Abstract
This paper discusses the people, region, homes, culture, religion, and images that make up the interesting historical account of the Hawaiian and Sandwich Islands. The paper elaborates on the many religious and cultural customs unique to the inhabitants of these islands.

From the Paper
"The history of the Hawaiian and Sandwich Islands during the 18th century is as colorful and unique as the flowers that are grown in the region. On December 23, 1826, a treaty between the United States of America and the King of the Sandwich Islands was signed at Honolulu and entered into force. The people who inhabited the islands, took their livelihood out of the ocean waters, and thrived upon their religion and customs continue to romance and mystify the people of today's hurried society."

Tags:polynesian, honolulu, aikapu, james, cook

Abstract
The paper gives a brief history of Hawaii. The writer shows the results for the 1970 census, which showed that native Hawaiians only made up 21.1% of the population. The paper discusses the various options that have been suggested to reinstate Hawaiian sovereignty, for example, to form an independent, separate state somewhere on the Islands. The paper shows arguments for and against sovereignty. In conclusion, the writer states that even if sovereignty is reached, this will not solve any of the social and physical ills, or economic poverty experienced by some of the native Hawaiians and that if the call for sovereignty can do one positive thing, it would be that it calls to the attention of the American people, and Congress, the plight of some native Hawaiians.

From the Paper
"In looking at some of the suggestions for Hawaiian sovereignty, one has to be astounded at the naivete of some of its proposals. For one, there is an element that wants the native Hawaiians to function as "a state within a state" much as Native Americans do on reservations. This seems totally absurd, given the privation and the seemingly limited freedom of American Indians.
"Hawaiians for sovereignty also have the choice of what they call "the international model". "When the Hawaiian nation was overthrown in 1893, it was an independent nation with a written constitution. It had its own currency and postal system, and concluded extensive treaties with other countries around the world, especially the United States and Great Britain." (Anon, p. 2)
These advocates want a return to that independence, by a vote of all Hawaiians. If approved, it would then form an independent, separate state somewhere on the Islands. Exactly where, and who would govern it, and who would have the right to live there, and what the relationship would be with the rest of the Islands, in fact, the rest of the world is still in the :dream" stage, it seems. These advocates are not dreaming. They are serious. And, perhaps they ought to be taken seriously, even if their ideas seem ludicrous and unworkable to the majority. It is not merely historical reasons for this desire for sovereignty, it is that some native Hawaiians feel they are discriminated against, and the position themselves (again) in the same situation as Native Americans, who seem not to be able to get the same opportunities for education, and careers and white and other Americans do. These Hawaiians badly want to be treated as equals in the International society of nations. They want respect, they feel they are not getting, and they rely on their independent history for proof that they deserve to be free and equal, and not "subservient" to the Americans, or anyone else."

Tags:nationhood, captain, cook, pacific

From the Paper
" Hawaii today is the farthest west state in the Union. It is also the most unusual state in the United States, for it consists of 132 islands and atolls extended across some 1,600 miles of ocean. The eight major islands in the chain are what are usually referred to as Hawaii, and of these, seven are permanently inhabited--Kahoolawe is not (Kyselka & Lanterman, 1980, 1-10). As is true of many parts of the world, the Hawaiian Islands were actually "discovered" more than once. The islands were first discovered by the Polynesians who came to inhabit the region. The West discovered the islands centuries later when they were explored by Captain Cook, a rather controversial figure in Hawaiian history and in the history of exploration and discovery.
The first contact with Western ideas and technology came when Captain James Cook accidentally visited the islands with..."

Abstract
This paper explains that, from the time when Kamehameha the Great unified the islands in 1810, to the overthrow of the Hawaiian government in 1893, Hawaii metamorphosed from a feudal society into an independent constitutional monarchy, which, compared to the similar development in Europe, practically happened overnight in Hawaii. The author points out, that in 1887, a group of American and European businessmen and an armed militia, associated with a secret society called the Hawaiian League, which favored annexation to the United States, forced the king at gunpoint with a bayonet at his throat to accept what is today known as the Bayonet Constitution. The paper relates that President Grover Cleveland had refused to approve the annexation of Hawaii; however, in 1896, William McKinley replaced Cleveland as president and gave his blessing to annexation.

From the Paper
"The Wilson-Gorman Act passed by Congress in 1894 discontinued the bonus to sugar producers in the United States and restored the tariff on sugar imported into that country, so that the Hawaiian sugar industry once more enjoyed the benefits conferred by the reciprocity treaty. Consequently the labor question again became pressing. In the 1880's the government had begun the introduction of contract laborers from Japan in order to counterbalance the Chinese and restrictions had been placed upon the immigration of Chinese. In the 1890's the situation was reversed. By 1896, the Japanese made up nearly a fourth of the whole population. There were real fears that Hawaii might become a Japanese colony. Various measures were therefore adopted to reduce the volume of Japanese immigration and to encourage the immigration of Chinese. Yet during three years, from 1895 to 1897 that this policy was followed, the number of Japanese immigrants still exceeded the Chinese by more than two thousand."

Tags:kamehameha, monarchy, sugar, japan, bayonet

Abstract
This paper analyzes feminine thought through the volcano goddess Pele in Hawaiian mythology. The author assesses the history of women in this island culture. The author believes that women were respected greatly by their male counterparts.

Abstract
The paper describes how human beings have introduced foreign species to the Galapagos Islands, threatening to destroy some of its sensitive and endangered species while transforming its ecological balance. The paper looks at the first animal inhabitants of the Galapagos Islands, and then describes the bird species, land-dwelling mammalian species and insect species currently dwelling on the island. The paper focuses on the current threat to the Galapagos Islands and discusses how protecting the islands requires regulations of the local residential and tourism industries. The writer of the paper contends that a destruction of the Galapagos ecosystem would be an irreversible travesty.

From the Paper
"Since Charles Darwin published The Origin of the Species in 1859, the Galapagos Islands have been renowned for their ecological diversity. The islands are also remarkable for their geographic terrain and volcanic activity. Officially part of Ecuador, the Galapagos Islands are still many hundreds of miles off the shore of South America. Their being located on the equator in the Pacific Ocean has created one of the most fascinating ecosystems on the planet.
"Several species have evolved on the Galapagos Islands differently than they have elsewhere, because the Galapagos Islands were formed from volcanic eruptions in the ocean. Unlike many other island systems, they were not once part of a larger land mass. Species living on the Galapagos Islands migrated there after having already evolved on the mainland. Their interactions with their environment and the lack of mainland predators like human beings created a remarkable species differentiation."

Tags:birds, insects, plants, ecosystem, predators, tourism, conservation

Abstract
In this article the writer discusses that tourism, especially in an ecologically sensitive area such as the Virgin Islands, brings with it both positive as well as negative influences and impacts. The writer notes that the central question that needs to be asked is whether the islands can withstand the increasing tide of tourism and the attrition of its ecological structure. The writer points out that the fact that the islands are economically dependent on tourism means that a balance has to be found between a vibrant tourist industry and ecological sustainability. The writer concludes that taking into account the sensitivity of the area one cannot be complacent about the impact of tourism on these islands.

From the Paper
"However, ecologists and other experts are emphatic in their view that there are also real and potential negative factors that impact on the ecological and environmental health of these islands. These include aspects such as over-crowding, environmental problems, destruction of the reefs as well as social and cultural problems that may result from alien influences brought from outside the islands."
"Furthermore, experts also warn of the potential chaos if tourism is left "unmanaged" and solely at the mercy of market forces. An example of what is meant by management is the control of the number of visitors in relation to the available infrastructure."

Tags:ecological, visitors, Caribbean, tourists

Abstract
In this article, the writer shows how stereotyping functions throughout the course of '50 First Dates', on not only an ethnic and racial level, but also on the level of gender and sexuality. The writer discusses that it is not the native Hawaiian Islanders or the gender-ambiguous individuals who matter much in the scheme of '50 First Dates'. The writer maintains that without the "exotic" locale and the individuals who come attached to it, one has a typical Hollywood story about two "normal" (i.e. white, heterosexual) individuals and their romantic entanglement. This is quite stereotypical in itself, as an emblem of Hollywood's machinery, in that it refuses to deviate from such norms. The writer concludes that stereotypes in '50 First Dates' thus serve a double purpose: to reinforce preconceived societal notions about ethnic and gender minorities, while asserting the supremacy of those who are "lucky" enough not to fit into such "restrictive" categories.

From the Paper
" The interactions between Lucy and Henry are rooted in repetition. This is because Lucy, it is revealed the following day when he approaches her in the restaurant and she does not seem to recognize him, suffers from anterograde amnesia owing to an automobile accident that she suffered with her father two years prior. Her short-term memory has been affected, although she does have long-term memory. As a result, each time she goes to bed each night, she wakes up the following day believing that it is still October 13, 2002. Her father and brother, having been informed by the doctors that the disorder is likely irreversible, decide to "play along" with Lucy's delusion. Thus, the father has had copies of the October 13, 2002 printed out, and the staff at the diner where she goes for breakfast each morning has been instructed to play along, as well. The matriarchal owner of the diner had been friends with Lucy's deceased mother, and promised her that she would take care of her. For this reason, the diner owner is particularly hostile to Henry's advances."

Tags:Hawaiian, islanders, interactions, sexuality

Abstract
This paper investigates if the ancient seafloor ridges, Shirshov Rise and Bowers Ridge, are features of old subduction zones or hotspot tracks. After reviewing four articles, the paper concludes that there still is much to be learned about the formation, age and tectonic truths of ancient seafloor ridges like Bowers and Shirshov. The paper indicates that the evidence points to these ridges having been formed by volcanic activity, such as hotspots and spreading, but, at this time, they are likely subduction zones.

Table of Contents:
Are the Shirshov Rise and Bowers Ridge Features Old Subduction Zones or Hotspot Tracks?
Article: "Shock Dynamics: Alaska" (http://www.newgeology.us)
But, is Bowers Ridge An Old Subduction Zone?
Article: B. Steinberger et. al. "Plate-Tectonic Reconstructions Predict Part of the Hawaiian Hotspot Track to be Preserved in the Bering Sea"
What is the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain?
So are the Bowers and Shirshov Rises or Ridges Old Subduction Zones?
Article: D. Scholl. "Viewing the Tectonic Evolution of the Kamchatka-Aleutian (KAT) Connection with an Alaska Crustal Extrusion Perspective"
Article: B. Hubbard "The Disappearing Island"
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Following that formation of a strike-slip zone, the separate Shirshov and Bowers Ridge "developed from the originally continuous and straight strike-slip zone." And that "supposed" oceanic plateau was originally part of the Hawaiian hotspot, Steinberger believes. The reconstruction of ancient geologic events, as Steinberger and his colleague Carmen Giana have suggested, including plate motion in the Bering Sea, means that Alaska may have "accommodated" the westward movement of the Bering Sea in relation to the North American plate."

Tags:volcanic, spreading, miocene, plate, hawaii

Abstract
This paper explains why volcanoes erupt and the most common types of eruptions: plinin, Hawaiian, fissure, strombolian, vulcanian, and hydrovolcanic. The paper points out the three most recognized types of volcanoes, which are composite or "Hollywood", cinder cone and shield volcanoes. The paper also describes the volcanic areas of the Cascade Mountain Range and the Pacific Ring of Fire and specific famous volcanoes: Mount St. Helens, Mount Vesuvius, Mount K lauea, Mount Mauna Loa, Luzun Island, Lassen Peak and Mount Fuji.

From the Paper
"Why do volcanoes erupt? Volcanoes erupt when rocks melt deep below the earth's surface which creates magma. Magma chambers occur when magma collects before exploding to the surface of the earth. When the magma builds up in the chambers, it comes up through the volcano and spills out to the surface creating lava. Lava is the magma that has made it to the surface of the volcano. There are many types of eruptions, but the most common types include: plinin, Hawaiian, fissure, strombolian, vulcanian, and hydrovolcanic."

Tags:unpredictable, plate tectonics, warning system, goddess killing