Abstract
This paper explains that Frances Henry and Effie Ginzberg's research revealed the apparent bias of the authors as well as their willingness to predicate their research based on their questionable methodology that was only "quasi-experimental" in nature. The author points out his or her critical concern about Henry and Ginzberg's definition of discrimination and whether or not they are being unjustly harsh in their assessment of many common employment practices. The paper relates that, nonetheless, there are strengths in the article such as having black testers and white testers apply for the same position and go to the same place to be interviewed, which makes possible a very good comparative analysis. The authors stresses that these in-person interviews rely upon anecdotal evidence collected at the site by the tester and not upon any independent statistical analysis.

From the Paper
"The problem with having professional actors is that they are obviously not playing themselves; suffice it to say, a case can be made that the in-person testing process was not as authentic as it should have been because thespians were trying to be someone else - as opposed to having ordinary people play themselves in the job interview process without affectation. The biggest problem I see in the decision of Henry and Ginzberg to use professional performers is that professional actors in such a circumstance could "ape" certain mannerisms or employ stereotypical behavior that might in some way distort the outcome of the interview."

Tags:language, comparative, bias, anecdotal, actors

Abstract
This compares the two books "Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, & a Dream" by H. G. Bissinger and "Hardball: A Season in the Projects" by Daniel Coyle. Both books deal with the subject of sports and racial discrimination.

Tags:sports, racial, discrimination

Abstract
The paper explains that the federal and state systems of government may differ in their application of employment laws. The author points out examples of an employment protection that is provided by the state of California, but not by the federal system. The paper discusses anti-discrimination employment laws, in general.

From the Paper
"Martin Jenkins in "Chain Store Age" explains that the Civil Rights Act of ... prohibits discrimination in a broad array of private conduct including public accommodations governmental services and education. Title VII of the Act prohibits employment discrimination based on race, sex, color, religion and national origin. The Act prohibits discrimination against the aforementioned protected classes in the areas of recruitment, hiring, wages, assignment, promotions, benefits, discipline, discharge, layoffs and almost every aspect of employment. In response to challenges in the Courts, ..."

Tags:State law, federal law, employment law

Abstract
A five-page Employment Law paper dealing with racial discrimination in the workplace, some of the legal statutes currently in place to address the phenomenon, and various forms of discrimination in corporations.

Abstract
This paper discusses the meaning of corporate racial discrimination, its consequences, the response of the firms that are allegedly practicing it and the methods of fostering corporate diversity. Racial discrimination is referred to any set of actions that discriminate on the basis of race, color, cast or creed. It shows how in the corporate world, racial discrimination can take the form of categorizing employees, customers and suppliers on the basis of their race, cast, color, or creed by treating them in a relatively negative way as compared to other races. It explains racial discrimination through the example of two different companies, Denny's, a food service chain in the United States ,and Texaco Inc. regarding their treatment of minority workers and the consequences of the allegations of their action.

From the Paper
"In 1993, six US Secret Service agents who happened to be African-Americans went to Denny's for breakfast. After waiting for a considerable period of time and complaining to the manager, when they still did not get served, they filed a class-action race-discrimination lawsuit against Denny's. Not only did the management at Denny's had to respond to this lawsuit but they were further forced to deal with the myriad complaints and lawsuits that followed this event. As a consequence of racial discrimination that was being practiced at Denny's, the firm had to pay $54 million to 294,000 discriminated customers and their lawyers (Abes et.al, 2000). Furthermore, Denny's was obliged into signing a decree with the US Justice Department where the firm agreed to publicize non-discriminatory policies and retrain existing employees about the same. Moreover the firm's outlets came under the constant supervision of the Justice Department, for the following seven years, where they would be judged continually for any evidence of racial discrimination."

Tags:race, creed, color, dennys, texaco, african, americans

Abstract
This paper discusses the impact of racial discrimination on the developmental process, focusing on the effects of racism and the mitigating role of protecting factors. A concise definition of racism is given based on the systematic discrimination against others. The effect of racism on the developmental process is examined through the presentation and examination of a model of racial identity. The impact of racism on self-esteem is also studied by defining and exploring models of self-esteem. Protecting factors are presented to explain the results of research findings on increased levels of self-esteem in African Americans relative to Caucasian Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans and Native Americans. A review of previous research findings concludes that while racism does negatively impact African American, a unique protecting factor appears to have an increasingly mitigating effect on levels of self-esteem.

Outline
Effects of Racism on Self-Esteem
Historical Perspective
Current Impact
Developmental Perspective
Protecting Factors
Conclusion
Results
Discussion

From the Paper
"According to Quintana (2007) holding stereotypical beliefs about racial groups is not necessarily a problem in itself, even if it's negative. However, it does become a problem when it influences the way individuals treat others based on stereotypical beliefs, and in general, the stereotypical beliefs about African American's are much more negative than those held about other minority groups. In their research on the social construction of Race, Shih et al. (2007) asserted that, there are larger trait and characteristic variations within than between races, and that no single human characteristic can be identified as exclusive to a particular race or group to the exclusion of other races. "

Tags:Blacks, self-confidence, prejudice, children, youth

Abstract
This paper commences the history of racial discrimination laws with the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which outlawed discriminatory practices against blacks; post Civil-War legislatures desired the unification of the country and attempted to reconcile the living conditions for Black Freedmen. The author pointed out that the New Deal was important because it created a social accountability system, which had not existed and eliminated some of the social, political and economic problems, although the exclusionary zoning of this period proliferated the idea of segregation. The paper relates that the Civil Rights Movement and the Brown decision were pivotal because they set a precedence for the equal treatment of blacks at public facilities.

Table of Contents
Literature Review
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Racial Zoning Laws
The New Deal and Federal Government Discriminatory Housing Polices
Federal Policy after WWII
Events Leading to the Passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1968
Review of Key Debates and Lessons Learned

From the Paper
"Paulson goes on to state that the presidential vetoes and the overall message sent by President Johnson persuaded republicans that a constitutional amendment would be the only way to ensure the civil rights of White Unionists and Black freedmen living in the South. Furthermore, they thought the amendment was necessary to avoid a future Democratic-controlled Congress from abolishing the Civil Rights Act or other important wartime legislation. The result of these efforts was the fourteenth amendment, which the author describes as complex, disingenuous and using ambiguous language."

Tags:unification, new-deal, social-accountability, zoning, brown

Abstract
The paper examines the article "Judging Judicial Discretion: Legal Factors and Racial Discrimination in Sentencing" where the authors attempt to determine whether judges in Maryland are racially discriminatory in their sentencing decisions. The paper studies their hypothesis that even in a state with voluntary sentencing guidelines, African-American offenders are being sentenced more harshly than whites. The paper looks at the trend the authors discovered regarding judges hiding behind legal factors to issue disparate sentences and agrees with the authors' conclusion that discrimination is happening in sentencing.

From the Paper
"The authors first started by explaining previous research on racial discrimination in sentencing. The issue of warranted and unwarranted disparity was very important to understanding the different approaches to this topic. As discussed in our textbook, African Americans tend to have longer criminal histories and they are charged with more serious crimes. In the article it was explained that most researchers separate warranted disparity, such as a harsher sentence because of a long criminal history, and unwarranted disparity, which can only be explained by race or other extra-legal influences on the sentencing decision (Bushway & Piehl, 2001). The authors state, "there is little evidence of direct racial discrimination once these legal factors are included in the statistical models" (Bushway & Piehl, 2001, p. 734). However, the authors contend that by taking out the warranted cases the discrimination is actually masked because there is disparity in those cases. This is discussed further in their findings."

Tags:judges, African-Americans, whites, guidelines, terms, prison, probation

Abstract
This paper discusses how racial discrimination has been prevalent for decades and how discrimination and prejudice against others continues to be widespread throughout the United States. It attempts to show how, by recognizing the individual and societal costs, as well as subtle expressions of prejudice, there is an increased chance of ending these outdated injustices.

Outline
Introduction
Individual Costs
Hostile Workplaces
Residential Segregation
Continuing Dilemma
Diversity
Examples
Conclusion

From the Paper
"It has been noted that ?many, if not most, historically white workplaces have a hostile racial climate (grove.ufl.edu/~feagin/costs1.htm).? This is due to the fact that ?most whites still harbor racist images, stereotypes, and propensities to discriminate against African Americans. Under the right circumstances, such stereotypes and prejudices play themselves out in subtly racist actions by whites (grove.ufl.edu/~feagin/costs1.htm).? While discrimination by fellow employees is appalling, when it is ?colluded in or made light of by higher-level and more powerful authorities, including immediate supervisors, top corporate executives, political leaders, and judges, its impact can be even more lasting and painful."

Tags:prejudice, segregation

Abstract
This paper examines racial discrimination, as enforced through law enforcement personnel and in clear violation of the U.S Constitution. It discusses three landmark cases where the same racial justice in America was differently interpreted and the impact on the performance of the duty of the law enforcement officers. The cases are Mapp vs. Ohio, 1961; Terry vs. Ohio, 1968; and Miranda vs. Arizona, 1966.

From the Paper
"In the Miranda vs. Arizona case, petitioner Ernesto Miranda was taken into custody from his home and locked up in the Phoenix Police lock up facility. Upon identification by the complaining witness, Miranda was taken in to one of the interrogations rooms of the police station, and questioned by police officers. Miranda was not advised of his constitutional rights, nor his right to an attorney. Instead, Miranda was made to a sign a pre-typed statement, where-in it was categorically typed and mentioned that the confession by him was voluntarily made, was without any threats, or promises of immunity, and "with full knowledge of my legal rights, understanding any statement I make may be used against me". (Miranda v. Arizona, 1966)."

Tags:miranda, arizona, ohio, blacks, police