Abstract
This paper discusses hegemonic masculinity which is defined as masculinity constructed in relation to the various subordinate masculinities as well as in relation to women. The paper shows how this topic is demonstrated in three sociology texts: "Riding The Bull at Gilley's" by Scully and Marolla, "Selling Crack" by Anderson, and "Fraternities and Rape on Campus" by Martin and Hummer. The paper shows that these articles name hegemonic masculinity as one of the main culprits to the social problem they address.

From the Paper
"Many offenders believe that they have the right, because they are men, to discipline and punish women. Rape is used to "put women in their place." Thus the men prove their "manhood." The most disturbing scenario involves the idea of an "added bonus." The men in these situations were burglarizing a residence and figured "why not" rape the homeowner, after realizing they were in control of the situation. The last type of rape was that of sexual access. When a woman was unwilling or unavailable, the rapist is able to seize what is not offered, rape of conquest. Many of these rapes involve white victims and black perpetrators.
Overall, most of the rapists suggest that they believe their victims deserved being raped or were "asking for it." Many also felt that they had not committed a crime at all. In the final analysis, it was found that dominance was the objective of most rapes. To dominate a subordinate group in order to prove his masculinity, a man is engaging in a show of hegemonic masculinity."

Tags:unstructured, interviewing, homosexual, collective, liability, hypermasculinity

Abstract
This paper is a series of one-page responses that both define and discuss the terms hegemonic masculinity, ideal femininity, compulsory heterosexuality, and transgendered sexuality. Each term is discussed on a single page. The paper relates that class notes on the "Brandon Teena/Tina Brandon case were used to complete part of this assignment.

From the Paper
"Both Rose Acker and Judith Lorber use the term "hegemonic masculinity." Lorber makes brief mention of the term, explaining that the masculinity of the male body itself is what makes men superior to women. The celebration of the male form over that of women, therefore, is what makes it possible for men to dominate women. Acker uses the same source as Lorber for this term, so it is not difficult to understand why their observations are so similar. Acker defines hegemonic masculinity as being the kind of male that is similar to comic..."

Tags:transgendered, femininity, masculinity

Abstract
This paper explains that, although there are very few studies as to what it is to be masculine, the idea of manliness has been a focus of philosophers, anthropologists, psychologists and other social commentators throughout history. Interest in the study of masculinity and the men's movement, the author relates, developed with the beginning of the feminist movement of the 1970s. The paper reviews several modern studies of gender especially James Messerschmidt's theory of crime and masculinity.

From the Paper
Based on Connell (1987) and Giddens (1976), Messerschmidt noted that such social structures are not external to the participants or just constraining. Instead, the structure is recognized only by social behavior, and social behavior necessitates structure. As individuals do gender, they copy and even may change the social structure. Gender relations connect one person to another in a commonality. They share structural space. As a result, these shared times of gendered knowledge evolve through interaction where particular gender ideals and activities play a part. "

Tags:nietzche, freudian psychoanalysis, hegemonic, reciprocal relation, violent

Abstract
This essay outlines the way in which popular representations of sexuality (i.e., masculinity) must reproduce a specific kind of 'normal' in order to appeal to the masses. It establishes the definitions and 'appearance' of the differing types of masculinity, highlighting the nature of these as social constructs, but also the continual need and perpetuation of such constructs as natural or 'fact'. The essay highlights, through the use of two modern representations, the movie, "The Siege", and the series, "Ally McBeal", the way in which differing masculinities are unconsciously propagated in modern culture. NOTE: Hilarious use of Ally McBeal material, dialogue included in appendix.

From the Paper
"The mass media is produced and consumed in a commercial context. To reap the most financial gain it is therefore imperative that the material to be consumed is comprehensible for the intended audience. The more comprehensible and recognizable the material, the higher chances of consumption and subsequently, profit. This often means that representations of masculinity will continually reproduce the established conventions of masculine behavior and norms (Bignell 1997:196). As a result, hegemonic masculinity, which can be defined as the dominant masculinity performed at any given time, is continually reinforced as dominant and therefore reasserted as normative in society (Cheng 1999:297-301). Subsequently, marginalized masculinities, which are perceived as lacking in relation to the supremacy of hegemonic masculinity, are continually presented as subordinate and therefore remain oppressed (Buchbinder 1994: 33). In the following examination of masculine representations, two dramatizations have been analyzed for the extent to which their characters reproduce or challenge conventional masculine behavior and norms."

Tags:ally, construct, dominant, domination, film, gender, hegemonic, male, mcbeal, representation, social

Abstract
The following paper will look at the construction of masculinity in Margaret Atwood's, The Edible Woman. In so doing, the paper will look at the topic of marriage and how this defines the construction of masculinity in the text - most notably by showing how men with romantic depictions of masculinity tend to recoil at the prospect of marriage. Additionally, the paper will compare the treatment of the female form in the novel to the treatment of the male form - paying particular attention to the latter. In the process of so doing, the "physicality" of the human body will not only be looked at through a comparative prism but also looked at in a manner which reveals the male body as something that stands for adventure, action, freedom (of the sexual kind, certainly) and functionality. When all is said and done, masculinity in Atwood's, The Edible Woman, is held up as fleeing from the constraints of domesticity and women - unless, perhaps, those things can be controlled by the man. Put another way, the masculine retreats when it perceives its freedom of movement to be under assault.

From the Paper
The Construction of Masculinity in Margaret Atwood's, The Edible Woman The following paper will look at the construction of masculinity in Margaret Atwood's, The Edible Woman. In so doing, the paper will look at the topic of marriage and how this defines the construction of masculinity in the text - most notably by showing how men with romantic depictions of masculinity tend to recoil at the prospect of marriage. Additionally, the paper will compare the treatment of the female form in the novel to the treatment of the male form - paying particular attention to the latter. In the process of so doing, the "physicality" of the human body will not only be looked at through a comparative prism but also looked at in a manner

Tags:masculinity, margaret, atwood

Abstract
This writer reviews a text by Doris Sanders and how it complements and, in some respects, enriches this writer's course reading material. The paper briefly summarizes the text, and then proceeds to review two topics raised in the book which also appear at various times in the writer's course reading. The writer posits that the novel adds to our understanding of some serious issues by providing us with likable and realistic human beings striving to make the best of it in a world that entertains one notion of family and no others.

Tags:sociology, course, material

Abstract
The paper looks at how masculinity was perceived in the pre-World War II period, and the notions of masculinity that have emerged from 1946 onward - if only gradually. In so doing, the paper reviews traditional (pre-1939) notions about men being only worthy of the title if they were willing combatants and providers, and some time is spent looking at how men today are now expected (and encouraged) to also be nurturers and care-givers. What emerges from the paper is a general idea that men are being pressured into becoming more feminine in their world-view even if Canadian society still harbors some sexual stereotypes that instinctively rebel at the thought of men fulfilling certain tasks.

From the Paper
"The following paper will examine how notions of masculinity have changed perceptibly over time. As a line of demarcation, the next several pages will look at how masculinity was perceived in the pre-World War II period, and the notions of masculinity that have emerged from 1946 onward - if only gradually. In so doing, the paper will review traditional (pre-1939) notions about men being only worthy of the title if they were willing combatants and providers, and some time will be spent looking at how men today are now expected (and encouraged) to also be nurturers and care-givers. What will emerge from the next several pages is a general..."

Tags:masculinity, gender, history

Abstract
In this article, the writer analyzes the issue of masculinity in the film 'Rocky' and looks at how the character of Rocky is both masculine and counter-masculine.

From the Paper
"Sylvester Stallone created the character of Rocky Balboa and introduced the first in a series of films featuring this lower class Italian boxer and his drive to become successful. Rocky Balboa symbolized something far more than a simpleminded pugilist. Indeed his character transcended the dynamics of the boxing ring and came to represent the values upon which America itself thrived. It told us the story of the American Dream. At the same time the film and its central character allow an opportunity to explore ..."

Tags:Rocky, masculinity

Abstract
This paper examines the essay "Indians: Textualism, Morality, and the Problem of History" by Jane Tompkins, which provides an important perspective from which to analyze masculinity in films such as "Star Wars", "Malcolm X", and "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance". The paper shows that each of these classic twentieth century films provides a somewhat different generational view of masculinity, for they were produced about a generation apart in time.

From the Paper
"Using the essay "`Indians': Textualism, Morality, and the Problem of History" by Jane Tompkins as a cinematic and historical lens provides an important perspective from which to analyze masculinity in films such as Star Wars, Malcolm X, and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. Each of these classic twentieth century films provides a somewhat different generational view of masculinity, for they were produced about a generation apart in time. In her essay, Tompkins notes that, "the mind of man is the basic factor in human history," (Tompkins 721) and the classic Hollywood Western, The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance reflects this assessment, for it presented prevailing societal attitudes about the fundamental importance of masculinity as a historical force."

Tags:masculinity, in, film