Abstract
The paper examines water's importance in the history of the world, which can be clearly seen in early civilizations and their dependence upon the availability and location of water. The paper explores how early societies structured their city life, agricultural practices, sanitary systems, and even politics around their sources and uses of water. The paper further examines how the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, India, Hebrews, and the Phoenicians are all examples of "hydraulic" civilizations to varying degrees. The paper concludes that the importance of water can be clearly seen through the locations and achievements of early civilizations.

From the Paper
"An interesting difference between the hydraulic civilizations of India and the hydraulic civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia is the absence of powerful kings and rulers. Whereas the kings and pharaohs of the other societies oversaw the creation of the hydraulic system and forced labor into the construction and maintenance of it, "it is very difficult to square this hypothesis with what is known about the Indus civilization. There is no evidence of kings, slaves, or forced mobilization of labor" (crystalinks)."

Tags:Indus, River, pharaoh, Neolithic, Middle, Kingdom, Faiyum

Abstract
This paper explores the role of water as the impetus behind conflict in the Middle East. The paper concentrates upon four specific hot spots to illustrate the importance of water which include Arab-Israel, Turkey-Syria-Iraq, Iran-Iraq and Egyptian-Sundani-Ethiopian. First, statistics describing water scarcity in the region are presented. Next, the paper discusses the role and importance of water as a political, economic, and strategic tool. Then, the paper focuses upon four particular scenarios for war in the region in which water is likely to play a major role. These four scenarios illustrate the different ways that war may result over historic disputes for control of local water resources. Finally, the option of desalinization is evaluated as a possible mitigating factor against projected future shortages. The paper concludes by stating that in order to promote peace, the nations of the Middle East should seek research and development efforts to provide the region with drinkable fresh water. Several figures are included in the paper.

The paper recommends the promotion of new technologies to increase the availability of drinkable water within the region.

Outline:

Introduction
Water Scarcity: The Statistics
The Strategic Value of Water in the Middle East
Arab-Israeli Water Disputes

From the Paper
"The growing population increases the demand for water, but this is only part of the problem of population growth. High rates of population growth, particularly in urban, crowded areas, further lessen the availability of water through pollution. "Degrading water quality further reduces the availability of fresh water suitable for domestic and agriculture use and increases the cost of treatment and reuse of water" ("World Bank Water Resource Management" 1). Ground water sources do not follow political or social boundaries. As a result, many of the water sources under contention fall within natural land boundaries between different nation states or they pass across several national boundaries. Countries are not free to develop these resources as they wish because the activities in one nation can have profound impacts upon its neighbors."

Tags:water wars, middle east, water desalination, tigris, euphrates, turkey, iraq, iran

Abstract
This paper discusses "Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water," written by Marc Reisner. It specifically focuses on chapter nine, entitled "The Peanut Farmer and the Pork Barrel." The paper discusses the content of chapter nine and then examines the historical importance of the book and of this chapter in particular.

From the Paper
"An interesting point mentioned in chapter nine is that the start of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 was able to stop Tellico in 1973 because of a rare fish that zoologist David Etnier saw while snorkeling in the Little Tennessee - where the Tellico Dam was to be built. Because its habitat was confined to one place, the rare fish, called a "snail darter" (because it darted after snails), made its way onto the endangered species list and thus came into consideration the "protection of habitat" under the NEPA law."

Tags:habitat, endangered, NEPA, water

Abstract
This paper analyzes the effects of water on human health. The author states that not only does water helps with weight loss and prevents headaches, it is essential to staying healthy as water regulates body temperature and removes toxins and wastes. The paper describes the effects of dehydration which in severe cases involve hallucinations and strokes. At the same time, the author also warns of over-hydration and offers some suggestions on how to test drinking water for pollutants and other water-associated diseases.

From the Paper
"The human body is composed of 50-80% water. Blood and muscles contain significant amounts, and approximately 95% of the brain is water. All body systems and organs need water to function properly, and will shut down without it. Most of the chemical reactions that take place in our body need water as their medium. Water is vital to life. We can live without food for a few weeks, but can survive only several days without water. It's essential because unlike other nutrients, water isn't stored in the body. Typically, everyday, we lose around 10 cups of water, just living; urinating, perspiring and breathing."

Tags:dehydration over-hydration thirst, water contaminants, water-borne diseases

Abstract
This paper provides an in-depth explanation of the importance and value of water, providing statistics relating to parts of the world where it is scarce. It also explains the importance of recylcing and not wasting water as well as the need to keep drinking water pure.

Outline:
Water Is a Most Precious Resource
Important Facts about Water
The Increasing Value of Blue Gold or Water
The Effects of Water Scarcity
The United States and Water Scarcity
The Importance of Recycling Water and Preventing Pollution

From the Paper
"Water is invaluable to the global world and to the lives of millions of people who struggle to obtain water. Water is important to economic activities including irrigated agriculture, transportation, hydroelectric energy, and other types of industries (Ghadar, 7). Many people do not realize that over 97% of earth's water can not be used for agriculture, drinking, or other uses (Ghadar, 7). Basically, many people never stop to think about the importance of water because they live in developed countries that have access to plenty of water. What these people fail to realize is that water will become scarce in these countries if water continues to be consumer faster than it is replenished."

Tags:survive, ecological, growth

Abstract
This paper explains that, to understand the importance of water resource management, environmentalists must understand the importance of the geography and political structure of Abu Dhabi, one of seven Emirates in the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.), which is a feudal society with absolute power in the hands of the Sheikh and his ministers, located on the Arabian Peninsula. The author points out that the region has a fragile ecosystem, which already shows the effects from oil exploration, transportation and processing. The paper stresses that water is a precious commodity in the desert and every country in the region is actively investigating the options to make the best and most effective use of this commodity. Many charts, diagrams and illustrations.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Conventional and Unconventional Water Sources
Importance of Water Resource Management

From the Paper
"Environmental protection groups and governments are constantly engaged in a struggle to critically identify the measures that can be taken to protect and save the environment. The need to develop a consistent tool that can be used universally by all countries is increasingly being stressed upon. One such tool is the Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI). A product of the World Economic Forum, the ESI has been created to measure countries based on a wide-ranging and comprehensive set of factors that are designed to 'rank' to country. In reality, many of the issues and the concerns that are displayed in the ESI relate more to the concerns of the Western's more developed nations and many of the developing countries around the world feel pressurized to maintain standards that are not ideal for their situation."

Tags:desalination, fog-water, contamination, sustainability, oil

Abstract
The paper evaluates the importance of water in the normal function of all body systems and organs. The paper explains that the existence of hormones within various glands also play a role in the normal absorption and secretion mechanisms of water within the various body systems, which work to regulate bodily functions on a regular basis whenever possible.

From the Paper
"The human body's general life-sustaining functions and complex processes are critically dependent upon the intake of water in order to survive. The body is comprised of a significant percentage of water and this facilitates body systems and organs to function properly. Without the active and continuous presence of water in the human body, it is highly likely that these functions will fail and will lead to an early death. In sustaining the necessary level of water for all bodily functions, it is critical to identify and comprehend the utilization of hormones as a means of promoting the body's routine operations to function in a normal way at all times. The following discussion will evaluate the significance of hormone function in promoting regulation of water within the human body throughout all functions and systems."

Tags:water, function, hormones

Abstract
This paper explains that with advertising aimed at Americans, through billboards, magazines, and multimedia, bottled water is being promoted everyday and that the recent health craze has pushed the marketing of bottled water to the next level. The writer discusses the importance of water intake as an essential tool for survival while doctors claim that water can help facilitate the healing process. The crystal clear nutrient is often overlooked but should not be forgotten. Water is only second to oxygen in survival.

From the Paper
"Water consumption is crucial to health. In the worst case dehydration can become a literal life-or-death matter. But experts say that far too many individuals fail to recognize the simple but vital role water plays in just plain feeling good. Water has the power to make one feel healthy, revived, and balanced. Water is not the cure-all for every disease but can have an impact. To prove that water will have an impact on the body, go a day without drinking water. No one in his or her right mind would follow this advice because of human instinct. The body's systems would deteriorate and a person would feel run down. Water as it enters the body has several functions. With water being one of the main structures in the body, water intake helps to balance and regulate almost every system. Water is involved in temperature regulation, digesting and then excreting waste. Blood is water based; water lubricates internally, helps in chemical break down of the body's other nutrients, and cushions organs and joints."

Tags:health, marketing, advertising, business, diet, exercise

Abstract
This paper examines an article on sentencing of the Rosenbergs for espionage. It places the trial in the context of the political climate of the 1950s in US and Soviet Union. An article from 1951 attached to the report.

From the Paper
"William R Conklin reported in The New York Times that Judge Irving R Kaufman imposed death sentences on Julius and Ethel Rosenberg after their conviction for stealing the secrets of the atomic bomb for Soviet Russia a third...."

Tags:Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, Soviet Union, Communist Scare