Abstract This paper discusses the life and poetry of JupiterHammon, born a slave, sometime around 1720 and who was owned by the Lloyd family who lived on Long Island, New York. It examines how he learned to read and write, wrote several poems which later, after his death, were complied into books of poetry that are still in print today. It reviews some of his works and how he wrote not only about religion, but also about slavery and his feeling that all slaves should be freed from bondage. In his works, he was also the first black author to encourage other African-Americans to create their own nation and take their lives into their own hands. While at first his life seems to be a paradox, Hammon turned his life into a plea for freedom, peace and religious salvation. He died some time around 1800, and his burial place is unknown.
From the Paper "Jupiter Hammon is extremely significant to American literature and poetry because he was long considered to be the first published Black American author. Many historians gave this honor to Black poet Phillis Wheatley, who published her first book of poetry in 1773. However, Hammon's poem "'This was An Evening Thought. Salvation by Christ, with Penetential Cries: Composed by Jupiter Hammon, a Negro Belonging to Mr. Lloyd, of Queen's Village, on Long Island, the 25th of December, 1760,' was printed as a broadside in New York, evidently in 1761" (Brawley), which would date it at least 10 years before Wheatley's work. Today, while Lucy Terry, who wrote "Bar Fight" in 1746, has superceded Hammon as the first Black poet, he is still the first Black man to publish poetry in the United States."
Abstract The paper describes the background of JupiterHammon, an African-American slave all his life. The paper relates that his work is chiefly concerned with religious matters although he was writing during a time when most blacks in America were not Christians. The paper discusses the controversy surrounding Hammon but notes that he was nonetheless esteemed by eminent African-American figures.
From the Paper "Jupiter Hammon is famous for being the first African American poet to be published in the United States. While it was once widely believed that Phillis Wheatly was America's first African American poet, Hammon's first published work pre-dates Wheatley's by many years. His first published poem, a broadside of eighty-eight lines entitled "An Evening's Thought: Salvation by Christ, with Penitential Cries," appeared in the year 1760."
Abstract This paper explains that Jupiter, which has a mass of 1.900e27 kg., has more than twice the mass of all the other planets' masses combined and is over 300 times the mass of the Earth. The author points out that, when observing from Earth, Jupiter can best be seen when it is near its solar opposition, which is where Jupiter and the Earth are both aligned on the same side of the sun; Jupiter rises at Earth's sunset and sets at Earth's sunrise thereby being visible all during the night hours. The paper relates that the first space probe to Jupiter was Pioneer 10 in 1973, followed by Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, Voyager 2 and Ulysses; the spacecraft Galileo is currently orbiting, sending data for at least two more years as it continues to orbit Jupiter.
From the Paper "Jupiter has a dynamic weather system, indicated by the colorful bands at the latitudes, and the atmospheric clouds and storms. The pattern of the clouds can change within days or hours. The Great Red Spot, which is a complex storm system, moves in a counter-clockwise direction. Found throughout the clouds, with their banded appearance, are smaller storms and eddies. In the storm's center, and near the center, random motions are detected in small amounts, but motions appear to rotate in four to six days near the outer edges."
Abstract This paper examines three planets namely Venus, Saturn and Jupiter and provides some factual information about them and their motion relative to earth. For each planet in turn, it provides information on the history of its name, examines its atmosphere and composition, missions to the particular planet as well as providing a comparison of the chemical and physical makeup of the planets with Earth.
From the Paper "It takes Saturn 29.5 years to complete one revolution around the Sun. As it circles the Sun, the angle of the Saturn's rings relative to the Sun varies by 27.3 degrees. During this motion a very peculiar phenomenon is observed. Twice during the 29.5 years, the rings are edge-on to the Sun. Since, as seen from Saturn, the Earth appears not more then 6 degrees from the Sun, it too crosses the ring plane at around the same time. Since Saturn's rings are so thin, when they are edge-on to the Earth, they appear to disappear when viewed with a small telescope."
Abstract This paper attempts to explain the nature of the solar system. Starting with the inner solar system, the paper explores the make-up of the sun, central to the system, followed by Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. The paper then explores what is known as the outer system, beginning with Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. The paper then offers a three-point conclusion, beginning with the sun and then dividing into the outer and inner solar systems.
From the Paper "Many theories have been formulated by scientists and scholars that help explain the nature and origin of the solar system, which gave birth to the planets in it, which includes the planet Earth. Among these formation theories, the most widely-accepted theory is the Nebular Theory of Solar System Formation. This theory states that the solar system was formed as a result of the collapse of an interstellar cloud, which eventually became the solar system and all the planets and elements within it. This space phenomenon happened 4.7 billion years ago, and as the interstellar cloud collapsed under the force of gravity, it rotates at a fast rate, eventually forming a ball of hot gas and dust, called the protosun."
Abstract This paper looks at how, as Galileo first turned his telescope toward the heavens, he was drastically turning mankind away from its long-accepted view that the Aristotelian view of the heavens was correct. It examines the significance of Galileo's early astronomical observations on the Aristotelian universe by examining Aristotle's theory of the cosmos, pertinent background on Galileo, his discoveries, and the effect they had on Aristotle's universe.
Outline
Introduction
Aristotle's Universe
Galileo Leading Up to His Discoveries
Galileo's Observations and their Significance
The Moon
Jupiter Venus
Other Important Observations
Toward a Heliocentric Model
Conclusion
From the Paper "The next object Galileo turned his attention to was the planet Jupiter. In January of 1610, he saw three small but bright stars in the area of Jupiter that changed positions with time, but never strayed far from Jupiter. After repeated observations, Galileo concluded that there are three stars in the heavens moving about Jupiter. He later discovered a fourth satellite of Jupiter and he named these moons the Medicean stars. These satellites were seen to orbit Jupiter at various distances and speeds. This was the first time that a planet other than Earth was found to have satellites orbiting it."
Abstract This paper highlights the device and effects of the divine sphere of activity in the poem as well as the mortal. It first deals with the issue of "Fate" and its relationship to the power and will of Jupiter. It then explains the notion and rhetorical effect of the "Optimistic Prophecy" in the poem and the different characteristics of the various gods as characters in a text, especially Juno. Finally, it considers a more psychoanalytical view of the gods as elements of Aeneas' psyche.
From the Paper "The prophecy of Jupiter in lines 254-296 is very significant for the poem, and shows much about how Jupiter himself, and gods in general, are treated by Virgil. At the start of the passage, before he has started speaking, Virgil continues the mood of the calm after the storm, portraying Jupiter as a benevolent father figure to Venus' worried daughter: "vultu, quo caelum tempestatesque serenat /oscula libavit natae" (I.255-6). This, crucially, sets the tone for the coming prophecy, in which Jupiter is trying to assuage her fears by telling of the glory of Rome and thus Aeneas' enterprise."
Abstract This paper discusses Virgil's "Aeneid" and the interplay of the sovereignties of pietas and furors. The paper shows how the epic consists of three levels of conflict: that between Jupiter, who symbolizes fate and Juno who represents counter-fate, between Aeneas and his own internal or psychological action, and lastly between Aeneas and the impii, pietas and furor, between pious acceptance and impious rebellion against fate. The paper discusses the motivation behind Virgil's epic.
From the Paper "Virgil's primary motivation behind his epic may be to portray his beloved Rome in glory, but in doing so he exemplifies the struggle between the impulses of both the divine and mortal in their conflict for supremacy. The epic's superficial story is the journey of the Trojans and Aeneas, who were able to overcome the fall of Troy, the opposition from the divine powers above and creating a new beginning for their race. The internal poem however, gives way to a much more profound meaning, portraying the death and rebirth, in which destructive furor is overcome by the moral activity of a divinized and resurrected hero, Aeneas. The correlation between the cosmic power of fate and counter-fate, and the accompanying struggle of human reaction is not only a superficial inconsistency between high divinities or mortal men, but on a deeper level symbolize in Virgil's epic the struggle between chaos and order, light and darkness, good and evil, or more importantly, accepting what God has laid out for you or refuting it."
Abstract This is a paper on planetary discovery. The author traces the short history of manned and unmanned trips to the moon, Mars, Venus, Jupiter etc. All the Apollo journeys are discussed, along with Viking and Space Shuttle trips.
From the Paper "Think of how exciting it must have been to live in the days when the telescope was first turned to the heavens. Every part of the sky offered a new surprise. The planets were transformed from speaks of light to globes with unique characteristics. Could there be a more thrilling time of planetary discovery than those days of Galileo and the first telescopes? Yes, we live in such a time. How could the glimpses those early telescopes gave compare in richness to the dozens upon dozens of photographs and storehouses full of other data collected in the past few decades? Thanks to the spacecraft, we have finally started to know the planets as real places, both like and unlike Earth."
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts the foreign policies. of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. The author examines why Kennedy was a new world order and detente advocate while Johnson was a conventional, containment cold warrior. The paper provides numerous examples of the Presidents' differing global strategies
From the Paper:
"Kennedy and Johnson represented two vastly different foreign policy strategies. Kennedy supported a new world order? of detente and cooperation with the Soviet Union. Johnson favored continuing a policy of global containment and confrontation with the Soviets. Kennedy's goals are best seen in his policiess after the Cuban Missile Crisis and in regard to Vietnam. After what amounted to a crushing Soviet defeat and the calling of their strategic bluff, Kennedy actually gave in to Soviet demands to remove Jupiter missiles from Turkey and pledged not to invade Cuba."
Tags: affairs, cold, containment, detente, foreign, international, new, order, policy, relations, soviet, union, war, world
Abstract A study of two killings of young warriors form the crux of the military drama in the battle between the Trojans and Latins. These killings in Homer's 'The Iliad' and Virgil's 'The Aeneid', despite their similarities, are viewed in entirely different ways from a literary perspective. The Aeneid is in many ways a re-tread of Homer's Iliad, and Turnus? killing of Pallas is reminiscent of Homer's Patroklos being cut down in his prime by Hector. In keeping with this comparison, before his death, Pallas begins the battle of Book Ten by helping Aeneas, leading on the battle, and enabling Aeneas to gain a great advantage in the war. This comparison between the two works of literature is also indirectly reinforced when the Latin soldier Liger refers to the great warriors of the Greeks with disdain when taunting the Trojans.
From the Paper "At the beginning of Book Ten of the Aeneid, Jupiter washes his hands of interfering in the affairs of men. ?What each man does will shape his trial and fortune.? (X.160) This could very well provide an epitaph for the entire chapter. In this chapter, two killings of young warriors form the crux of the military drama in the battle between the Trojans and Latins. But these killings despite their similarities are viewed in entirely different ways from a literary perspective. What does this statement mean? According to the point of view of the ancient Romans, all killing was hardly considered bad or brutal. Warfare and military prowess was a way of life. But not all murders were created equal. This can be seen in a comparison of Aeneas? killing of Lausus (X, 703-832; 943-1141) with Turnus' killing of Pallas (X, 501-702)."
Describes how past predictions have not come to pass in the world of technology, focusing on the film "2001", Nicholas Negroponte's book "Being Digital" and the role of internet in the Monica Lewinsky scandal.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, 1999, $ 47.95
Abstract The future, if one is to judge it in the terms portrayed thirty years ago in the film "2001: A Space Odyssey," has been something of a bust. The film's creators, Stanley Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke evidently took it for granted that 2001, commercial airlines (in fact, the now-vanished Pan Am) would be offering regularly scheduled flights to orbit, where passengers would disembark into a space station complete with a hotel coffee shop. From the space station, connecting flights would be available to well-established moon bases, and preparations would be underway to send a manned spaceship (no women aboard!) to the moons of Jupiter.
From the Paper "The future, if one is to judge it in the terms portrayed thirty years ago in the film "2001: A Space Odyssey," has been something of a bust. The film's creators, Stanley Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke evidently took it for granted that 2001, commercial airlines (in fact, the now-vanished Pan Am) would be offering regularly scheduled flights to orbit, where passengers would disembark into a space station complete with a hotel coffee shop. From the space station, connecting flights would be available to well-established moon bases, and preparations would be underway to send a manned spaceship (no women aboard!) to the moons of Jupiter. To viewer of the film in 1968, all of this surely seemed plausible, even likely.
The year 2001 is nearly at hand, but almost none of the film's advances has come to pass. The commercial shuttle in the ..."
This paper compares Greek and Roman views of a hero: Zeus is the Greek name for the leader of the gods, and Jupiter is the corresponding leader of the Roman gods.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, 1982, $ 55.95
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to compare Greek and Roman views of a hero. Zeus is the Greek name for the leader of the gods, and Jupiter is the corresponding leader of the Roman gods. The Greek gods of Olympus were well represented in Greek art and literature, and the influence of these works was so great in Rome that ancient Roman deities were changed to resemble the corresponding Greek gods and were considered to be the same. Because the Romans did not have personified gods of their own, they easily adopted the Greek gods. The Romans had great religious feeling, but they also had little imagination and could never have created the Olympians, each a distinct, vivid personality, on their own. Before they adopted these personalities from the Greeks, the Roman gods were vague entities, called the Numina, which means the Powers of the . "
Abstract This paper summarizes the article written by Prof. Kerry A. A. "Toward a General Theory of Hurricanes" which appeared in the July, 1988 edition of "American Scientist" and which calls for the placement of the physics of hurricanes in a more general context. The paper shows that Emanuel's reasoning behind this is that it would allow scientists to predict how the frequency and intensity of these storms would respond to changes in climate and allow scientists to relate hurricanes to seemingly different phenomena such as oceanic storms of the polar night and dust devils.
From the Paper "The question of why hurricanes are so rare is considered next, for it is often known that there are several empirical condition that are necessary but not sufficient for the formation of hurricanes. There is some limitation which prevents these from being sufficient in most cases, and Emanuel considers a number of numerical simulations which may give a clue. He says there is a need for a strong starting disturbance, and this is consistent with the observation that real hurricanes never start spontaneously. The model of Rotunno and Emanuel is asymmetric and does not allow variations of the explicitly calculated fields around circles centered at the storm center. To start a hurricane, it was necessary to impose on the basic state a weak vortex which decays upward from the surface. This is the disturbance which starts the process toward a hurricane."
Abstract In 1814, Lord Byron, upon seeing his cousin Lady Anne Wilmot Horton in "a mourning dress of spangled black", was so moved that by the next day he had written ?She Walks in Beauty,? first published in Hebrew Melodies in 1815. Similarly, more than two centuries earlier, a young, radical poet from Canterbury named Christopher Marlowe published "The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus" which contains a poem inspired by ?The Face That Launched a Thousand Ships,? namely Helen of Troy. The paper shows that as "idealized" women, Byron's cousin Anne and Marlowe's Helen stand as symbols of love in the hearts of the two authors. It examines the way the image of beauty is expressed in both poems.
From the Paper "Marlowe also describes Helen's beauty as "fairer than the evening air" and "clad in the beauty of a thousand stars" which like Byron's cousin Lady Anne symbolizes her dual nature as one who reflects darkness and brightness. The poet also states that Helen's beauty is brighter ?than flaming Jupiter,? a reference to "the God of Heaven who loved Semele and consumed her with thunder and lightning" (Barnet 93). Since Helen is also ?more lovely than the monarch of the sky,? a possible metaphor for Phoebus, the sun god, the poet wishes to be in the "azure" arms of Arethusa, a nymph "greatly loved by Jupiter for her beauty as reflected in the blue waters of the Hellespont" ( Harmon 258). Finally, the poet declares that ?none but (Helen) shalt be my paramour!? or a greatly loved and adored woman who is far above all else on Earth and in the Heavens."
