Abstract
This paper examines how the problems of female heads of households have their origins in the economics of the nation, which favor full-time work and reward males disproportionately for the same labor. It looks at how this initial imbalance is intensified by the social welfare system, which would rather punish female heads of households than help them, no matter what effect it might have on them or their offspring. It also discusses how any solution would need to be two-fold, societal and political.

From the Paper
"Sharp noted that the market "ignores the long household work hours, the hours of care-giving, and the work imposed by traditional familial roles of the larger society. But a greater commitment to the labor market by women poses problems for women's economic health for two reasons" (1998). Moreover, the problem for working female heads of households is even more severe. "First, the incomes earned by many women are not significantly above the levels sufficient to support a family at a standard of living above the poverty line" (Sharp, 1998). For all women, he noted, household tasks and market labor, taken together, add up to long hours and low pay for all women, but for female heads of household, the 'environment', as Sharp calls the complex of paid and unpaid labor, is even worse."

Tags:social, welfare, system, reforms

Abstract
This paper argues that the economy favors men as the main breadwinners. It explains that the problems of female heads of households have their origins in the economics of the nation, favoring full-time work and rewarding males disproportionately for the same labor. The paper points out that this initial imbalance is intensified by the social welfare system, cut once (and likely again) in the recent past by a Republican administration that, by its actions, would rather punish female heads of households than help them, no matter what effect it might have on them or their offspring.

From the Paper
"The huge numbers of Baby Boomers has worked to intensify the effect, making competition for scarce jobs and benefits more intense than for any previous generation, at the same time increasing the amount that generation pays in taxes to keep Social Security payments to its parents-voted into being by those parents-going up. While all this is problematical for female heads of household, it is even more dire for African American female heads of households, with a new problem-the recently recognized 'marriage gap'-to add to the difficulties. Any solution would need to be two-fold: societal and political. While it is true that one cannot legislate attitudes, one can legislate policies and programs. Making those more 'female head of household friendly' would at least begin to solve half of the problems faced by that population group."

Tags:republican, social, welfare, feminism

Abstract
This paper establishes a model to elucidate how low-income heads-of-households (LIHOH) decide to purchase a home. After the decision is made, the model predicts the outcome for the homeowners when certain variables are changed, such as interest rates and income.

From the Paper
"This paper establishes a model to elucidate how low-income heads-of-households (LIHOH) decide to purchase a home. After the decision is made, the model will predict the outcome for the homeowners when certain variables are changed, such as interest rates and income."

Tags:low, income, housing, us

Abstract
This paper discusses how historically the concept of the single parent family in the United States has led to the belief that when one individual attempts to raise a child there will be hardships and family failure. This is contended because of the reliance of the family on one income and the dual roles that many single parents are forced to play in raising their children. Single mothers act as caregiver disciplinarian financial head of household and housekeeper. The paper further discusses how in addition to these responsibilities most single moms have full-time jobs, and statistics indicate that the majority of single mothers in the country receive no financial support from fathers. Yet, despite the abundance of negative elements that may be possible in the world of the single parent, there is an absolute possibility of success for the single parent to raise a family in this country.

Tags:single, parent, families

Abstract
This paper focuses on the family structure of antebellum slave households, aiming to disprove the claim that male slaves intentionally designed their families to be matriarchal, without fathers. The paper contends that least half of U.S. Southern slave families were headed by two parent households and another 12 to 15 percent consisted of one part time parent, usually from another plantation who would visit regularly. The paper also asserts that slaves developed persistent family ties despite the threat of separation by sale and forced migrations. The paper concludes that the adversities faced by generations of slaves, designed to keep them chattel and perceived as less than human, did not deter their desire to seek mates, court, marry, and have children.

From the Paper
"The master's involvement in slave marriage was dependent on his involvement within the plantation. A present master had a more active approval of slave unions but the unions were not singularly dependent upon the approval of the master. Many could and did occur without his approval but usually with his knowledge. Unfortunately, sexual exploitation of the slave woman tended to be at the heart of asking permission. The sexual exploitation of slave women, prevalent throughout the slave holding community and evident in birth records, did not deter the slave's desire to engage in a loving, respectable relationship as much as an exploitive master would have liked. Even in these cases, slave men and women sought loving relationships and marriages outside of the masters' dominance. Dictated by respect for kinship elders or out of fear of the master, slaves sought approval to marry but generally did not seek approval to court or be courted by a potential mate. Permission to marry usually came after the establishment of a relationship and according to slave narratives, tended to surprise, and could enrage a master. Harriet Jacobs' master was told of her intention to marry a man of her choosing and his threatening reply included an offer to marry one of his slaves but she stood fast against his will. "Do you suppose, sir, that a slave can have some preference about marrying? Do you suppose that all men are alike to her?...If he is a puppy then I am a puppy, for we are both of the negro race. It is right and honorable for us to love each other." "

Tags:racism, plantation, slavemaster, southern

Abstract
Discusses plight of women in the 19th Century. Their limited choices and opportunities. Subordinate role of women to the male. Doctrice of separate spheres. Character of Catherine as an upper-class, placid, passive woman controlled by her father. Harsh view of male head of household. Catherine's relationship with Townsend. How she becomes hardened and gains control over her own life.

From the Paper
"Henry James's short novel Washington Square presents the story of Catherine, a young woman who lives with her father, a doctor, and who is dependent on him for her livelihood. Her story represents the plight of women in the nineteenth century, dependent on men and able to escape from one situation only if they find another man to take care of them. The woman had less choice in this matter in the nineteenth century than women do today. Her choices were limited first by social standing and economic realities, and second by decisions made by the paternal figure watching over her before she was betrothed. The novel addresses gender issues James saw in his own time and suggests that women should be given greater freedom. Catherine becomes stronger in the course of the novel, and though she remains alone, she has made a choice that is entirely her own, asserting..."

Abstract
This paper shows how the single-parent family has struggled through American history and why the statistics are showing that their style of living is on the rise. It gives specific examples of single-parent black families with woman or men as the head of the household, and it also offers lots of statistics pulled from reliable research as to why these kinds of families are multiplying in our society. It also discusses in some detail the huge effect of poverty on these families even though the statistics poorly depict their lifestyles, and discusses the solution.

From the Paper
"Eighty-four percent of all black children will live in a single-parent family before they are eighteen years old (Clegg). Currently, in the black community, the birthrate of out-of-wedlock babies is sixty-nine percent, while in the white community, the statistics are edging toward twenty-five percent (Rector). Do these facts sound alarming to you? Is there something about the white community that is different from the black community? To the modern world, being a single, black parent and raising a child is not very uncommon " not to mention simply being a single-parent to begin with. We as a society like to believe that there really is no difference between black and white " that we are all equal. This may be the case, but there are still some aspects of our daily lives where black and white can be very different. The issue of race and single-parent families has been the subject of enormous controversy. The extended black family, often considered a source of strength and stability, has declined steadily since 1940, as has the white extended family. A disproportionate number of black children have been raised by single parents, a trend that can lead to family instability, poverty and welfare use. As we look at some alarming statistics, we see that the black community has indeed seen a rise in the numbers of single-parent families. The rise of single-parent families in the black community has a great impact on the lives of those children involved and also on the community around them. In the following paper, I will share with you some of the statistics that I have come across during my research on this topic, and I will also include insight on its impact on society."

Tags:African, American, black, children, couples, crime, divorce, families, family, hispanic, income, low

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the Arthur Miller's play "Death of a Salesman," that has characterized American families in the capitalist economy. The play also highlights the gradual decrease in power of male household heads in the dominantly- patriarchal American society. These issues that are embodied and depicted through the character of Willy Loman and his family.

From the Paper
"This paper discusses how tragedy is personified and depicted in "Death of a Salesman." In the context of the modern and capitalist American society, tragedy is shown through the Willy Loman, whose death was caused by two 'tragedies' in his life. The first depiction of tragedy was his failure to achieve the American Dream for him and his family, as he remained being an insignificant salesman, due to his misguided work ethics and dreams and ideals for his family, particularly his sons, Biff and Happy.
The second depiction of tragedy, meanwhile, was Willy's failure to live up to society's ideal of a successful man and father, which, in the capitalist society, is often equated to being economically able to provide for his family. The failure of his dreams for himself and his family created the tragedy that was Willy Loman, therefore categorizing "Death of a Salesman" by Arthur Miller as a tragic play."

Tags:Biff, Happy, legacy, Loman, family, relationship, father, son, suicide

Abstract
Via a literature review, personal interviews and extensive data analysis, this paper examines what effects the increase in female-headed households has on male elementary school teachers, particularly those in the primary grades. The paper additionally examines how male teachers construct their own masculinities on a daily basis, how they perceive their dramatic under-representation in the occupation and what meanings this arrangement has for them. Finally, it describes their feelings and ideas about the issue of increasing the number of males in elementary teaching, and whether or not they feel it is unfair for single mothers to place too much "role model" responsibility on their shoulders.

From the Paper
\"Some students go through their first six years of school without ever encountering a male teacher (Cohen, 1990). Because of the small number of male teachers, it is thought that schools do not offer boys enough models of male behavior. Today many boys, especially the sons of single mothers, lack such models in their lives, which has caused many single mothers raising boys to purposefully seek out elementary schools where their children can find male teachers, so that they will have at least one male role model in their lives. However the question remains as to whether or not male teachers are critical to a fatherless child's emotional and academic development.\"

Tags:education, experiment, gender, masculine, model, psychology, research, role, students

Abstract
Uses a review of literature to examine issues. Theoretical perspectives. Technique of deconstruction. Phallocentric biases. Treatment of women in the labor force and the social welfare system. Marriage. Single motherhood. Female-headed households. Divorce. Work and mothers. Impact of age, race and ethnicity, marital and parental status, and gender on feminization of poverty.

From the Paper
"Literature Review: Feminization of Poverty

Introduction
The purpose of this review of literature was to examine issues relevant to the feminization of poverty. To that end, a comprehensive computerized search of two databases was undertaken. The databases were PsychLit, a database containing entries on psychology and other social sciences. The second database was ERIC, a database oriented toward education and also includes scholarly articles, theses, dissertations, and monographs among which the feminization of poverty figures.

Review of Literature
Theoretical Perspectives
Nuccio and Sands (1992) examined the application of postmodern feminist deconstruction to uncover phallocentric biases in ..."