through terrorism."
