Abstract
This paper discusses the life and poetry of Jupiter Hammon, born a slave, sometime around 1720 and who was owned by the Lloyd family who lived on Long Island, New York. It examines how he learned to read and write, wrote several poems which later, after his death, were complied into books of poetry that are still in print today. It reviews some of his works and how he wrote not only about religion, but also about slavery and his feeling that all slaves should be freed from bondage. In his works, he was also the first black author to encourage other African-Americans to create their own nation and take their lives into their own hands. While at first his life seems to be a paradox, Hammon turned his life into a plea for freedom, peace and religious salvation. He died some time around 1800, and his burial place is unknown.

From the Paper
"Jupiter Hammon is extremely significant to American literature and poetry because he was long considered to be the first published Black American author. Many historians gave this honor to Black poet Phillis Wheatley, who published her first book of poetry in 1773. However, Hammon's poem "'This was An Evening Thought. Salvation by Christ, with Penetential Cries: Composed by Jupiter Hammon, a Negro Belonging to Mr. Lloyd, of Queen's Village, on Long Island, the 25th of December, 1760,' was printed as a broadside in New York, evidently in 1761" (Brawley), which would date it at least 10 years before Wheatley's work. Today, while Lucy Terry, who wrote "Bar Fight" in 1746, has superceded Hammon as the first Black poet, he is still the first Black man to publish poetry in the United States."

Tags:religion, slavery

Abstract
The paper describes the background of Jupiter Hammon, an African-American slave all his life. The paper relates that his work is chiefly concerned with religious matters although he was writing during a time when most blacks in America were not Christians. The paper discusses the controversy surrounding Hammon but notes that he was nonetheless esteemed by eminent African-American figures.

From the Paper
"Jupiter Hammon is famous for being the first African American poet to be published in the United States. While it was once widely believed that Phillis Wheatly was America's first African American poet, Hammon's first published work pre-dates Wheatley's by many years. His first published poem, a broadside of eighty-eight lines entitled "An Evening's Thought: Salvation by Christ, with Penitential Cries," appeared in the year 1760."

Tags:Christianity, religion, slavery

Abstract
This paper explains that Jupiter, which has a mass of 1.900e27 kg., has more than twice the mass of all the other planets' masses combined and is over 300 times the mass of the Earth. The author points out that, when observing from Earth, Jupiter can best be seen when it is near its solar opposition, which is where Jupiter and the Earth are both aligned on the same side of the sun; Jupiter rises at Earth's sunset and sets at Earth's sunrise thereby being visible all during the night hours. The paper relates that the first space probe to Jupiter was Pioneer 10 in 1973, followed by Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, Voyager 2 and Ulysses; the spacecraft Galileo is currently orbiting, sending data for at least two more years as it continues to orbit Jupiter.

From the Paper
"Jupiter has a dynamic weather system, indicated by the colorful bands at the latitudes, and the atmospheric clouds and storms. The pattern of the clouds can change within days or hours. The Great Red Spot, which is a complex storm system, moves in a counter-clockwise direction. Found throughout the clouds, with their banded appearance, are smaller storms and eddies. In the storm's center, and near the center, random motions are detected in small amounts, but motions appear to rotate in four to six days near the outer edges."

Tags:bands, moons, density, atmosphere

Abstract
This paper examines three planets namely Venus, Saturn and Jupiter and provides some factual information about them and their motion relative to earth. For each planet in turn, it provides information on the history of its name, examines its atmosphere and composition, missions to the particular planet as well as providing a comparison of the chemical and physical makeup of the planets with Earth.

From the Paper
"It takes Saturn 29.5 years to complete one revolution around the Sun. As it circles the Sun, the angle of the Saturn's rings relative to the Sun varies by 27.3 degrees. During this motion a very peculiar phenomenon is observed. Twice during the 29.5 years, the rings are edge-on to the Sun. Since, as seen from Saturn, the Earth appears not more then 6 degrees from the Sun, it too crosses the ring plane at around the same time. Since Saturn's rings are so thin, when they are edge-on to the Earth, they appear to disappear when viewed with a small telescope."

Tags:atmosphere, earth, magnetosphere, missions, moons

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to compare Greek and Roman views of a hero. Zeus is the Greek name for the leader of the gods, and Jupiter is the corresponding leader of the Roman gods. The Greek gods of Olympus were well represented in Greek art and literature, and the influence of these works was so great in Rome that ancient Roman deities were changed to resemble the corresponding Greek gods and were considered to be the same. Because the Romans did not have personified gods of their own, they easily adopted the Greek gods. The Romans had great religious feeling, but they also had little imagination and could never have created the Olympians, each a distinct, vivid personality, on their own. Before they adopted these personalities from the Greeks, the Roman gods were vague entities, called the Numina, which means the Powers of the . "

Abstract
This paper compares eight planets in the solar system -- Venus, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus and Pluto-- to the planet Earth in terms of structure, atmosphere, chemical composition, and possibility of life at some time.

From the Paper
"The Earth is the third planet and the most massive of the inner planets. (Encrenaz, Bibring and Blanc) Its average density differs from that of the silicates that form most of the superficial rock surface. Seismic measurements and natural volcanic eruptions indicate that the internal structure consists of several distinct layers, a central core with a radius surrounded by a mantle and then a thin crust. There is a discontinuity between the crust lithosphere and the mantle asthenosphere. The mantle is..."

Tags:planetary comparison, planets, Solar, Venus, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus, Pluto, Earth

Abstract
This paper discusses Virgil's "Aeneid" and the interplay of the sovereignties of pietas and furors. The paper shows how the epic consists of three levels of conflict: that between Jupiter, who symbolizes fate and Juno who represents counter-fate, between Aeneas and his own internal or psychological action, and lastly between Aeneas and the impii, pietas and furor, between pious acceptance and impious rebellion against fate. The paper discusses the motivation behind Virgil's epic.

From the Paper
"Virgil's primary motivation behind his epic may be to portray his beloved Rome in glory, but in doing so he exemplifies the struggle between the impulses of both the divine and mortal in their conflict for supremacy. The epic's superficial story is the journey of the Trojans and Aeneas, who were able to overcome the fall of Troy, the opposition from the divine powers above and creating a new beginning for their race. The internal poem however, gives way to a much more profound meaning, portraying the death and rebirth, in which destructive furor is overcome by the moral activity of a divinized and resurrected hero, Aeneas. The correlation between the cosmic power of fate and counter-fate, and the accompanying struggle of human reaction is not only a superficial inconsistency between high divinities or mortal men, but on a deeper level symbolize in Virgil's epic the struggle between chaos and order, light and darkness, good and evil, or more importantly, accepting what God has laid out for you or refuting it."

Tags:impii, pietas, furor, Jupiter, Juno, Aeneas

Abstract
This paper highlights the device and effects of the divine sphere of activity in the poem as well as the mortal. It first deals with the issue of "Fate" and its relationship to the power and will of Jupiter. It then explains the notion and rhetorical effect of the "Optimistic Prophecy" in the poem and the different characteristics of the various gods as characters in a text, especially Juno. Finally, it considers a more psychoanalytical view of the gods as elements of Aeneas' psyche.

From the Paper
"The prophecy of Jupiter in lines 254-296 is very significant for the poem, and shows much about how Jupiter himself, and gods in general, are treated by Virgil. At the start of the passage, before he has started speaking, Virgil continues the mood of the calm after the storm, portraying Jupiter as a benevolent father figure to Venus' worried daughter: "vultu, quo caelum tempestatesque serenat /oscula libavit natae" (I.255-6). This, crucially, sets the tone for the coming prophecy, in which Jupiter is trying to assuage her fears by telling of the glory of Rome and thus Aeneas' enterprise."

Tags:aeneas, fate, jupiter

Abstract
This paper looks at how, as Galileo first turned his telescope toward the heavens, he was drastically turning mankind away from its long-accepted view that the Aristotelian view of the heavens was correct. It examines the significance of Galileo's early astronomical observations on the Aristotelian universe by examining Aristotle's theory of the cosmos, pertinent background on Galileo, his discoveries, and the effect they had on Aristotle's universe.

Outline
Introduction
Aristotle's Universe
Galileo Leading Up to His Discoveries
Galileo's Observations and their Significance
The Moon
Jupiter
Venus
Other Important Observations
Toward a Heliocentric Model
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The next object Galileo turned his attention to was the planet Jupiter. In January of 1610, he saw three small but bright stars in the area of Jupiter that changed positions with time, but never strayed far from Jupiter. After repeated observations, Galileo concluded that there are three stars in the heavens moving about Jupiter. He later discovered a fourth satellite of Jupiter and he named these moons the Medicean stars. These satellites were seen to orbit Jupiter at various distances and speeds. This was the first time that a planet other than Earth was found to have satellites orbiting it."

Tags:copernicus, galileo, jupiter, moon, padua, ptolemy, renaissance, science, sun, sunspots, telescope, venus

Abstract
This paper attempts to explain the nature of the solar system. Starting with the inner solar system, the paper explores the make-up of the sun, central to the system, followed by Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. The paper then explores what is known as the outer system, beginning with Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. The paper then offers a three-point conclusion, beginning with the sun and then dividing into the outer and inner solar systems.

From the Paper
"Many theories have been formulated by scientists and scholars that help explain the nature and origin of the solar system, which gave birth to the planets in it, which includes the planet Earth. Among these formation theories, the most widely-accepted theory is the Nebular Theory of Solar System Formation. This theory states that the solar system was formed as a result of the collapse of an interstellar cloud, which eventually became the solar system and all the planets and elements within it. This space phenomenon happened 4.7 billion years ago, and as the interstellar cloud collapsed under the force of gravity, it rotates at a fast rate, eventually forming a ball of hot gas and dust, called the protosun."

Tags:planets, space, science, mercury, plato, venus, earth, mars, uranus, saturn, jupiter, neptune