Abstract
This paper explores the use of highly attractive models (HAMS) for advertising beauty products and attempts to settle the question that has plagued the advertising industry and their clients of whether HAMS may actually have a negative impact on the viewer rather than a positive one. The paper sets the research objectives and explores the theoretical basis for the proposal. It also applies the theories to advertising in both the print and television media and examines the research model including key constructs and relationships.

Outline:
Background
Significance
Research Objectives
Theoretical Background
Research Model
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Several theories can be used to explain how people view models in both television and magazine ads. The most well-known is Festinger's social comparison theory, which is the foundation of modern advertising theory. Festinger (1954) introduced the theory that humans possess an innate drive to evaluate their opinions and abilities by comparing them to the opinions and abilities of others. According to this theory, people only evaluate themselves against others that are similar to themselves. If the model is viewed as too different, then they will not use them for social comparison. Stuart Hall introduced the idea that the audience could attribute several possible meanings to the message conveyed by the media and that this message is influenced by the context and cultural background of the receiver (Tomlinson, 1991). "

Tags:television, media, magazine

Abstract
This study uses a social comparison theory as the primary basis for its exploration of body perception in advertising, affects of advertising on self-esteem, and purchase decisions. It explores the theoretical basis of the negative effect and how exposure to highly attractive models (HAMs) affects the intention to buy a beauty product in women with a low opinion of their own body image.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background of Study
Research Problem
Objectives Of The Study
Research Questions
Significance Of The Study
Theoretical Background
Hypotheses
Conceptual Framework for Methodology
Conclusion

From the Paper
"It is important to note that social and clinical research studies over the years have given definite conclusions that show the relation to and affect of media exposure and its representation of the thin body-image as ideal in relation to a negative affect on the women's self-image and lead to body dissatisfaction (Groesz, Levine, & Murnen, 2002). The conclusions and results show that the most common effects of this "thin" ideal body-image is to do with self-image and body unhappiness (e.g., Harrison & Cantor, 1997; Heinberg, Thompson, & Stormer, 1995). Other research into the concept of thin as ideal has demonstrated inconsistent, minimal or no association whatsoever between the two phenomenon (e.g., Champion & Furnham, 1999; e.g., Cash, Cash, & Butters, 1983; Irving, 1990)!"

Tags:image, weight, model

Abstract
This paper examines how sexuality in advertising serves several purposes. The prevalent view is that sex itself is appealing, so it gets people to pay attention to the advertising message surrounding it and there is also a shock value that has become more and more important to some advertisers for the same reason--to get the attention of the consumer. It looks at how American advertisers know that sex sells products and how they use sex in ways both overt and subtle, depending on the product and the campaign. It evaluates how much of our culture is based on physical attractiveness and its power to persuade, to attract, to influence and succeed and how sex is used in advertising as an expression of physical attractiveness. It analyzes how the advertising media clearly believe in the power of physical attractiveness to persuade and how spokespersons for products and other people used in television commercials and print ads tend to be physically attractive far beyond the norm in society.

From the Paper
"Cialdini (1985) discusses the reasons why people are persuaded to take action, and while physical attractiveness is included as one of the reasons for a person's being persuasive, the author notes that recent findings indicate that this is an even greater advantage than it was once believed to be. Attractive people seem to elicit an immediate response from others predisposing these others to accept their message. The research indicates that we automatically assign to attractive individuals certain favorable traits, such as talent, kindness, honesty, and intelligence, and we make these judgments without being aware that we are being influenced by physical attractiveness. Cialdini finds much of this research unsettling for its implications as to how we make decisions, including evidence showing that our judicial system is also influenced by this same factor: "It now appears that unless they have used their attractiveness to commit a crime. . . good-looking people are likely to receive highly favorable treatment in the legal system" (Cialdini, 1985, 167)."

Tags:physical, attractiveness, consumer, campaign, product

Abstract
This paper discusses the similarities and differences between propaganda and advertising. It presents two contrasting models and many examples to show these similarities and differences. The paper concludes by claiming that although propaganda is different from advertising, advertising is not different from propaganda.

Outline:
Model or Paradigm Case
Contrary or Opposite Case
Borderline Case
Related Concept
Invented or Imaginary Case
Social Context
Practical Results
Results in Language
Interior Dialogue
Essay Outline

From the Paper
"Does propaganda depend on one's intent? To what extent is an aim of merely making people aware of something separate from other aims such as trying to get them to change their behavior, or their attitudes? This is a good related concept, because it shares features of advertising and some of the tools of propaganda, but can be done without any intent to change people. It changes the absolute nature of the concepts, and makes on question whether awareness isn't, in itself, a changed state of being--that could possibly change one's perceptions or future behavior, regardless of the intent of the publicist or PR professional's intention."

Tags:advertising, propaganda

Abstract
This paper answers three questions, one on propagandistic advertising, one on libertarianism, and one on the three models of the relation between the individual and the organization.

From the Paper
"It is sometimes claimed that propagandistic advertising infringes on autonomy. Explain the argument for this claim as it is presented in class. In your discussion be sure you focus on propagandistic advertising as opposed to informational advertising. Do you find this argument convincing or not. Why or why not. Regardless of your answer, suppose for a moment that propagandistic advertising does indeed infringe on autonomy. Is this sufficient grounds for holding such advertising to be unjust.
"This last question, from the perspective of one of..."

Tags:propagandistic advertising, mechanistic, organismic, cultural model, libertarianism

Abstract
The paper discusses the positive and negative aspects of advertising in America. The paper asserts that for business to move in positive direction, both negative and positive methods of advertising are necessary to attract business and to save a business. The paper then concludes that, ultimately, advertising plays an essential role in our economic engine.

From the Paper
"Starting with the good, one can ask a question to the readers of this essay, and that is this: What type of ad do you remember the most? And the answers will most likely be "the funny ones" or "the stupid ones" even a commercial one complains about still stays in his/her mind! But that is what the ad writers are trying to do, get people to remember their ad. But the bottom line is that the person remembers the ad and when making a decision to buy something, that brand name comes to mind first. But this again is good; the entire survival of a company depends on the simple act of you buying their product. "

Tags:advertising, consumer, product

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the fact that in today's world, advertisements are not effective enough to cover for any shortcomings of a product. Studies reflect that advertising is no longer held in high esteem by business and this paper takes a look at the reasons for and causes of this lack of faith in advertising.

Contents:
introduction
Marketing
Advertising and Public Relations
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In today's consumer-driven economy, people no longer buy for economic value or reason but because of the influence of images created by advertisement in media, which has become a powerful determinant on the purchasing decisions of consumers (Chen-yu, J. & Seock, Y. (2000). This perception of present-day consumer behavior confirms that in the efforts of businesses to connect with consumer, it has come to a point where the quality of advertising is more important than the quality of a product. Thus, a product may fall short of standards and is inferior to its competitors, but if the advertising done to promote the product is clever and effective, business will be good for the company involved."

Tags:advertising, consumer, market, marketing, pr, promotion, public, relations, sales

Abstract
This essay examines the importance of advertising in today's society and analyses the representation of gender, race and class in today's advertising. The essay argues that gender and racial inequality and stereotyping are very much present in today's advertising and furthermore that this serves advertising needs. It also argues that advertising, combined with technology is a powerful tool in maintaining consumerist culture and that many corporations depend heavily on advertising for profit. Advertising is sophisticated, very well thought through and everywhere. It directly impacts our choices and often mirrors society.

Tags:advertising, media, stereotypes

Abstract
This paper discusses issues regarding advertising to the Baby Boomer generation. The essay argues that Baby Boomers potentially constitute the most profitable consumer group for advertisers but that the generation has become desensitized to modern advertising. It argues that companies and advertisers often miss the mark when advertising to Baby Boomers. Further, the paper asks the question how can advertisers conceive more captivating, credible connections to improve success with the Baby Boomer generation? The essay proposes a research study involving heavy literary analysis to address this question.

Outline:
Organization of the Study
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Review of the Literature
Chapter 3: Challenges for Advertisers to Successfully Target Baby Boomers
Chapter 4: Critical Components in Contemporary Advertisements
Chapter 5: Advertising Tactics and Strategies to Best Connect with Boomers
Chapter 6: Summary and Conclusions

From the Paper
"Baby Boomers constitute the fastest-growing, as well as the wealthiest consumer group not only in the U.S., but in the world, Stroud contends in his 2007 book, The 50-Plus Market: Why the Future Is Age Neutral When It Comes to Marketing and Branding Strategies. Advertisers, however, have not yet taped into this particular market. "

Tags:advertising tactics, age demographic, social context

Abstract
This paper discusses how the differences between the advertising of the 1920s and today are substantial. The advertising of that time was less sophisticated. Products were sold based on their perceived values and usefulness, not simply on sex appeal. The paper further discusses that it is not to say that sex appeal was ignored; products aimed at women often advertised how appealing they would make women feel, or how they would make women appear to men. Coca-Cola and Palmolive soap are products that demonstrate the changes that have taken place in advertising, both in the purpose of advertising and the images associated with it.

From the Paper
"The decade of the 1920s was an era of rapid change. Women scandalized their men as their hemlines rose steadily, reaching the mid-20s "flapper" styles; makeup became popular; and their hairstyles got shorter. Men's fashions became more conservative and geared toward the comfort of the wearer. "Convenience" became the watchword of the day, whether related to clothing, chores, travel, or communication. Almost overnight, the world became a different place, in large part thanks to advertising. Cultural Overview The world was a rapidly changing place in the decade of the "Roaring Twenties." This decade came on the heels of the Progressive Era, which had run out of steam by the beginning of that decade (Miller, 2003, p. 13). "

Tags:advertising, 1920, marketing