Abstract
This paper discusses Berenger's "A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1273-1700" that explicitly explains the colorful tapestry that is woven of the individual nations of the monarchy. The paper points out that this two-volume is a precise survey of Habsburg history from the late Baroque period to the monarchy's demise in World War I. The author believes that the information contained within the narrative has a strong overtone of politics which includes economic developments, social change and major cultural movements.

From the Paper
"Only a handful of historians have been courageous enough to attempt to centralize the diverse historical accounts of the Habsburg Empire and the people who were part of this dynasty. The cultures of those involved and the development of the fortunes is dynamic. The works of Berenger displays this information in a systematic and knowledge manner that is understandable for the reader to digest. Five centuries of Habsburg rule is dramatically scribed and holds the interest so that the reader continues to follow the historical controversy of this time. One can follow the rulers of Spain and the Netherlands and understand how the head of the Holy Roman Empire was also a de facto family possession."

Tags:war, spain, monarchy, culture, narrative, politics

Abstract
This essay argues that the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was due to a lack of real power. The paper demonstrates how, after 1848, the Empire?s strength was derived from alliances with other nations, and then explains the consequences of such a reliance.

From the Paper
"The existence of an empire over many centuries, or even into relatively modern times, often supposes great intrinsical power associated with such an empire. The task of expanding, dominating and controlling resources from which such power is derived is an enormous task. In the case of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, however, much of the power associated with the monarchy was present due to reasons other than a monopolization of resources or violence. It is said that the pen is mightier than the sword, and in the case of the Habsburgs, this proverb is easily proven. The military and diplomatic alliances forged, stumbled on, and generally experienced by Austro-Hungary were, to a large degree, responsible for the maintenance of the central European power. Of course, no monarchy wishes its power to be derived from the associations it has with other states, but for the lack of any other source of power, it does have its benefits. These benefits are sometimes more than outweighed by the obligations such alliances impose, and the consequences of breaking such alliances. The Habsburg monarchy was no stranger to these consequences, as they had a great deal to do with the eventual dissolution of the empire."

Tags:austria, habsburg, hungary, monarchy

Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that the historical evidence on the rapid economic growth of the British Empire is clear. The writer discusses that during the 18th and 19th centuries-fueled by the Industrial Revolution, modern banking systems, and revolutions in transportation such as the railroads and steamships-the British Empire expanded significantly. However, by 1870, there were indications that this growth was unsustainable and would not last. The writer points out that in fact, it did not and within less than a century, the grand British Empire had collapsed in upon itself, letting loose effectively all of its colonial holdings. The hypothesis of this study is that one of the major contributing factors to this disintegration was the rise in popularity of collectivist and protectionist trade policies within the Empire, and the decline of free market values.

Tags:empire, economics

Abstract
This paper looks at how Africa was Europeanized by the British Empire - and at how a complementary process took place featuring Africans re-shaping both Great Britain and the British Colonies in America via forced and unforced immigration and via unpaid toil. The paper discusses how while the British role in producing modern Africa - with its strengths and its weaknesses - was invaluable, the African-American and African-Briton role in turning these nations into greater powers, and the British Empire into the wealthiest empire in human history up to that time, may ultimately prove the more enduring contribution. The paper notes that given demographic trends, the Africanization of the United Kingdom by those arriving at its shores seeking a new life is unlikely to halt any time soon.

From the Paper
"As time permits, the following paper will look at how Africa was Europeanized by the British Empire - and at how a complementary process took place featuring Africans re-shaping both Great Britain and the British Colonies in America via forced and unforced immigration and via unpaid toil. While the British role in producing modern Africa - with its strengths and its weaknesses - was invaluable, the African-American and African-Briton role in turning these nations into greater powers, and the British Empire into the wealthiest empire in human history up to that..."

Tags:africa, british, empire

Abstract
The paper describes the birth of the Roman republic and the rise and fall of Julius Caesar and notes the aspects that are common to the Roman and the Greek cultures. The paper then discusses the end of the Republic and the beginning of the Empire that was marked by the naming of Octavian Augustus emperor for life. The paper outlines the era of the Five Good Emperors and focuses on Diocletian and Constantine who were some of the most important figures of the Roman Empire at that time and had a role in the spread of Christianity. Finally, the paper overviews the main reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire.

From the Paper
"The history of the Roman republic and then empire represents one of the most important segments of the history of the world. It represents the first elements of the organization of the state. However, at the same time the development of the system of government pointed out the different means through which a community can evolve from a political point of view. From the early days of the republic to the late years of the Empire, the Roman state and its institutions were a representative example for the political development of a form of government."

Tags:Byzantine, Empire, Caesar, Augustus, Diocletian, Constantine

Abstract
The paper relates that the Roman Republic can be traced back at least to 500 B.C., and in the Roman tradition, the founding of Rome took place several centuries earlier. The paper reveals that the western portion of the Roman Empire, the successor state to the Republic, fell in the 450s A.D, and the Eastern Roman Empire, however, known as the Byzantine Empire, finally fell in 1453 A.D. The paper asserts that by any measure, a state which lasted 2,000 years worked.

From the Paper
"The Roman Republic can be traced back at least to 500 B.C. (Reilly 74). In the Roman tradition, the founding of Rome took place several centuries earlier. The western portion of the Roman Empire, the successor state to the Republic, fell in about 475 450s A.D. The Eastern Roman Empire, however, known as the Byzantine Empire, finally fell in 1453 A.D. The height of Roman power of the Empire was probably between 200 B.C. and 350 A.D. By any measure, a state which lasted 2,000 years, and which dominated..."

Tags:rome, empire, military

Abstract
This paper examines the discussion of the complex relationships the Ottoman Turkish Empire had with her European and Middle Eastern neighbors, as presented in Suraiya Faroqhi's book "The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It". In particular, the paper examines the writing style and expertise of author Suraiya Faroqhi. The paper discusses how the book examines the time period when the Turks were the foremost power in the Muslim world, taking the title from the Arabs before them.

From the Paper
"One of the most controversial and most generalized peoples that ever entered the European continent are the Turks. Beginning with the Seljuks, this ethnicity originally from near Mongolia has stayed in the European mindset, even to this day. The actions of Turkish ancestors still might be affecting modern Turkey's inadmission to the European Union."

Tags:Turkey, Ottoman, Empire, Suraiya, Faroqhi, Istanbul, Ottomans, Turks, Hapsburgs

Abstract
This paper discusses the fall of the Roman empire, and the theory that the destruction of the empire was based on the greed of the wealthy Romans. The paper looks at evidence which contends that Rome experienced a time of peace, and that in that peace there was a need for wealth. Therefore, the wealthy began to tax the poor, and this was the beginning of the fall.

From the Paper
"Throughout ancient history Rome was considered the strongest governmental and military force in the world. Researchers indicate that Rome had conquered many lands through the use of innovative military tactics, and with the numerous citizens who loyally served the country. Yet, as Rome had defeated its greatest enemies there came a time of peace for the nation. While this time should have been a rebirth for Rome, the opposite affect occurred. This was evident because without any other country to battle, Rome lost the opportunity to accumulate wealth that had built with each conquest. Therefore, peace for Rome meant growing poverty for it's citizens. This financial strain then spread to the country's hierarchy. It was then that Rome began to fall - for it was the greed of the wealthy that both built, and then destroyed this great power. "

Tags:rome, empire, fall

Abstract
An outline of the early medieval period, which saw the rise of new kingdoms in Western Europe. The paper discusses the rise and development of the Carolingian Empire. It also provides special attention to the economic and social structure that came from the collapsed Roman Empire and the Barbarian kingdoms.

From the Paper
"In the pre-Christian era, the German tribes migrated from the northern Europe to the Roman Empire and occupied the northern lands. There were clashes between the German tribes and the Romans who considered them intruders into their lands and called them "barbarians". The collapse of the Roman Empire enabled the German tribes to explore the Western Roman Empire. There were three basic factions of these German tribes-Germanic Lombards who settled in northern and central Italy, Anglo-Saxons in Britain, And Franks in Gaul (France). The Frankish kingdoms later became one of the new western European civilizations."

Tags:roman, western, middle, ages, empire, social, economic, barbarian

Abstract
This paper is an examination of the Pietist religious movement which stressed education and hard work, and how it influenced the Prussian State of the Holy Roman Empire during the early eighteenth century. By improving society s social values, as well as disciplining and strengthening the military, the Pietist movement's influence, under Frederick William I, made Prussia a stronger and more stable force in the empire.

There is a good bibliography, but no footnotes, or endnotes.

From the Paper
"The Pietist movement first gained a foothold in Brandenburg-Prussia following the exile of Spener and Francke from Saxony in 1690. In Brandenburg, the University of Halle was established, and Spener and Francke began preaching freely, in Berlin and the university respectively. Frederick I banned the two from being spoken out against by Lutheran opposition, and even channeled religious debates through them for their opinions. This close alignment with the Hohenzollern court proved vital to the spread of Pietism throughout Prussia under Frederick William I. The popularity and reputation of the University of Halle, which attracted more than 1200 students in just twenty-five years, also helped the new movement flourish."

Tags:anglican, berlin, brandenburg, calvinism, century, eighteenth, empire, francke, frederick, germany, habsburgs, halle, hohenzollern, holy, lutheran, pietism, pietist, prussia, roman, spener, william