Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the threat of terrorism has been bandied about in the West since the 2001 attacks on the United States as the preeminent security issue for modern nations. However, the writer points out that it is important to look at the historical origins of terrorism in order to understand this modern form of the threat. The writer discusses that understanding where terrorism has come from and upon what ideological foundations it rests, will provide modern scholars with the resources needed to understand the motivations and future actions of terrorist organizations.

From the Paper
"While this may be something of a hyperbole, it is nonetheless true that terrorism does represent a threat to the Western world in at least some instances. But to understand the modern form that terrorism has taken and the real or imagined threat it poses, it is important to have a sense of the historical roots of terrorism. "

Tags:history, terrorism, west

Abstract
This paper explains where terrorism has come from and examines the ideological foundations upon which it rests. The writer discusses how, historically, terrorism has always had political roots, where as modern terrorism has emerged as something that is somewhat divorced from this political context. The writer points out that understanding terrorism will provide modern scholars with the resources needed to understand the motivations and future actions of terrorist organizations.

From the Paper
"The threat of terrorism has been bandied about in the West since the 2001 attacks on the United States as the preeminent security issue for modern nations. While this may be something of a hyperbole, it is nonetheless true that terrorism does represent a threat to the Western world in at least some instances. But to understand the modern form that terrorism has taken and the real or imagined threat it poses, it is important to have a sense of the historical roots of terrorism."

Tags:politics, attacks, organizations, enemies, power, threat, anti-Western, sentiments

Abstract
This article looks at the history of terrorism from ancient to modern times. The writer defines terrorism and its roots. The writer also discusses different types of terrorism: state terrorism and non-state terrorism. The paper looks at the many forms of terrorism.


Brief Historical Overview of Terrorism
Introduction and Purpose
Definition of Terrorism
Purpose
Brief History of Terrorism
Roots of Terrorism
Ancient History
Modern History
Types of Terrorism
State Terrorism
Non-State Terrorism
Responding to Terrorism
Identifying Proper Targets
Conclusions
Works Cited

From the Paper
"Any academic definition of terrorism would refer to a violent act omitted by individuals or a group not during a war undertaken in order to achieve a political goal. Modern forms of political terrorism became popular ... "

Tags:terrorism, political science, bioterrorism

Abstract
The paper discusses who promotes and supports terrorism. The paper explains that members of a terrorist organization do not view themselves as promoters of hate and fear, but they call themselves fighters for noble, holy causes. The paper examines the dispute over resources within the Middle East, known as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The paper shows how in reality, terrorism has so little to do with protecting the rights of the oppressed and with true justice being served, but has so much to do with maintaining dictatorial regimes and protecting their dirty business and petty interests.

From the Paper
"Terrorism refers to acts of generalized violence and harmful behaviors, for political, religious or ideological reasons, committed against civilians (Wikipedia, 2007) and individuals with no interest or any implication in the conflicts (non-combatants, uninterested party). Also, terrorism means managing terror for a specific purpose, inducing fear, causing neutral (relative to the supposed conflict) individuals to live their lives under constant threat. Every terrorist attack is a very good, thought-out plan to maximize the destruction and human loss, to increase terror in every way possible. Terrorism works at a psychological level, inducing constant concern, anxiety and a feeling of insecurity. Civilians are non-combatants (Wikipedia, 2007) in the conflict between activists and governments."

Tags:conflict, violence, September, 11, attacks, deaths

Abstract
This paper discusses how historical epidemics like the bubonic plague in Europe in the fourteenth century, the influenza outbreak of 1918-1920, smallpox during the 1960s and AIDS have impacted modern public health care policy and protocols.

From the Paper
" Jonsen and Stryker argue that both historically and in moderntime's epidemics have been responsible for having a monumental impact on the following social institutions. The public health system ..."

Tags:health care, public health policy, epidemics, plague, sanitation, clean water, AIDS, bubonic plague, influenza, smallpox

Abstract
This paper studies historical detection, the use of modern technology and advanced psychological techniques to shed additional light on historical occurrences. Based on the book "After the Fact: the Art of Historical Detection" by J.W. Davidson and M.H. Lytle, the paper applies modern psychology and medicine to the examination of the witchcraft scare in the late seventeenth century in New England.

From the Paper
"Later, social historians studied the everyday activities and commerce of the villagers in the area, using records indicating land ownership and places of residence. They found that at the time, some of the inhabitants of the original Old Town Salem had moved to outlying areas and were setting up another village, incurring the animosities of their neighbors. This explanation is dramatically confirmed when a map is used showing the location of the various persons known to have been involved in the cases: the accusers, the defenders and the accused. It was revealed that those accused of being witches and those who accused them lived on opposite ends of the town. Those who defended the accused lived closest to them, and can be presumed to be friends and neighbors. A study of the politics of the region confirms further that financial interests of the villagers were affected by the efforts of some to move out of the village and begin a settlement of their own. These historians believe that this could explain the intensity of the feelings of animosity that culminated in death for some of the accused witches. In the case of the activities of Salem, a contemporary study of historical documents viewed from a perspective of modern education in the fields of medicine, socio-political dynamics and religious studies has uncovered the answer to a question that has puzzled historians for more than two centuries."

Tags:witchcraft, Salem, New, England, psychology, modern, technology, burn, stake

Abstract
This essay gives the historical and social background of modern art, explains the general ways that modernist work can be seen as uniquely different from art that came before, and looks at two specific examples of modern art's radically different approach. It clearly defines modern art and explains the foundations and philosophy behind art of the past hundred and fifty years.

From the Paper
"When defining and discussing modern art, it is first important to clarify exactly what the term means. Modern art refers primarily to painting, sculpture, and architecture created since the blossoming of technology and modern society. In broader historical thinking, the word modern refers to that time after the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery, however, the modern art movement is generally agreed to have been between the 1860s and 1970s. Like many discussions about art history, these dates are subjective. Painting, sculpture, and architecture from this period of history are called "modern" or "modernist." For many art historians, modern art began with the work of Edward Manet. Manet was one of the first impressionists and modern artists, those who reacted to the very formal and rigid style of painting done inside studios and set by traditional institutions in the nineteenth century. Modernism ended with the start of what many refer to as "post-modernism" in the 1960s and 1970s. This essay will give the historical and social background of modern art, explain the general ways that modernist work can be seen as uniquely different from art that came before, and look at two specific examples of modern art's radically different approach to painting. When compared to Renaissance and other western "traditional art" up to the late nineteenth century, it will be seen that modernism was a totally new paradigm for art."

Tags:architecture, art, modern, painting, sculpture, history, 19th, century, radical, change

Abstract
In this article, the writer first looks at the historical roots of terrorism and claims that it is crucial to understand the history and origins of terror. The writer discusses definitions of terrorism that are both almost impossible and vital if any success is to be accomplished against it. The writer maintains that the problem in today's world is that the media is so influenced by politics and the public that it can hardly report objectively on a phenomenon that is highly emotional on a nationwide and indeed on a global scale. The writer concludes that although it is difficult to devise suggestions for the future, perhaps the best place to start is to redefine the "war" on terror and designate an entirely different term to it. The writer argues that the fight against terrorism needs to be removed from the media and the public to seriously consider strategies for success rather than for popularity.

Part A: The Importance of History in Understanding Terrorism
Part B: Definitions of Terrorism

From the Paper
"History is important in many respects. Indeed, it is a common saying that those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it. This is also true of terrorism on various levels. Terrorism is a particularly dangerous brand of destruction - much more so than common crime. The reason for this is that terrorism tends to operate from a basis of much greater intelligence than crime. Terrorists have a tendency to study history. This is important for two main reasons.
"The first reason is that terrorists who study history can learn from it. They do not make the mistakes as those before them. They improve their operations and apply their lessons in their current operations. The danger behind this is that those who fight them tend not to do this - they do not study history to a very great degree, nor learn from it. The problem is then that a greatly organized force of terrorism is combated with a much less organized homeland force."

Tags:combat, attacks, irrational, violence

Abstract
This paper explores the definition and meaning of terrorism in the wake of September 11. The writer looks at the origins of terrorism, not only as a modern day phenomenon but its occurrence throughout history. The paper also explores terrorism's roots, be it international terrorism, religious based, or domestic terrorism such as the Unabomber and the Oklahoma city attack. The writer focuses on terrorism on American soil, but refers to terrorist attacks in the past throughout the world as well.

From the Paper
"Terrorism, both within the United States and abroad, changed complexion after the mid-1960s, with broader ramifications and greater impact. Several elements combined to make international terrorism easier and more effective: technological advances, resulting in both greater destructiveness and smaller size of weapons; the means available to terrorists for quick movement and rapid communication; and the extensive worldwide connections of the chosen victims."

Tags:terrorist, oklahoma, world, trade, center, arab, militant, hijack, biological, weapons