Abstract The paper shows how hair science is a direct result of commercial interest in the industry, and its important role in economics and the social world, which has fostered its profound development over the last century. The hair care industry is a multi-million dollar business with serious economic, technological, social, and fashion attributes. Hair styles have changed dramatically, serving as part of the socio-cultural process of identity construction, gender relations, and political expression. Likewise, they have been as influenced by the social constructions they nurture. The paper examines the last half of the century which has witnessed the most development in hair science, with technical advancement evident in the at-home focus of many products, the introduction of chemical understandings to hair care, and the infrastructural focus on speed and results that has characterized the digital revolution.
Outline:
Introduction
Social and Anthropological Changes
Fashion Follows Societal Norms and Recognition
Beauty at the Turn of the Century
The Great Depression
At Home Styling: Science and Industry in the Middle of the Century
Industrial Growth Spurs Technological Advancement
Market Responds to Social and Consumer Forces
Works Cited
From the Paper "At the dawn of the century, the start of the 1900s ushered out the very end of the Victorian era. Known most for its political and revolutionary socio-cultural transformations, the Victorian era was also one of excess, superficial concentration, and popular culture. Hair was an integral part of the culture. "While women's hair, particularly when it is golden, has always been a Western preoccupation, for the Victorians it became an obsession." This infatuation with hair was neither a passing fad nor just an aesthetic attention, but it was a mechanism of societal imagery, assertion of gender norms, and the greater product of cultural symbols."
Tags: excess, culture, societal, imagery, golden, hair, cosmetology, corinthian, hairstyle, hat, straight, iron, curling, perming, styling, bob, hair, care
Abstract This paper is an anthropological field project on the ritual of hair salons. The author points out multiple meanings of hair salons in minority communities. The paper relates the role of hair salons in women's concern with self-image and social interaction.
From the Paper "For many women, especially those from minority backgrounds such as African Americans and Hispanics, hair salons constitute more than a place for getting a haircut. Rather they are considered to be an integral part of the economic and social makeup of minority communities."
Abstract This paper discusses how hairs and fibers are used in forensic research. The author explains the properties of hair, and how knowing the many varieties can help in solving a crime. Similarly, the author provides charts of various fibers and explains how a scientist can utilize this information.
From the Paper "You brush up against countless people and surfaces over the course of a day. Each one leaves remnants of the contact- including fibers and hair. You pick hairs off of your clothing, clean a hairbrush, or cut loose threads from a garment; all these tiny items can be identifiable in virtually any situation. In the cases of violence or struggle, large transfers of both take place; an attacker pulls a victim's hair out, a victim grabs at an attacker's shirt and rips it, getting fibers under his or her nails, etc. Each piece of this minute evidence provides a means of identification and the ability to solve a crime."
Abstract This paper analyzes forensic hair analysis, and traditional evidentiary methodologies, concluding that although forensic hair analysis is often instrumental to crime solving, it is essentially inadequate unless extensive nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analysis is also conducted and considered. It also discusses technological advances in this area, and the future of DNA testing in the United States.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
History of Forensic Hair Analysis
Hair Analysis: The Process
DNA Testing
Forensic Hair Analysis and DNA Analysis
DNA Testing Compliance
Comparison of Hair Examination and other Evidentiary Methodologies
Future Advances in DNA Testing
Conclusion
From the Paper "The science of hair comparison has been used in thousands of criminal cases all over the United States for decades. Hair, because of its widespread presence at crime scenes, has great evidentiary value in forensic science. Even if a suspect has tried to clean the crime scene of any evidence such as personal possessions, fingerprints or footprints, hair strands always seem to stick in the matter found in that area. Since hair is so personal to individuals, it serves as a great indicator of who was there. The forensic testing of hair strands has very early roots. It was first used as evidence in 1861, but did not gain scientific acceptance until after the turn of century, and public acceptance until the late 1950's. During this time the public acceptance of hair testing was widespread, and police received enormous support for any evidence consisting of hair strands."
Abstract This paper focuses on the steps involved in examination of animal hair specimen obtained as part of forensic evidence. Forensic science is being extensively used in crime investigations today and hair can thus provide important clues. But the results obtained after examination may not always be accurate because of the limitations of forensic analysis. The paper discusses these limitations along with the kind of results one can obtain from hair analysis.
This paper examines the causes and effects of alopecia areata, a systemic hair loss disorder which affects around 4.7 million people in the United States alone.
Abstract This paper describes alopecia areata, a systematic hair loss disorder, as a disease that is independent of race, gender or age, hence affected people represent a wide and diverse group. The writer details the effects of the disease which can be either permanent or reversible depending on the nature and extent of damage to the hair follicles. It is believed that both genetic and environmental factors have an influence in the onset of the condition. While there is no complete cure as of yet for alopecia, treatment is primarily aimed at slowing down and containing the severity of the symptoms. This paper also discusses the psychological devastation suffered by the affected person which at times can be debilitating. This paper contains a brief yet concise overview of the various types of alopecia as well as the possible treatment options available.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Alopecia (Different Types)
Hair Follicles (Complex Morphognesis)
Androgenic Alopecia
Molecular Pathology of AGA
Immunology of Alopecia Areata
Microcirculation in Scalp Tissues
Cosmetic Surgery
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "Research into the pathophysiology of AGA though still inconclusive, has offered enough insight and has identified the important role of androgens in the progressive miniaturization of the hair follicles leading to baldness. Testosterone and its metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in particular have been directly related as causative factors. The presence of the enzyme 5[Alpha]-reductase is essential for the catalytic reduction of testosterone into the more potent form of DHT. Chromosome 2p has the gene necessary for encoding 5[Alpha]-reductase. Extensive studies conducted on people suffering from AGA have revealed an excess of 5[Alpha]-reductase, and consequently greater amounts of DHT. DHT affects the hair follicles by binding with the dermal papilla cells creating androgen receptor complexes. Androgen receptors act as transcription factors and are directly involved in the synthesis of the protein substances that affect the hair follicles."
Abstract The paper refers to the article "Flaunting the Freak Flag: "Karr v. Schmidt" and the Great Hair Debate in American High Schools, 1965-1975" and approaches the Karr vs. Schmidt case from three different perspectives: the students' perspective, the teachers' and administrative staff perspective, and the judicial perspective. The paper attempts to show how the hair debate was but a small element of a larger framework of conflicts between generations. The paper reveals that at a national level this translated into a political fight against the war in Vietnam, at a cultural level it was a revolt against the older generation and at a micro level, it was a fight against school authority.
From the Paper "The cultural revolution of the 1960s and early 1970s brought about, not only in the US, but throughout the entire world, a revolt of the younger generation against what they perceived as restrictions to their expression for their parents, teachers or other figures of authority. In order to be a successful revolt, this generation needed anchors it could believe in and attach itself to it, controversial issues on which their position would certainly be different than that of the authority figures.
"In the early 1960s, the cultural arena was a potential anchor that the generation could use. This was controversial not necessarily because of the music itself, but because of its implications into other related areas, such as fashion and dancing. The music that The Beatles made was innocent enough in its early messages, but their impact was felt in the way they dressed and grew their hair, which made the younger generation adopt them as rebel anchors."
Tags: students, teachers, courts, revolt, authority, rock, bands
Abstract This paper discusses the roles of hair and fibers as physical evidence in forensic science. It concentrates on the physical composition, identification methods, recovery techniques and implications as evidence. This forensic science research paper also provides an analytical discussion of the implications that the various methods have in the field of criminology.
From the Paper "Hair and fibers are superficially similar. They may frequently be found together as trace evidence, and the methods of studying them are often similar. In fact, hair and fibers are quite different: Hair as an appendage of human or animal skin, growing out of an organ known as the hair follicle; fibers are strands of natural or manufactured material. Some animal-hair coverings such as wool and mohair are classified as natural fibers, but such issues of terminology are just that and do not affect the process of identification. Although hair is discovered as evidence at many crime scenes and often appears on the bodies of victims of violence, it represents class or general evidence, rather than individual evidence. One person's hair cannot yet be individualized to the exclusion of anyone else, although DNA research, which involves testing the root of the hair, may make near individualization possible. Hair is valuable evidence and much can be learned from a few strands. It also resists chemical decomposition and retains its structural features for a long time. In contrast to hair, fibers and cloth fragments offer much greater evidential value because they incorporate numerous variables. These include the number of fibers in each strand, the diameter of strands and fibers, the direction and number of twists, the type of weave, the dye content, as well as the presence of any foreign material that may be adherent to fibers or embedded among them."
Abstract This paper discusses service organization recovery and outlines the five stages of service recovery, from the lowest (moribund) to the highest (infused). It presents the case of a hair salon and looks at how to bring the service recovery function to the highest level for that organization. The paper presents points of service recovery and a service recovery strategy plan. A table is included with the paper.
Table of Contents:
Background
Moments of Truth
Service Recovery Strategy Plan
From the Paper "At this point, compensation for issues becomes more complex. The person soliciting the feedback must be empowered to offer a range of possible compensations. They should probe the customer to find out what will make them happy. Another stylist may be the answer, but so may some form of financial compensation. If the customer agrees that they do intend to visit the salon again, a discount on their next visit will have value. If, however, they do not agree, or seem to be wavering, then another form of compensation, be it movie tickets or a restaurant voucher, would be more appropriate. Of course, the compensation offer should include an understanding of the nature of the problem and a statement explaining the course of action that will be taken to ensure the problem is never repeated."
Abstract This paper discusses the use and course of rhetoric in Gary Soto's work, "Black Hair." It questions whether this story is a representation of the plight of the Mexican or the voice of the narrator as a Mexican representative. The paper concludes that the novel is revealing the marginalization and the objective degradation of socioeconomic desperation among Mexicans in North America.
From the Paper "Dollars add up to the same total, and duplicate the same conditions, opportunities, and economic class, for any member of society no matter what color they are. The truth is that minorities tend to be the greater percentage of the lower socioeconomic class, but the real fact is that anyone in this job or with this pay is subject to the same vagaries of society that specific members of specific ethnic groups are. No matter what ethnic groups one belongs to, redneck, black or Mexican, they are all equally cursed by society and a place like the Valley Tire Company. And the hatred the author feels is exacerbated by his alienation from even his own "people" in the tire factory, the other Mexicans, because the author has lighter skin and speaks worse Spanish than the other Mexicans."
Abstract This paper provides an insight into the condition of androgenetic alopecia, otherwise known as male baldness, and attempts to dismiss the myths, such as inheritance of baldness from the mother's male relatives, how longer hair puts a strain on roots, and how hats choke off circulation to the scalp causing hair loss. It describes how scalp hair grows and the main causes of it falling out and looks at the typical pattern of male pattern baldness. It also discusses solutions to baldness, from hair grafting to medication.
From the Paper "Surgical remedies are also offered. Follicular micro grafting is the common surgical solution. This is where selected hair follicles are removed from a region of hair growth that remains unaffected by testosterone. These follicles are then implanted in an area of hair loss. These results are permanent. Multiple sessions may be required to achieve the desired affect, with the slight possibility of scarring or infection. For hair loss caused by illness or medication use, no treatment is necessary. The hair will usually grow back when the illness has ended or therapy has stopped. A wig, hat, or covering may be used until the hair grows back. "
Abstract Alopecia areata is a systemic hair loss disorder, which affects roughly around 4.7 million people in the United States alone. The paper explains that it is characterized as an autoimmune disease that leads to either localized or complete hair loss. The effects of the disease may either be permanent or reversible depending on the nature and extent of damage to the hair follicles. It is believed that both genetic as well as environmental factors have an influence in the onset of the condition. This paper provides a brief overview of the different types of alopecia and discusses in detail the possible pathophysiology and the treatment options for the disease.
Introduction
Alopecia (Different Types)
Hair Follicles (Complex Morphognesis)
Androgenic Alopecia
Molecular Pathology of AGA
Immunology of Alopecia Areata
Microcirculation in Scalp Tissues
Treatment for Alopecia (Cortisones and Anti Inflammatory and Immunotherapy Drugs)
Cosmetic Surgery
Conclusion
From the Paper "Alopecia is a disease triggered by the immune response of the body, which attacks and alters the normal development cycle of the hair follicles. Normally each hair follicle is in any one of the following three stages of life cycle namely anagen (growth phase), catagen (regression phase) and telogen (resting phase). Alopecia areata refers to the significant hair loss observed due to the immune response against the hair follicles in the anagen stage, resulting in severe reduction or complete stoppage of the hair growth phase. When the hair loss is observed throughout the body it is called as alopecia universalis. When complete hair loss is confined to the head, the condition is referred to as Alopecia totalis while hair loss that is localized and observed as patchy bald regions is known as Alopecia areata. [Ralph Paus]"
Abstract This paper explains the fact that Madame Walker, a millionaire who laid the foundation of America's first black plutocratic dynasty, is certainly incredible because she came from poverty, was orphaned at the age of six, and had no formal education. Walker's story is a fairy-tale that inspired an entire generation of black Americans to think beyond their limitations and to have faith in the future. The author points out that Walker created a market niche for black hair-straightening products by creating the amazing "Wonderful Hair Grower" and 23 other products, with annual gross earnings as high as $276,000 in 1917, employing around 3,000 employees, most of whom were females. The paper relates that a documentary film titled, "Two Dollars and a Dream," by Stanley Nelson, chronicles the life and struggles of Walker, the grande dame of personal hair care service and a source of inspiration for millions of women around the world.
From the Paper "Walker had developed a strict code of conduct for women which was meant to empower females especially blacks. There was a respectable uniform that they were made to wear, consisting of white blouses and long black skirts. These uniforms helped in identification of Walker employees, these salespersons thus became a symbol of entrepreneurship and success for others in the downtrodden black areas. These uniforms also helped lure other females to the workforce and this helped in revolutionizing the way black women saw themselves and their future."
Abstract This paper explains that, because society is obsessed with the body and attractiveness, breast cancer strikes at body image and the very meaning of what it is to be an ideal woman. The author of the paper points out that, whatever surgery the woman might have to remove the cancer, she can never be sure that the cancer is gone completely. The paper relates that hair loss is the most upsetting side effect of chemotherapy because, socially, women are told by the media about the importance of their hair and people always make comment about hair styles. The paper states that intimacy can be affected because sexuality is all about sharing the woman's body with her partner and she may be deeply afraid of rejection. The paper notes that greatest psychological effect on the husband is that he feels completely helpless.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Risks and Prevention of Breast Cancer
Effects of Breast Cancer Treatment
Psychological and Social Effects of Breast Cancer Treatment
Conclusion
From the Paper "It is very important to prevent breast cancer because it causes many social and psychological problems. Early detection results in the highest possibility of successful treatment. Women need to have a screening mammogram to be sure they are free from breast cancer. For one thing, mammograms result in a 30 percent reduction of deaths from breast cancer. Women in Canada are at risk because a good standard of living or prosperity is a risk factor. The reason is that the woman's diet tends to be high in refined sugars and animal and saturated fats."
Abstract This paper is a proposal to conduct research on trichotillomania, a recently identified abnormal psychology disorder, which involves the habitual pulling of hair. The disorder often results in patches of hair loss, occasionally also resulting in missing eyebrows or eyelashes, and occasionally pubic hair. The paper points out that there have been several studies, which have identified factors in a sufferer's life which may be impacted upon by the disorder. However, there are few studies which have identified the effects on overall quality of life in the individual. There have also been no attempts to differentiate the effect between males and females, although it may be expected that there would be differences between the two. This study uses a combination of standardized tests including quality of life measurements to construct a questionnaire to be given to trichotillomania sufferers. To conclude, the paper states that the results are compared to the same study conducted among a control group of non-sufferers in order to obtain information which demonstrates the overall impact on quality of life from trichotillomania.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Background
Research Questions
Hypothesis
Methods and Procedures
Limitations
Discussion
Results
From the Paper "Study participants will be approached through the Trichotillomania Information Centre. The group supplies information to sufferers of TTM as well as participating in research studies. The group holds a list of members, many of which are sufferers of TTM. The group will be approached to send a request to all members to appeal to members who are willing to participate in the study. In order to be selected for participation the individual must have been diagnosed with TTM according to the DSM-IV criteria. The participants which are identified will be sent a questionnaire through the post along with a stamped addressed envelope. The respondents will remain anonymous to protect their confidentiality. There will be a suitable period allowed for the surveys to be returned and then all the information will be collected together for analysis. There will also be a control group asked to participate in the study to form comparisons with the TTM group. The participants for the control group will be recruited from the population of college students. The exclusion criteria for the control group will be any individual which has been diagnosed with any anxiety or depression disorder. This exclusion is in place as there may not be adequate distinction made in the survey to differentiate between TTM and other disorders, which may affect the results in the control group."
