Abstract This paper examines the incidence and outcome of headinjury among children in the United States. The paper first discusses the mortality rate from headinjury and the types of injury that can occur. The paper then looks at improvements in the area of neuro-trauma management and the methods which have evolved in managing headinjury. The effects of hyperventilation on the outcome of headinjuries is especially focused upon in the paper.
From the Paper "When applying the hyperventilation therapy and determining its appropriate depth, two circumstances must be considered (Stocchetti et al 2005). At higher altitudes, normal PaCO2 levels may fall generally below the accepted 35-45 mm Hg levels. These levels were fixed at sea level and the influence of altitude should be corrected. The influence of temperature is the second consideration, especially when hypothermia therapy is used. The risk, therefore, which comes with the benefit, suggested that hyperventilation should be used only on patients with raised ICP. And it should be applied only on a highly specific manner and under specific monitoring. The data provided by the study also revealed inconclusiveness in specific indications, timing, the depth of hypocapnia and duration. Conflicting data obtained supported a wide range of therapeutic options from an enthusiastic application of the hyperventilation therapy to its avoidance. The researchers suggested the careful use of hypocapnia in the short-term control of increased ICP. They also prompted the use of multimodality monitoring to specific patients who could profit from it without the risks (Stocchetti et al)."
Abstract Focusing on the common yet dangerous injury regularly recieved in sporting matches - concussions. This paper describes the causes, treatment, symptoms, and the medical side of sports. It also looks at the sports causing the injuries, and how the sport causes them.
From the Paper "Head injuries are serious business. Anytime you are dealing with the brain, you want to take everything about the injury seriously and prepare for the worst. A concussion is defined as an injury to the brain, often resulting from a blow to the head, which can cause temporary disorientation, memory loss, or unconsciousness. These are also known as "closed head injuries"."
Abstract This paper presents a case study of John Q., a twenty-five year old male who suffered headinjuries as the result of a roadside bomb in Iraq. The paper discusses the subject's medical problems and the procedures that he underwent. It then discusses a plan of rehabilitation and training and a plan for education to teach John Q. the art of sign language. It also looks at how John Q.'s progress will be monitored and evaluated over the upcoming months.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Rehabilitation
Learning to Live with Deafness
Family and Social
Researcher Thoughts
From the Paper "There are other therapeutic considerations that should be made to assist John Q in accomplishing his independence: a specially trained dog can, for instance, relieve the family of the burden of worry and concern about leaving John Q alone in his state of diminished functioning as a result of his loss of hearing and, hopefully temporary, ability to speak. A trained dog can serve as the alert mechanism to John Q. (Walls, Hendricks, Dowler, Hirsch, Orslene and Fullmer, 2002). The animal will serve as a vital link between John Q and the world around him, helping to be independent and to have quality time to himself and allow him to travel on his own."
Abstract The paper lists eight questions that evaluate a case of headinjury to a child, which could help the emergency response team assess whether the patient is alert and cognizant of his or her surroundings and whether risk exists for severe injury. The paper explains the risk factors in this patient's condition and notes the possibility of latent injury.
From the Paper "This case study involves an 8-year old with obvious trauma to the face and head. There is no apparent fractures of the extremities, and while the patient is awake, he is only semi alert. The following eight questions will be crucial in evaluating this case. The questions are simple, given the patients age and the likelihood the boy may suffer from some form of shock following the injury. Each question focuses on assessing the extent to which neurological impairment exists, with some questions assessing the potential for cervical spinal damage, and others assessing whether the boy suffers from a concussion or related injury. Immobilization of the cervical spine will help prevent additional injury to the patient during questioning (NICE, 2003). "
Abstract This paper explains a variety of evaluation techniques, explanations and prescribed resting times for athletic headinjuries. The author points out that injuries to the head and neck are particularly harmful because they are largely incapable of regeneration; therefore, trainers must be able to see the signs and symptoms and to know the necessary response. The paper states that athletic trainers cannot stop an injury from happening but can prepare by having an organizational structure for when an injury occurs. Includes tables and an "Evaluation Scheme for HeadInjuries". Endnotes.
From the Paper "In order to understand how to take care of a concussion we must understand and agree as to what exactly is a concussion. A working definition has been proposed by the Committee of Head Injury Nomenclature of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons. A concussion, as defined by the committee, is ?a clinical syndrome characterized by immediate and transient post-traumatic impairment of neural functions, such as alterations of consciousness, disturbance of vision, equilibrium, etc., due to brain stem involvement.?This can simply be interpreted as any traumatically induced alteration in mental status. Recent studies have suggested that the effects of a concussion can be cumulative. Evidence also has came about that a athlete suffering an initial cerebral concussion is four times more likely to suffer another concussion than a person who has never had one."
Abstract This paper defined traumatic brain injury and explains that it can occur in two ways - closed headinjury and penetrating headinjury. The paper then looks at the kind of damage these injuries could cause and how they could affect a person's daily functioning. It then shows how, often, serious criminals suffered a serious head wound in their earlier life which causes the brain to have minimalized moral judgement.
From the Paper "What do P"le, Steve Young, Bobby Joe Long and Timothy McVeigh have in common" At one point or another, all have suffered traumatic brain injuries. P?le's injuries were from a soccer ball and Steve Young's injuries were from repeatedly being sacked; both were expected as professional athletes; however, Bobby Joe suffered from many serious head injuries starting from childhood but culminating with a life-threatening motorcycle accident that left him in a coma for many days. Timothy McVeigh also ?sustained three mild head injuries during his youth.? "
Abstract This paper claims that in discussing various seizure disorders, a common thread in much current research concerns communications issues. The paper contends that as a measure of impairment following headinjury, concomitant with headinjury or any other focal neural deficits, it is apparent that language is a key element. The paper examines the effects of various brain injuries and attendant physical factors such as aphasia and focal neurological deficit for all age groups, from early childhood to old age. The paper explores the reason behind the use of language, its acquisition, delay or impairment as the tool most often used to make assessments.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
General Studies
Neurological Factors in Language Acquisition
HeadInjury Studies
From the Paper "Maratsos and Matheny conducted studies to develop information abut language specificity and elasticity related to various neurological conditions. They devoted an enormous amount of time and effort to an exhaustive investigation, based on their hypothesis that "Language is currently the highest human mental function for which faculty-specific biological programming seems plausible (Fodor 1983, quoted by Maratsos and Matheny 1994). They drew into their investigation commentary from other disciplines, notably concepts developed by Noam Chomsky, who stressed "the putative independence of language as a functioning mental faculty" and Fowler who proposed that "one cannot conduct language development research without at least acknowledging the hypothesis that language is acquired, processed, and represented independently of other cognitive domains" (Maratsos and Matheny 1994). "
Abstract This paper presents a detailed description of the ways that acute head trauma affects the brain. Using the author's personal experience with a head trauma several factors of the injury are related and explained in conjunction with the brain itself. Issues such as causes of headinjuries and side effects are discussed.
From the Paper "The treatment and care of a person with a head injury will vary depending on the severity of the injury and the complications that are encountered with it. As in the case of the author, the stitches were the most immediate need, however there were several side affects such as extreme fatigue, dizziness, and headaches. The first course of action is to assess vital signs and be sure that the person is stabilized. Watching for signs of coma, internal bleeding and other problems is also part of the initial assessment."
Tags: Concussion, MRIs, CAT, scan, National, Institute, of, Health, Traumatic, Coma, Data, Bank
Abstract This paper provides information about sports related injuries in the United States, including statistics on the frequency of injury and death of people participating in individual as well as team sports.
Abstract This paper begins by defining whiplash injuries, also known as cervical sprain injuries. The paper then describes the physical and non-physical effects of whiplash, looks at what whiplash means in terms of disability management and examines the need for medical services and counseling for employees who suffer from whiplash injuries.
From the Paper "Disability management, according to Henry Harder, is a relatively new field defined as an active process of minimizing the impact of impairment on the individual's capacity to participate competitively in the work environment. Central to this field is the concept of early intervention and a focus on psychosocial issues known to occur in tandem with physical injuries. Consequently, professionals working in the field must acquire a thorough understanding of various injuries and illnesses leading to disability as well as the specific interventions."
Abstract This paper discusses the history of signature wounds from various wars. According to this paper, the Iraq War has resulted in a large number of traumatic brain injuries. This paper goes on to discuss the causes and nature of this injury.
From the Paper "In every war, historians recognize that there will probably be at least one signature wound that will characterize that war for posterity. Incidences of radiation sickness from the atomic bomb will forever distinguish World War II. The Vietnam War still lives on in highlighting the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder. The current Iraq War will be no different. In fact, military doctors are already aware of the signature wound of this conflict, one that is slowly dawning in the public eye. For a variety of reasons--including protective armor and enemy tactics--traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are emerging as one of the most devastating and widespread injuries among U.S. casualties of the Iraq War. Traumatic brain injury has a number of causes. However, the nature of the wound and its effects are well documented."
Abstract This paper discusses some important issues in connection with workplace fatalities and occupational injuries. Tens of hundreds of employees expose themselves to serious health and safety risks as they work in unsafe conditions in country's various industries. In such cases, companies are required to pay compensation to employees who get injured at work but in more serious cases, employers can be charged with murder if it is found that a certain worker's death occurred due to management's negligence and inability to comply by OSHA guidelines.
From the Paper "Business ethics have become a major issue of debate in American corporate world because it has been found that in several cases, occupational injuries occur not due to the negligence of the employees but more because of the inappropriate safety measures. This is one reason why many people are of the view that death due to workplace injuries should be termed homicide and employers must be charged with murder. While not every person would agree with that, at least those in the legal profession maintain that employers can be charged with murder if available evidence suggests that the reason behind death of an employee was unsafe working environment."
Abstract This paper discusses the shaken baby syndrome, describing it as a severe form of violent head disturbance. The paper presents this syndrome as the most common reason for severe neurological damage as a consequence of child violence. The paper examines research carried out by American radiologist, John Caffey, which established that the whiplash shaking and jerking of the victimized infants are the most common reasons for the skeletal and cerebra-vascular lesions.
From the Paper "The Shaken Child Syndrome is considered to be an acute form of violent head disturbances. It is attributed as the most common reason of the severe neurological damage as a consequence of child violence. This is more common particularly among the infants exhibited by the specific anatomic characteristics. The Shaken Child Syndrome gives rise to an acute magnitude of death and illness. (James; MacKay; Sirnick, 2003) Every year it is estimated that about 2,086,000 children are susceptible to the child abuse or negligence. The enhancement in the rate of understanding and response to child abuse have attracted more attention on the intensity of the harm occurred as a result of the forceful shaking of the infants previously ignored for consideration as a type of physical abuse."
Abstract This paper examines how injuries in the workplace today are significantly lower than in the past because workers are expecting a safe and healthy work environment and employers are increasingly realizing the benefits of maintaining a safe work place for their employees. The author points out that the most significant and effective methods to reduce the number of accidents in the workplace is the use of training and the education of the workforce to make workers constantly aware of the hazards that exist and to provide them with the most effective protection. It also points out that injuries caused by acts of terrorist and foul play by nefarious element cannot always be controlled; however, abdicating responsibility is not being accepted as a fair defense anymore.
Outline
Introduction
Purpose and Importance of this Study
Hypothesis
Limitations of this Study
Definitions of Key Terms
Overview of the Study
Literature Review
Stress and Injuries in the Workplace
Training of Employees to Reduce Injury on the Job
Injuries and Workmen Compensation
Injuries due to Exposure
Injuries and Proper Documentation
Safety Conditions beyond the Ability of the Organization
Methodology
Focus and Limitation of Study
The Chemical Industry
Significance of the Chemical Industry
Workforce in this Industry
The Petroleum Industry
Crude Oil and the Distillation Process
Workforce in the Petroleum Industry
Discussion
Recommendation and Conclusions
Recommendations
From the Paper "The effect of the new technology on the labor force also takes some time to be noticed. This lag in the adaptation of a new technology and the length of the lag between the adaptation and its initial introduction into the company is always critical for any new invention. Thomas Jefferson never failed to state the role of science and technology in producing social change and economic growth. He said, "As new discoveries are made, new truths discovered and manners and opinions change with the change of circumstances, institutions must also advance to keep pace with the times." Organizations are spending a lot of time and money in ensuring that the workplace is safe. Advancement in fire fighting technology, better information and knowledge dispersion, setting up of checks and balances through the effective use of software is also increasingly being observed."
