Abstract This paper examines how the last decade of the past century has opened up an almost unbelievable world for the ordinary citizens of the world and how the internet has connected people and businesses across the globe. It looks at how this new-world of computers and hightechnology has created a virtual wonderland for criminals and how a new wave of crime has evolved involving computer hackers, computer viruses, identity theft, e-mail fraud and countless other high-tech crimes. It also discusses how the advent of technology has allowed for ease of maintaining order over high-tech transgressions with such developments as instantaneous court transcripts and global satellite monitoring to keep track of probationers.
From the Paper "High-tech crime is a global problem, crossing the boundaries of countries around the world and making it difficult for law enforcement to find the source. The European Union has been taking steps during the last few years to "fight harmful and illegal content on the Internet, to protect intellectual property and personal data, to promote electronic commerce and the use of electronic signatures and to enhance the security of transactions" (EU pg). Agencies in the United States and Europe are setting up communication networks that will enable countries to share vital information regarding cyber-crime. EU Commissioner for Justice and Home Affairs considers cyber-crime a main priority to "establish an area of freedom, security and justice in Europe" (EU pg).
The Federal Bureau of Investigation provides links on its web site for consumers to report Internet fraud, as well as other consumer protection web sites that provide information regarding fraud protection (Internet pg)."
Abstract This paper initially describes how the development of the Internet and
e-commerce, in particular, have resulted in the Web becoming a new arena for criminal activities. The author then explores how the Internet has also afforded the authorities the means and methods of combating not only cybercrime but other types of criminal behavior. Some of these methods are detailed, such as the police being able to disseminate information about criminals to the public via their official Websites. Other advanced technologies for fighting crime via the Internet are also described.
From the Paper "One of the most obvious and successful ways of combating crime through the technological opportunities on the Internet, is the use of the Web's unique information sharing and data storing facilities. The fact that the Internet can instantly update and provide interactive access to the latest data has been used with great success by law enforcement agencies. This is often facilitated by interaction between the public and law enforcement agencies via online websites. For example, the police can disseminate information about criminals and criminal profiles to the public via their official Websites. This can lead to an interactive process where the public can contact the authorities immediately via email or online response systems with information that they may have about criminals."
Abstract The paper describes all the ills present in modern society and shows how high-technology can be used to right these problems. The paper continues by discussing how, despite the use of technology, society continues to be plagued by poverty and unhappiness. The paper then describes the world in Huxley's book "Brave New World" where technology has rearranged the world and men. The paper analyzes the book with the premise that technology exists to serve and help achieve the purpose of man, not to frustrate or replace it. The paper shows how the citizens of Huxley's New World are programmed to seek false happiness by searching for objectives and personal truths which make life meaningful. The paper concludes that personal responsibility and accountability is the only real solution to the world's ills.
From the Paper "In the New World, the conscience is stifled from birth, and should it show up in the form of unpleasant feelings of anxiety when a citizen breaks one of the universal laws pre-written in him, the soma is available to dull or stifle that moral twang or uneasiness in an instant. The erring person can feel "good" and moral within himself again. The soma is the New World's approach to the pain of conscience, not to the issue that brings pain to the conscience, and hence the sedation is as false as the entire principle of this New World."
Abstract The three authors discussed in this paper all present different visions of problems and issues confronting humanity in the hightechnology era. However, while Franklin tends to discuss the socio-economic implications of technology from a more generalized perspective - given her larger text with its wider thematic focus - both Drucker and Postman represent the hightechnology era in stark terms of "winners and losers".
Abstract This paper explains that the northwestern states of Oregon, Idaho and Washington were highly dependent on their natural resources for economic survival; however, old industries are no longer supporting the growing population and new clean industries, especially those which involve hightechnology, must be lured to these states. The author points out that Washington already has become a wealthier state having Microsoft as one of its major corporations; Oregon is attempting to attract similar industries and may be quite successful because it is creating a statewide Intranet structure, which will support this type of industry, but Idaho does not have the well-developed urban centers or the nationally recognized educational facilities of either Washington or Oregon. The paper summarizes that to attract high tech business, less industrial states must be concerned with (1) the quality of their education including the university level, (2) must work with high tech industries to create a positive business climate and (3) be willing to continually update state-wide Internets, both hardware and software.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Technology Business in Washington State
Evolution of the Industry in Washington
Biotechnology and General Research in Washington State
Technology Business in Oregon State
Employment Growth in Oregon
Strategies for Attracting High Tech Business
State of Oregon Five Year Plan
High Capacity, High Availability Networks for Oregon
Technology Business in The State of Idaho
INEEL, Idaho's Largest Technology Employer
Idaho's Plan for State-wide Electronic Infrastructure
Conclusion
From the Paper "However, in order too achieve its goals, the INEEL must address two essential issues. First, it must close the gap between the amount of money provided by the Department of Energy for environmental cleanup and the cost of meeting current regulatory requirements. Second, the INEEL must undergo a successful revitalization effort. Laboratory revitalization includes making sure the INEEL has the right people with the right technical skills to do the jobs assigned. It also includes improving the quality of laboratory science and making sure appropriate investments are made in facilities and equipment."
Abstract This paper is a research on the possibility of controlling organized crime. The author identifies drug trafficking, advancements in technology, and cultural problems in today's society as three problems that have major relevance and ties to organized crime and discusses how these factors led to the rise of organized crime in recent years. The author also discusses five different behavioral theories to aid the understanding of why individuals choose to lead lives the way they do. The paper also suggests potential solutions that federal departments in the U.S, such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Department of Defense can adopt in enforcement efforts against organized crime.
Outline:
Drug Trafficking
Advancements in Technology Cultural Problems
Methodology
Anomie Theory
Differential Association
Differential Opportunity
Social Control Theory
Subcultures and Social Disorganization
Potential Solutions
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "The mere mention of organized crime sends a chill through our people, and is a sometimes overlooked word that is always associated with television and movie fantasy. So the question still remains. How do we control organized crime? That will be the main topic of our research, and with empirical data and research, supporting articles and documents, and statistical research, we will work a theory on how organized crime may somehow be controlled. We must look at the big picture and how organized crime affects our society. We look at the picture and break it down individually to the very root of it. This question is a question that will always be asked of not only of our nation, but also of the international community. Organized crime is not only a prevalent issue in our American society, but also that of many other countries."
Tags: behavioral theories, law and policy, drug trafficking, society culture technology
Abstract The paper discusses the threat modern organized crime poses to society and the way that transnational crime has increased this threat. The paper explores how the modern technological environment and volatile conditions in many parts of the world provide a lucrative environment for organized crime. The paper further shows how international organized crime functions with the assistance of various governments in the world that makes its detection much harder.
Outline:
Introduction and Overview
The Extent of Organized Crime The Involvement of Governments
The Dynamics of International Organized Crime Government and Organized Crime Conclusion
From the Paper "A common definition of organized crime is, "Widespread criminal activities, such as prostitution, interstate theft, or illegal gambling, that occur within a centrally controlled formal structure" ( Dictionary: organized crime). The emphasis in this definition is on the elements of control and formal structure, which differentiates this form of crime from other categories of crime.
"The definition of organized crime however becomes extended when the element of international or transnational crime is added. This means that the organization and activities of crime takes place across a much larger and more complex area and that the effect of this type of crime is more extensive and pervasive."
Abstract This paper analyzes the V-Chip technology from a public policy point of view, with focus on its impact on juvenile crime. The paper opens by describing how juvenile crime is on the rise and how many feel there is a link between television violence and juvenile crime. The author then discusses how and why the V-Chip was developed as part of a public policy allowing parents to control access to television programs by their children. The paper then shifts to an evaluation of the technology, why it hasn't been successful, and why it's not a good public policy to be mandated by the government. The author closes by offering some suggestions as to how juvenile crime can be reduced by treating the underlying causes.
Abstract This paper talks about the distorted picture created of the crime conditions in Europe and, in particular, in Britain, as a result of the volume of crimes that are committed, but unreported. The paper explains some of the reasons that crimes go unreported and how these unreported crimes, commonly referred to as 'the dark figure of crime', affect the overall picture of crime in a country. An example is given of U.S. crime rates, where violent crime rates have always been perceived to be high, but, in actuality, are lower than violent crime rates in industrialized nations in Europe.
From the Paper "The amount of crime in society gets known when it is reported to the police, through public response to victim surveys and studies of offenders who admit committing crime, and when transmitted to other agencies, such as hospital accident wards, battered women's refuge centers and similar ones (Young 2001). Other than these, the amount of crime committed is unknown. That unknown volume (of crime) that does not get reported, thus not registered, in criminal statistics, constitutes the dark figure of crime."
Abstract The writer provides an overview of organized crime in the past and how it is manifested today. The paper looks at drug deals that have become the dominant issue and discusses what law enforcement agencies across the nation are doing to combat organized crime. The paper explains that today law enforcement agencies have to contend with the technological abilities organized crime groups have to commit fraud and identity theft.
Outline:
Introduction
History
Then and Now
Today
Law Enforcement Efforts
Conclusion
From the Paper "A bank finds out that its largest account holder has been laundering money into international accounts for months. That bank may be the victim of organized crime. A drug deal out of Florida turns up 100 kilos of cocaine that was supposed to be shipped across America. This was most likely the work of organized crime. A businessman walking down the street is shot through the head with a single bullet, and police later discover he was preparing double sets of books for one of his accounting clients. This man may have been the victim of organized crime."
This paper covers some recent research into white-collar crime and ties it in with the rational-choice theory of crime. This paper focuses more on the causal aspect of white-collar crime than on the outcome aspect of it.
Abstract This paper discusses how the existing stereotype of a white-collar offender as a high-ranking executive may be flawed. The demographics of white-collar offenders suggest most of them are middle-class white males. It looks at the theories as to why such people would commit these crimes and explains that most theories center on the rational-choice decision making process because of the protracted and diligent nature of white-collar crimes. It further discusses how, within the white-collar inmate community, there also appear to be two separate pathways to white-collar crime: one marked by previous run-ins with the law before turning to white-collar crime, and the other one marked by no run-ins with the law.
From the Paper "White-collar crime has gained increased notoriety in recent years with the downfall of Enron, WorldCom, and insider trading by Martha Stewart. Despite its increased awareness in the public, its etiology is not well known. One of the main reasons for criminologists' naivete regarding white-collar crime is the lack of scientific research on the topic. The relative lack of data arises from an array of political, sociological, penological, and funding issues. The data that is available to researchers indicates that the existing stereotype of white-collar crime offenders is flawed."
Abstract The writer of this well-researched paper focuses on the consistent rise in both computer and internet related crimes in the U.S. and the United Kingdom, as well as the strategies that have been implemented to fight these illegal acts. This paper supplies relevant statistics and data regarding this particular topic. The writer contends and details why the term cyber-crime falls into three basic categories: Software piracy, electronic break-ins and computer sabotage. This paper cites several cases of cyber-terrorism, in which computer hackers shut down various public and/or government computer websites, including those of the CIA, FBI and the U.S. Air Force. This paper also delves into the various measures taken to prevent cyber-crimes including: The European Union, which established the Committee of Experts on Crime in Cyberspace, which drafted a binding convention to facilitate international cooperation in the investigation and prosecution of individuals suspected of computer crimes. The U.S. has also developed legislation that deals with specific forms of cyber-crimes, as well as providing copyright protection for various computer programs, which are now recognized by the courts.
From the Paper "Not all attacks are external. Sabotage by employees can also occur. The above Trade and Industry survey also found that almost a third of UK firms had dealt with up to five disciplinary cases of Internet abuse in 2002. Carelessness by employees is almost as threatening as intentional crime. Users make passwords too simple, reveal them when asked, or write them on a post-it near their PC. Carelessness can be countered by the implementation and enforcement of systems use policies and training.
Lastly, because of the fear of terrorism since 9/11, numerous cities throughout the United States have put together disaster plans as well as had practice drills in case the worst occurs. It may be just as important to prepare for the worst for cybercrimes."
Abstract This paper looks specifically at comparisons between the psychological effects of bias crimes and non-bias crimes, the role of the media, prevention and the role of the justice system using two specific case studies. It examines two high-profile murder cases-those of Matthew Shepard in 1998 and Danny Overstreet in 2000.
From the Paper "In a study comparing the psychological distress suffered by victims of hate crimes and of unbiased crimes, evidence was found to the effect that the former were more likely to suffer greater psychological distress than the latter (Herek, Gillis and Cogan, 1999). Approximately two-thousand subjects from Sacramento, California, participated in the research and the sample included equal numbers of men and women. After a period of five years, victims of hate crimes reported greater levels of anxiety, anger towards the attacker, depression, and traumatic stress. They were also more likely to "regard the world as unsafe" (p. 949)."
Abstract This paper identifies the difficulties faced in developing a new generation of high-efficiency grinding technologies. This paper points out solutions for a step change to realize higher productivity, better product quality and economic efficiency.
From the Paper "Grinding is one of the most commonly used machining processes in industry and is considered a precision machining process because of its good size and form accuracy. Grinding competes with other machining processes such as ..."
Abstract The paper illustrates how thieves who learn how to operate computers can now locate and steal funds from people they will never meet and how viruses can be sent out that will wreak havoc on an unsuspecting group. The paper addresses the obstacles involved in halting Internet crimes. The paper explains that while many states and countries are working to design laws addressing cyber crimes, it won't help when multiple jurisdictions are involved. The paper contends that the best protection against cyber criminals will be to enact global laws that are universal by nature, regardless of where the crime originates or ends. The paper concludes that rather than stop using the Internet, the time has come to enact legislation that will provide stronger sentences to those who commit Internet crimes.
Outline:
Introduction
Types of Crimes An Overview
How It Is Done
Laws
The Future
Conclusion
From the Paper "The technological boom of the past few decades has taken mankind to heights never before dreamed possible. Today, with the click of a mouse one can book travel, manage funds, or shop around the world. Along with the freedoms and new opportunities that the Internet provides the cyber world has opened an entirely new avenue for criminals to explore. Cyber crime has exploded in many areas around the world.
"We hear about different types of cyber crime every day from business having someone break into their company and taking computers with thousands of peoples personal information to a sexual predator luring an under age girl to his place. How is our law enforcement working to stop these kinds of crimes?"
