Abstract
The paper examines the beginnings of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) from their bases in Jordan and Lebanon. The paper discusses how the PLO became an international terrorist organization and how its splinter organizations of Islamic Jihad, Hamas and Abu Nidal developed.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
The Growth of the PLO and International Terrorism
Karamah
Black September: PLO Terrorism Spreads to Europe
The Invasion of Lebanon
Abu Nidal: Origins, Structure, and Operations
Summary

From the Paper
"Israel truly has a strong military presence in the Middle East. This presence has been felt by Arab nations during various wars. The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) found that terrorist acts were the best means for attacking Israel. Under the leadership of Yasser Arafat, the PLO waged considerable attacks on Israel throughout the years. Israel fought back and weakened the PLO on numerous occasions. However, Arafat regrouped and obtained various allies such as German terrorists to bring the PLO to the forefront of international terrorism. This power has subsided with Arafat conducting peace talks; however, other terrorist groups have taken the place of the PLO."

Tags:Munich, Olympics, Abu, Nidal, Karamah, Arafat

Abstract
This research paper evaluates the evolution of the PLO and how it has cultivated political change in the Middle East. Subtitles includes: the how and why of the PLO, the PLO, a displaced Palestinian State, PLO leadership and changing ideologies.

From the Paper
"In the historical arena of time, the roots of the Palestine Liberation Organization are shallow. Time has witnessed the birth of Israel bringing political changes that affect the plight of the Palestinians. The evolution of the PLO in the Middle East has also cultivated political change. Many of these changes are currently being addressed in the international community. The Middle East, since World War II, has been a political hot bed of transformation implanted in the cultural and religious ideologies of Jews against Arabs drawn into the political field of Palestinians against Israelis."

Tags:arafat, conflict, east, middle, plo, palestine, hamas, rabin, fundamentalist, Muslim, brotherhood, palestinians, Israel, intifada

Abstract
This paper explores the history and goals of Hamas, an acronym for Harakat al-Mugawima al-Islamiyya, also known as the Islamic Resistance Movement. The paper relates that the organization's goals are anti-Israeli, as it fights for destroying the state of Israel and creating a Palestinian Islamic state by using very violent terrorist aggression against Israeli civilians. The paper also relates that one of the most dangerous threats for regional security resides in the violent fights between Hamas and Fatah, which led to the separation of Palestine with Hamas controlling Gaza and Fatah, the West Bank.

From the Paper
'Despite the organization's social and religious activities, Hamas is primarily a military organization, well equipped, financed and organized. Its military wing is responsible for the acts of violence attributed to the organization. In achieving their goal of re-establishing Palestine on the territories that were known as hers before 1947, Hamas has used the term "jihad" (religious war), with the meaning that it will carry a war against any enemy of Islam, referring to Israel. Comparing to PLO, which has carried negotiations in the past with Israel and which seems more eager to find a solution for the dispute, Hamas remains radical in claiming all the territories they believe are rightfully Palestinian and accept no negotiation with Israel.'

Tags:israel, plo, gaza, military, hatred

Abstract
This paper explores the strong connection between terrorism or terrorist groups and the religion they claim to represent. Specifically, the paper looks at the terrorist group, Hamas, which is a religious Islamic group, and explains its philosophy, structure, and purpose.

Contents
Introduction
Opposition Groups
Religion and Terrorism
Terrorism and Muslims
Beginning of Hamas
Hamas and Muslim Thinking
Shehadeh
Philosophy
Structure
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Many believe that the combination of constant "misrule, corruption, poverty, and repression in Central Asia runs the risk of encouraging opposition groups to gravitate toward Islamic parties and movements (unknown, Testimony)." This is due to the fact that all other opposition forces have been subdued by the Islamic regimes, leaving the "Islamist movements, which are generally and inherently underground operations, the only force capable of arousing opposition to this misrule (unknown, Testimony)." The misrule and repression in Central Asia has encouraged the population to seek a party that provides them with a policy they can understand, since all other avenues of political expression are closed off due to repression, socio-economic decline, environmental degradation, the breakdown of social norms through crime, corruption, and drugs, ethnic cleavages, and/or the absence of a genuine civil society."

Tags:israel, palestine, bomb, suicide, quran, koran, muslim, september, 11

Abstract
This paper discusses the efforts constantly being made to improve the security environment for Israel and the Palestinian Authority by both sides and by the Quartet, a diplomatic mission consisting of the US, UN, Russia and the European Union, established in 2002 in Madrid by Spanish Prime Minister Aznar to assist in mediating the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The writer describes various political factors in the peace process and recent events affecting it. The writer concludes by describing plans for the international summit organized by the US in the last week of November 2007.

From the Paper
"From the Israeli part, at least in theory, it seems that there is political will to succeed in achieving a peaceful security environment for both nations, the Israelis and the Palestinians. After the 2006 elections, Ehud Olmert and the Kadima party became the most important force in the Knesset and therefore it was considered at the time that there would be more political unity in the decisions being taken in the matter of the Middle East peace process. In this sense, his opinions and support for an eventual agreement that would be respected by all the parties involved are constantly expressed in his public statements, more recently while preparing the US held summit in late November 2007. In a different context he expressed his views that "he hoped a peace deal with the Palestinians could be reached in 2008" (BBC News, 2007). Although there are serious differences of opinion among Israeli political parties, it is an already accepted fact that indeed, there is a need for a resolution to the conflict between the two nations and the international framework created at this moment could be an important element in furthering the talks."

Tags:Hamas Gaza terrorist, West Bank, Abbas violence Arafat diplomatic

Abstract
This term paper examines Hamas, a Palestinian terrorist organization. It traces the history and violence of Hamas, examines current and future United States' policy towards Islamic resistance movements, and investigates the possible legitimization of Hamas into the political realm.

From the Paper
"The above Balfour Declaration, signed on November 1917, marks the historical moment where a great deal of anguish began for the Palestinian people, and followed for many generations. Prior the Balfour Declaration, the Sikes-Picot treaty signed on April 1917, promised the contrary, secretly dividing up Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire into French and British administered areas, hence preparing Palestine for its independence (O'Ballance, Ch.1). The extemporaneous Balfour Declaration caused much anger and pain since it was a European power, making a demographic reality about a non-European territory, while disregarding the wishes of its native inhabitants. Consequences of this letter continue to this moment, including death, war and migration, causing egregious social, economic and political domino effects."

Tags:palestine, palestinian, plo, terrorism, terrorist

Abstract
This paper discusses the origins of terrorism in the Middle East. It examines the Middle East and the major problems that have evolved there. Specifically, the paper examines Zionism in Palestine, the state of Israel, intra-Arab rivalries and revolutionary. It focuses on the history of terrorism from the beginnings of Islam to the Crusades and then Zionism.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
An introduction to the region
A synopsis of major problems
Three sources of Middle Eastern terrorism
Zionism in Palestine: 1914-1936
The birth of modern Israel
Intra-Arab rivalries
Shia Islam and revolutionary Iran
Summary

From the Paper
"Iran is unique in the Middle East. Iranians are not Arabs, and they practice a version of Islam somewhat different from orthodox practices (White, 2002). Shiites and Sunnis exist in Iran with conflicting beliefs, which has caused tension. The influence of the West has divided Iran changing it from pro-western to being at war with the West and the rest of the world ideologically (White, 2002). Various leaders of Iran have subjected the people to love and war to outsiders. For example, America looked on the Shah as a friend, never realizing the Iranians viewed America's actions as part of a long tradition of imperialism (White, 2002). Whereas, the Ayatollah Khomeini launched a holy war against the West and the traitors of Islam (White, 2002). Terrorism is used by Iran to fight their battles and powerful groups such as the Islamic Jihad and Hizbollah have evolved from Iran."

Tags:Hezbollah, Hamas, Palestine

Abstract
The paper examines Israeli/Arab enmity in the Middle East and the problem of religious extremism. The paper discusses the need for true democratization to emerge in Muslim states and for the replacement of current corrupt political systems controlled by leaders who manipulate their people in order to demonize Israel and maintain their power. The paper maintains that American and Israeli policies have been counterproductive, for they have radicalized millions of Muslims, who have responded with unprecedented support for extremist groups such as Hezbollah and Hamas.

From the Paper
"Examining the history and ideology of Hezbollah indicates that there is much merit to the accusations of the American and Israeli governments that it is a terrorist organization led by religious fanatics intent upon the destruction of Israel. In response, the leaders of Hezbollah and its supporters and sympathizers reject accusations that they are terrorists and religious fanatics, and insist that Hezbollah and similar groups such as Hamas are simply defending the rights of Muslims against American and Israeli aggression."
"As is the case with most controversies, the truth is somewhere in the middle, for the philosophical observation that one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter certainly applies in the context of current Middle East unrest. According to Military.com (2006) Hezbollah's emergence in the aftermath of the Israeli occupation of Beirut and southern Lebanon in 1982 reflects these diametrically opposed perceptions, for it was due to the determination of Shi'ite Muslims to resist the Israeli presence and support Palestinians in their fight for statehood."

Tags:Muslims, extremism, fanatics, terror, hatred, democracy, Palestine

Abstract
This paper explains that the unprecedented impact of 9/11 on the consciousness of America and the international community is a new kind of globalized fear surrounding security, which is the product of shared cultural, political and technological factors characterizing the globalized world against another distinct culture, which aims to destroy rather than build or maintain life. The author points out the interrelationship of countries by relating that Arafat's Palestinian Authority documents unmistakably showed that the PA received money from Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq, which then was given to terrorist commanders for acts of terrorism against Israelis. The paper relates that the FBI categorizes international terrorism in the U.S. into three categories: (1) Activities of foreign sponsors, such as Iran, Iraq, Syria, Sudan, Libya, Cuba and North Korea, which used terrorism as an operational tool of foreign policy in the past; (2) formalized terrorist groups, such as the Lebanese Hezbollah, Al-Gama'a Al-Islamiyya of Egypt and the HAMAS of Palestine and (3) loosely affiliated international radical extremists who do not represent a particular country, such as those behind the bombing of the World Trade Center in 1993 in New York City.

From the Paper
"Developments in the international scene have enabled mass-casualty terrorism. Perceived and gross inequalities in economic resources and standards of living among nations in the world have motivated international terrorism and determined the level of ferocity and viciousness of attacks. Poverty was often blamed as the main cause of domestic terrorism, although there appears no "comprehensive correlation between" poverty and terrorism. But it is different in the international scenario. Free-market globalization gave the Islamic world access to Western values and institutions and this offers explanation for the growth of international terrorism, which is the weaker party's occasion to hit back."

Tags:funding, cyber-terrorism, inter-relationship, groups, fbi

Abstract
This paper explores the reasons why many foreigners dislike the U.S for the foreign policy it carries. Topics that are discussed are America's support of Israel, repressive regimes, and its support of U.N sanctions on Iraq.

From the Paper
"U.S support of Israel is undoubtedly the most influential factor in the dislike of America. Israel declared its independence in 1949 and it has since been involved in five wars with neighboring states. Israel plays a crucial role in the Middle East due to its strategic location amongst many of the world's Arab nations. The U.S has been a major supporter of Israel since Harry Truman recognized it as a sovereign country in May 1948. It is quite obvious why U.S foreign policy has always favored Israel. Factors such as long-standing congressional support for Israel, the clout of the pro-Israel lobby as well as guilt over turning away Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi Germany have caused the U.S to form a strong relationship with Israel."

Tags:arabia, pakistan, palestine, saudi, terrorists, war, Hamas, 911