Abstract This paper discusses the concept of community policing. The author says that for certain types of crime, such as hatecrimes, mob-related crimes and ritualistic crimes, police must look at the underlying causes of the crimes rather than just dealing with the perpetrators after the fact. The paper explains why these particular categories differ from other crimes, and why these categories require a different kind of approach from police.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Organized Crime HateCrime Ritual Crimes Law Enforcement Perspective
Conclusion
From the Paper "Community policing is a term that is becoming increasingly common in police studies and practice. This is a natural result of the increase in the responsibility of the police in a complex and modern environment. This means that policing has to deal not only with the effects of crime but also with the underlying causes of criminal acts in order to be effective. This is especially the case with regard to forms of crime such as hate and ritual crimes which have sensitive and far-reaching social implications. In this regard the responsibility of the police is being shared with other institutions and the community in order to provide a more adequate and comprehensive solution to contemporary crime issues."
Abstract This paper provides an argument in support of hatecrime legislation as a means of reducing racial intolerance and providing better education about racial tolerance. It contends that such laws are necessary because of the nature of the crime itself, to protect victims of racial hatred and to enable rehabilitative penalties than may reduce hatecrimes.
From the Paper "According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI a hate crime is a criminal offense committed against a person or property that is motivated in whole or in part by the offender's bias against a race, religion, ethnic .."
Abstract The paper looks at the criminology of hatecrime offenders and examines the criminological concept of hatecrime and how they are categorized. The paper discusses the various models used, including the socialization model and the "versatile offender approach."
From the Paper "The federal government and most states in the United States have passed laws that distinguish crimes based on prejudice against social groups from other crimes. (Messner et al p) These crimes have become known as hate crimes. Although the exact definition of such crimes vary across states, the term hate crimes usually refers to unlawful, violent, destructive or threatening conduct in which the perpetrator is motivated by prejudice toward the victim's racial, ethnic or social group.
Abstract The paper explains and analyzes the nature of hatecrimes against gays, lesbians, bisexuals and transgendered people.
From the Paper "The purpose of this report is to provide an analysis of hate crimes that are directed toward gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered individuals. Erich Goode argued that there are any number of groups who are categorized on the basis of certain aspects of their behavior, personality, psychological state or even physical characteristics as deviant, leading in many instances to their devaluation and outright victimization by mainstream society. The purpose of this report is therefore to answer two questions."
Abstract The paper explains that in recent years many states and the federal government have enacted penalty enhancement statutes to punish bias motivated crime, or hatecrimes. These statutes punish the motive behind the crime, thereby punishing the offender's thoughts. Further, the paper argues that we should punish hatecrimes through enforcement priorities and recording statutes which are responsive to the community and do not punish thought. The paper concludes that penalty enhancement statutes are wrong and provides several interesting alternatives that would possibly be more effective. The paper cites numerous cases as evidence for its assertions.
From the Paper "Hate crimes: the definition varies from state to state and person to person. However, a standard definition is any ?offense[s] motivated by hatred against a victim based upon his or her race, religion, sexual orientation, handicap, ethnicity, or national origin.? It may seem that hate crimes are nothing new to American culture, and in most ways they are not. Hatred has been almost as much of a contributor to the development of the United States legal system as has tolerance. The two are in a constant battle for superiority. Hatred and bigotry is what allowed slavery's survival, the Japanese internment camps of World War II, and the strength of the Ku Klux Klan and segregationists less than a century ago. But until recently, the government has been able to control the negative factors of our society without infringing on the rights guaranteed by the first Amendment."
This paper examines the issue of hatecrimes, acts of violence directed against people because of their racial, religious, ethnic, gender or sexual identity.
Abstract This paper analyzes why hatecrimes are more harmful than traditional crimes, the problems with reporting and the changes necessary to determine the true scope of the problem with an emphasis on hatecrimes committed on college campuses. The paper includes a legal discussion based on the idea that proponents of hatecrime laws argue that additional penalties are warranted because crimes, motivated by bias, cause a greater harm to the victim and to society than crimes where the victim's status is not a factor. The author feels that the data on hatecrimes is so woefully inadequate that it is worthless for comparative purposes and for making policy recommendations.
Introduction
HateCrimes Defined
Why HateCrimes Matter
How Bias Crimes are Measured
HateCrimes Data
HateCrimes on College Campuses
Conclusion
From the Paper "Of course, those definitions are just the beginning. Many groups push for a more expansive definition, or argue that this definition includes crimes that the FBI does not count. For example, some argue that rape is a hate crime. Other groups counter that the definition should not include sexual orientation. Regardless of what is included, it is important to note that the crime is based on the attacker's perception. Thus, if the attacker hates Jews, and attacks someone based on the belief they are Jewish, the attacker is still guilty of a hate crime even if the victim turns out not to be Jewish."
Abstract This paper addresses hatecrimes and hatecrime legislation and rulings. The paper provides examples of hatecrime throughout history, citing the Holocaust. The paper also discusses the severity of hatecrimes, considering them more heinous because they are often in response to human conditions for which the barer has no choice or control of. In addition, the paper examines hatecrime legislation and its effectiveness. Lastly, the paper discusses the challenges of hatecrime legislation, made even more difficult by the constitutional rights to freedom of speech.
Outline:
Historical Origins of HateCrimes Hate Speech, HateCrimes and the Constitution
Pros and Cons of HateCrime Legislation
References
From the Paper "The symbolism of hatred, including the brandishing of swastikas and the burning of crosses as a testament to the belief in the supremacy of one race over another also fall into acts that are protected by constitutional rights. Individuals in the past have not been prosecuted for such demonstrations unless they have somehow broken another law, such as trespassing in the case of cross burning. The difficulty being that the dogma espoused precipitates other unprotected acts of violence against blacks and other undesirable peoples, including Jews. The dogmatic speech associated with white supremacy, is protected by the constitution, and many people become ensconced by the ideas to perpetrate further violence and publicly demonstrate their opinions about superiority and more specifically the inferiority of others."
Abstract This paper discusses hate-crimes and looks at the arguments from both opponents and advocates of hate-crime legislation. Among the cons listed by the writer is the argument that some form of hate motivates all crimes, and that hate-crime laws are therefore redundant and unnecessary. The counterargument is that the greatest value in such laws is the message that they convey to society that crimes against a particular group of people will not be tolerated. The writer concludes that hate-crime laws should be kept in effect since it has been shown that these laws do prevent occurrences of smaller hate-crimes.
From the Paper "All Americans have a right to feel safe, and hate-crimes violate that right not just for individuals, but for entire groups of people. Therefore, advocates say, hate-crimes must be identified and, where possible, punished more severely than other crimes. They admit that sentence-enhancing has little impact on murder cases, but they say that hate-crime laws can effectively raise penalties for most other crimes, such as beatings or vandalism. Hate-crime laws will act as a deterrence for committing hate-crimes. The stricter punishment for the law being broken will make criminals less likely to commit them."
Abstract This paper is on "HateCrimes in America". It gives a brief introduction to the term "hatecrimes". It further explains how racism and hatecrimes were introduced in America, and how these two terms attach to one another. It also explains how the HateCrimes Prevention Act is treating this issue.
Abstract This paper takes a look at hatecrimes. The paper defines hatecrimes, provides statistics and provides modern day examples of hatecrimes. The paper further explains that hatecrimes are not only against the laws created by man, but also that of God.
From the Paper " We now know the term "hate crimes" was introduced in 1985: clearly an act of commission, but how far back do we need to go to realize that these hateful acts have been apart of society since the beginning of mankind. In the bible, when we read about "The Parable of the Good Samaritan" (Luke 10:25-34); dating back to about A.D. 62, which has me to believe as a Christian, to be in a state of omission, and do nothing about a crime that has taken place is just as much a sin as the crime itself. It's printed in black and white for me in 1John 4:20, "If a man say, I love God, and hateth his brother, he is a liar: for he that loveth not his brother whom he hath seen but love God whom he hath not seen?" When we read Gospel passages like those in the bible from Luke and 1John, Jesus' message is direct and uncomplicated: love God, love neighbor....Go do it. Looking at the details in these passages can help us understand how Christianity and hatred get mixed up together. It provides us with clues about how to stay clear and focused on God's calling to love. "
Abstract This paper discusses the groups working towards a better world by battling hatecrimes in the United States. The paper covers the activities of such groups as the Human Rights Campaign, National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, National Organization for Women, and New Light Media. The paper examines statistics of hatecrimes and also covers legislation passed in recent years in support of this battle against hatecrimes.
From the Paper "June 14, 1998, in Jasper, Texas, three men offered James Byrd Jr. a ride. They then beat him, chained him to the back of a pickup and dragged him two and a half miles. His head and right arm were found in a ditch a mile from his body. Byrd was black, his killers were white. Solely because he was black, these three men exemplified James in an attempt to start a hate group in Jasper, Texas. Instead, attention brought to this incident has caused the world to take a close, hard look at hate and its removal from the new millennium. Along with their efforts to educate on diversity and acceptance, the Byrd Family has established the James Byrd Jr. Foundation for Racial Healing and has worked attentively on hate crime legislation."
Abstract This paper explains that, while it cannot be said that every crime involving a perpetrator of one racial or ethnic group and a victim of another is a hatecrime, there is this fact to consider: all crime is hatecrime. The author points out that, while the merging and blending of ethnic groups has produced a rich culture in America, it also has brought with it many problems because when each ethnic group, struggling to get or retain its part of the American dream, runs into others it fears might hurt its chances of success, conflict can result. The paper relates that community policing efforts should involve citizens in helping to identify crime and quality of life issues and a specific set of theoretical guidelines to help maintain the mission of community policing.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Lynching
Graffiti
Causes of HateCrimes Competition for the American Dream
Lack of Understanding and Empathy
Where Police Can Begin
Absence of Harm Concept
Community Sensitivity
Tactics
Invite Community to Help
Restore Trust
Guidelines
Accountability
Respect and Reverence for Life
Conclusion: Community Policing as Healing
From the Paper "Lack of trust is often an issue, also, as it was in the San Diego City Heights neighborhood. The police department conducted a survey that revealed a lack of trust between neighbors and with the police involved was fear of retaliation,which is certainly both a result and cause of hate crimes. Those fears had influenced the community not to report crimes and to accept the crime and decay as well."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that since hate is an undesirable quality in human beings, it has been questioned by some whether or not it should be outlawed. The writer points out that such hate can lead to hatecrimes. This paper discusses whether or not hate should be outlawed, taking the position that it should be outlawed because hate leads to hatecrimes.
From the Paper "Since hate is an undesirable quality in human beings, it has been suggested by some that it should be outlawed. A more legitimate reason for outlawing hate is because it leads to hate crimes. As a result, more and more hate crime legislation has been enacted throughout the country recently. In his book, 'Criminal Law', Peter W. Low writes that, "One of the interesting questions to play with...is what it is that makes criminal law unique". The unique thing about hate crimes is that they are so vile. Indeed, they should occupy their own niche in the area of criminal law in which a 'hate crime' would be a charge is levied in and of itself, in addition to the parallel crime.
Abstract This paper uses a rational-choice economic approach to analyze hateful behavior in a manner that would be consistent of a crime scene statistician. The theoretical model predicts that hateful activity decreases with increases in (i) the market wage rate, (ii) the value of time, (iii) age, and (iv) law enforcement activity. The theory is tested on U.S. state hate-crime data and the empirical results provide convincing support for the model.
From the Paper "Until recently, the United States had been relatively immune from the destructive consequences of international hate. After the September 11th bombings, hate crimes toward any and all racial minorities who even appeared to be from the Mid-East increased exponentially. Hateful behavior, both foreign and domestic, has become a major social problem in the twenty-first century. America's future in terms of crime and, for this model: hate crime, will in large part depend upon law enforcement and crime scene professionals understanding the forces that transform hate into acts of violence"
Tags:crime, violence, vengence, revenge, racism, antisemitism, ethnic, data, theory
Abstract This research paper discusses the nature and incidence of hatecrimes in the United States and laws that have been enacted or proposed to deal with them. Although the evidence is not conclusive that the number of hatecrimes has actually increased in recent decades, their frequency suggests that racial, ethnic, and other minorities have been threatened by them. The response has been a rash of legislation at state and federal levels, much of which is of questionable effectiveness. The paper shows that this legislation should be understood as being an outlet for society's frustration with hatecrimes and as an exercise in political symbolism, rather than as a serious attempt to deal with the underlying problems involved.
From the Paper "Federal hate crime legislation has also been adopted and/or proposed. In 1990, the Hate Crimes Statistics Act, which requires the Justice Department to keep statistics on hate crimes and to make annual reports thereon, sailed through Congress without serious opposition. In 1994, an amendment to the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act passed, under which the punishment for violation of an already existing federal crime could be enhanced if it could be shown that the crime was committed out of motives of hate or prejudice."
