Abstract
Proposes a study to determine the most effective tools, instruments, strategies, and/or procedures for assessing the English language skill deficits and bilingual educational needs of middle school Haitians in the U.S.

From the Paper
"Development of an Assessment Tool for Identifying
Language Skill Deficits of Haitian Middle School Students
Introduction
The language skill deficits of Haitian-American elementary, middle and secondary school students have been thoroughly documented...

Abstract
Ethnic-Americanization seems to be a process whereby a member of an ethnic group ceases to be, say, "Cuban" and becomes Cuban-American. The primary identification is American, rather than Cuban, although the cultural influence remains strong. This paper looks at the three stages in the process and how Cuban-Americans and Haitian-Americans utilize this process. The paper questions how "diversity" has become a part of the American civic culture and how Americans have celebrated this diversity. Despite the process of Americanization and the celebration of diversity, bigotry still exists in American society. This paper also explains the conflict between blacks and whites, anti-Semitism and the hostility toward immigrants in the U.S.

From the Paper
"It seems as though history, or time itself, has made diversity part of American civic culture. The diverse people simply kept coming to the United States. They are here. They became part of American culture and American culture became defined by that multiplicity of races and ethnicities that comprised it. It is a difference that is significant, although the world is gradually becoming more globally mixed. Still, in many parts of the world, the only real diversity is tribal, rather than racial or ethnic. For example, in Saudi Arabia, the culture is very homogeneous. In Japan, there is very little ethnic difference, and that has been suppressed."

Tags:Fidel, Castro, xenophobia, bigots

From the Paper
"After a long and difficult day of negotiations with Haiti's military rulers in September 1994, former President Jimmy Carter excused himself from dinner with some Haitian business people, withdrew to his hotel suite, and began typing the first draft of what later became the American agreement for the dissolution of Haiti's military regime. Carter never cleared his proposal with President Clinton. For that matter, the White House did not even know it existed until the following morning, almost half a day after Carter offered the proposal to the Haitian military. By then, Lieutenant General Raoul Cedras had already accepted the proposal as a basis for agreement. The transition from military to civilian rule had begun under uncertain terms.


The purpose of this research is to examine the events that led up to the Haitian crisis and the United States/Haitian..."

Abstract
This five-page undergraduate paper compares African-American, Haitian-American, and Jamaican-American Family structure. The discussion includes births, weddings, deaths, elderly family member treatment, and adult children living with parents across each group.

Abstract
The paper examines the wide variety of factors that, combined, cause difficulties for immigrant Haitian adolescents in American schools. The writer cites language and cultural differences, lack of motivation and parental support as a few of the issues that are reflected in the poor academic record of Haitian children. Finally, the writer proposes an educational system that is more open to students of Haitian background.

From the Paper
"In terms of absolute numbers, Haitians settling in the United States are not great in comparison to the nation's population. Haitian immigrants, however, do bring with them significant and special problems with which both they and the nation must deal. Not least among these problems are those related to education for Haitian children and adolescents immigrating to the United States. Such problems are especially significant for adolescents who are expected to enter the American educational system at the secondary school level, as such students do not have the luxury of time to become acclimated to and prepared for academic demands of a foreign system."

Tags:foreign, academics, motivation, culture, language

From the Paper
"THE UNITED STATES.HAITI RELATIONSHIP
This research considers the contemporary relationship between the United States and Haiti. One aspect of this relationship tends to portray the United States as a champion and protector of Haitians. This aspect of the relationship is illustrated by American support for ousted Haitian president Aristides and the application of economic sanctions to Haiti's military government. A second aspect of the relationship between the United States and Haiti casts the United States as a nation that is prejudiced against Haitians, as Haitian refugees are refused easy entry into the United States, while refugees from Cuba and many other countries are welcomed to the United States (Amnesty International 2; Lawyers Committee for Human Rights 5)."

Tags:IMMIGRATION

Abstract
This paper examines how Haitian immigration to the United States has increased in recent years in spite of the efforts of successive political administrations in the United States to restrain and turn back the flow. It evaluates how there are a wide variety of factors combined to cause difficulties for immigrant Haitian adolescents in American schools and how the attitudes of Haitian students toward the value of education with respect to their own futures often creates significant barriers between the students and the schools. It proposes a study to investigate the effects of a bilingual curriculum content on problems incurred by Haitian high school students.

Outline
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions
Hypotheses
Overview of the Remainder of the Study
Review of the Literature
Self-Concept
Assimilation
Ethnocentrism
Language
Stratification of Educational Outcomes
Methodology
Research Design
Subjects
Instruments
Procedures
Data Analysis

From the Paper
"In addition, fear of failure, an absence of motivation, poor self-concept, and related stress-producing factors long have been associated with the development of anxieties and stresses that manifest themselves in behaviors such as academic and social behaviors that, in turn, lead to poor academic performance (Senecal, 1995). Rubenzer (1990) contended that school-related stress is the most prevalent untreated cause of academic failure. Fear of failure produces stress that in turn manifests itself as anxiety that leads to substandard academic performance (Griffin & Griffin, 1998). Poor self-concept and self-esteem contribute to a fear of failure. Thus, it is important to identify strategies for immigrant adolescent Haitian students that will foster in such students the will to work and excel in school."

Tags:school, assimilation, education, bilingual, curriculum

Abstract
It is ironic, but entirely understandable, that black slaves in the American south so readily embraced the religion of their oppressors. Christianity was used by the slaveholders as a justification for slavery as well as a tool of mental control. However, because slaveholders prohibited the practice of African religions among the slave populations, Christianity became central to the slave's spiritual, social and personal life. The paper shows that, moreover, a unique syncretic religious culture emerged in the antebellum South, one that differed from that which was born in the Caribbean or other parts of the slaveholding Americas. African religions were most noticeably combined with the dominant white religion of Christianity in the revivalist meetings and in the spiritual songs sung by the slaves, rather than in the rituals of Haitian Voudoun and Cuban Santeria. The paper shows that for southern American slaves, slave masters' hypocrisy did not interfere with a genuine religious faith and belief in an omniscient and benevolent God. Christianity offered for the slave a means to transcend the pain of mundane existence; the next world would offer the joy, abundance, freedom, peace, and love that slavery denied them. Religion therefore served as both diversion and divine intervention in the individual and collective African-American soul.

From the Paper
"Praise meetings arose from the combination of Christian evangelism and the intense emotional experience of bondage. Blassingame notes that blacks had a "more intense emotional involvement with their God" than the whites who introduced them to Christ. The passionate longing for freedom and emancipation contributed to the unique character of black-led praise meetings in the American south. These meetings combined elements of traditional black religious practice such as music, song, and dance with Christian theology. Shouting and singing were methods of inspiring slaves and emboldening an otherwise degraded spirit. The tenets of Christianity were combined with themes of freedom to create a specifically African-American experience of that religion. This experience and the practice of Christianity differed from that of the white slaveholder. For a slave, Christianity had immediate relevance. Praise meetings served as direct communion with God, as a vehicle to transcend the brutal conditions of daily life. God was personal, not abstract. God was immanent and omnipresent. Praise meetings infused Christianity with emotionality, passion, and sorrow."

Tags:Bible, Thomas, Lewis, Johnson, Great, Revival, Francis, Fedric

Abstract
This paper first provides a brief history of U.S. relations with the Dominican Republic (1869-1930) and the establishment of the Dominican National Guard by the United States. It examines the U.S. endorsement of Trujillo and Trujillo's subsequent military rise and the election of 1930. The structure and impact of the Dominican Army is analyzed along with the Dominican economy and American investments and Trujillo's economic monopoly.

From the Paper
"From 1930 until 1961, a ruthless dictator named Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina ruled the Dominican Republic. As a result of his actions as dictator, Trujillo can be accurately described as an ambitious, corrupt, intelligent megalomaniac. In order to maintain absolute control for thirty-one years, Trujillo ran his administration with efficiency and expediency. Trujillo ascended to power in the Dominican Republic through military accomplishment in the Dominican National Guard, an army established by the United States in 1916, during Marine occupation. Throughout Trujillo's dictatorship, the United States continued as a willing participant, both diplomatically and politically. Once securely in a position of power, Trujillo used several tactics in order to maintain his status until his rule as dictator ended with his assassination in 1961. These tactics included the establishment of a single-party state, forced intellectual and educational conformity, and the regular use of a secret police. However, of all the tactics used by the dictator himself, the most effective means of control were his use of both ruthless military power and economic monopoly on the domestic population. Trujillo's methods of gaining and retaining absolute power in the Dominican Republic, coupled with United States influence during his regime, resulted in the proliferation of his dictatorship from 1930 until 1961."

Tags:america, caceres, carvajal, domingo, dominican, guard, haitian, influence, latin, republic, santo, trujillo, united, vasquez

Abstract
This paper explains that as a multicultural society, the United States is composed of many micro societies, which do not necessarily blend into a single macro society; therefore counselors working with minority cultures must understand each minority society and challenge themselves to be creative and dynamic in providing sensitive and effective counseling to these individuals. The author points out that multicultural counseling should encompass personalization as well as group identification to serve the population with well rounded and effective counseling. The paper relates that in addition to the typical ethnic categories such as African-American, American Indian or Haitians, other minority groups and cultures include sexual minorities, women, the elderly and the disabled.

From the Paper
"Like African-Americans, American Indians and Alaskan Natives suffered injudicious and atrocities at the hands of White Imperial Europeans. In the writings of Matthiessen (1984), the author weaves a tragic story of many American Indians who not only lost land but also gaming grounds and spiritual traditions associated with certain locations or animals. Yet through it all, Matthiessen (1984) captures the sadness the American Indian has for the white man who is half-blind and could gain much so much from all traditional peoples. In an example of the disregard for Indian culture, the US government moved Navajo Indians into a region revered by the Hopi Indian. The Navajo, having no connection to the Black Mesa region and pressured to stem statistics of infant mortality and poverty of their people, began mining the area to create jobs and income. The side effects of this mining included deep changes in these Indians' regret for the destruction of the land and a new unattractive interest in money."

Tags:minority, sensitivity, indians, african-americans, elderly