Abstract This paper discusses the morality of a poor woman selling her in vitro eggs for reproductive purposes to wealthy women unable to conceive. The author points out that to apply "morality" to an actually existing code of conduct, such as in this case, is quite likely to lead to some form of relativism. The paper reflects that morality is not a simple equation to be answered in one overarching example but rather an individualistic and personal issue that cannot be judged.
From the Paper "This paper discusses the morality of poor women selling their eggs, for reproductive purposes, to wealthy women unable to conceive. In order to set the framework for such a philosophical discussion, however, one must first define morality. How morality is defined plays a crucial, although often unacknowledged, role in formulating ethical theories. To take "morality" to refer to an actually existing code of conduct is quite likely to lead to some form of relativism. Among those who use "morality" normatively, different specifications of the conditions under which all rational persons would put forward a code of conduct result in different kinds of moral theories. To claim that "morality" in the normative sense does not have any referent, that is, to claim that there is no code of conduct that, under any plausible specified conditions, would be put forward by all rational persons, results in moral skepticism."
This paper discusses the theme of social oppression by the elite on the lower class in the society, as represented by the East Egg and the West Egg communities in "The Great Gatsby" by F. Scott Fitzgerald.
Abstract The paper discusses the first sub-theme, which concerns the socioeconomic status of people in the East and West Egg societies, as evidenced in the illustration of the wealthy and rich lifestyle of the Eastern Egg society and the 'new money' or newly found wealth (nouveau riche society) of the Western Egg society. The author relates that the second sub-theme touches on the cultural differences between the East and West Egg communities, as presented by the rich and lavish lifestyle of Tom and Daisy and the kitschy and flamboyant display of wealth shown in Gatsby's parties every Friday. The paper concludes that the last sub-theme is represented by the use of symbolism; wherein, Fitzgerald's characters serve as symbols representing the 'character' of the East Egg and West Egg societies.
From the Paper "In ?The Great Gatsby,? Tom and Daisy's lifestyle greatly contrasts the majority of households located in the West Egg. In Chapter 1, Nick explicitly expresses the social inequality existing between the East and West Egg in describing the physical and cultural features of the society: ?I lived at West Egg, the--well, the less fashionable of the two, though this is a most superficial tag to express the bizarre and not a little sinister contrast between them.? Nick's description of the East Egg is also evidence how this region represents the affluence and wealth of the American society. The East Egg is characterized as the "old moneyed sophistication" and the West Egg as "new moneyed aggressiveness". Although the latter's character shows a positive portrayal of a socially mobile society, that is, a society that provides opportunities for everyone, this occurrence is definitely not agreed upon by the East Egg inhabitants, who treat West Egg ?contemptuously,? just like Nick's description of Miss Baker's comment when she learned that the narrator resides in the West Egg region. Thus, in this sub-theme, social conflict is expressed by assessing the socio-economic status of individuals through the places that they live in, which, in the novel's case, is portrayed by the conflict between East and West Egg regions."
Abstract This paper explains that Nick Carraway's role in "The Great Gatsby" is as a foil to the other characters; for instance, Nick's ability to deal the past allows him to cope with life in a way that Gatsby finds difficult. The author points out that Fitzgerald masterfully employs symbolism to emphasize the decline and moral decay of America in the 1920s. The paper relates that the East and West Egg are symbols of social standing in the novel. Tom and Daisy live in the East Egg, which is inhabited by individuals of a high social standing, but Nick and Gatsby, live in the West Egg, which is ?less fashionable".
From the Paper "Nick also has a firm grip on reality. When he realizes it is his thirtieth birthday, he thinks to himself that the year promises a "decade of loneliness, a thinning list of single men to know, a thinning briefcase of enthusiasm, thinning hair" (139). Although this may be a rather bleak estimation, it represents how Nick is actually thinking of the future, which is something Gatsby can never do. In fact, at the hotel, Gatsby tells Tom that Daisy never loved him. Even as Tom rejects this notion and Daisy admits that she loved Tom as well as Gatsby, Gatsby returns home, thinking she will call him."
Abstract The paper shows how, in "The Great Gatsby", F. Scott Fitzgerald uses the locations East Egg and West Egg to show a strong divide in social class, the American Dream as it changed for different people and the immorality of the 1920s.
From the Paper "The party on East Egg from chapter one and the party in West Egg from chapter three show a major divide between East Egg and West Egg. The parties were used to separate the more defined and well bred East Egg from the less fashionable West Egg (symbolism 1). For instance, while at the East Egg party Fitzgerald refers the drinks as cocktails, and while at the West Egg party it is simply referred to as whiskey. This example is used to show the East Egg looks down on West Egg and to further divide the two in social standing."
Abstract This paper focuses on the use of location as a metaphor in F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel, "The Great Gatsby". The writer points out that the first metaphor used involves West Egg and East Egg, which are used to show the distance between the two main characters, Gatsby and Daisy. The writer then looks at the location of the valley of ashes as a metaphor for desolation and loneliness. The paper concludes that the metaphors are used to represent either the qualities of the characters or the themes of the novel.
From the Paper "The first metaphor occurs with West Egg and East Egg, two egg-shaped islands lying opposite each other and separated by a bay. West Egg is the island where Gatsby lives and also the less fashionable of the two islands. While West Egg is less fashionable, it is also the more real of the two islands. This includes that it is the island where the narrator Nick lives in a small rented bungalow. West Egg still has its share of mansions but there is also a sense of reality to the place. In contrast, East Egg is all mansions, with the sense of elite making it the least real of the two islands."
Tags: west, east, egg, ashes, valley, daisy, location, metaphor
Abstract This paper presents the author's position on donating eggs for couples that are infertile but prefer to experience pregnancy rather than adopt a child or accept their fate that they cannot have children. The author presents arguments on both sides of the issue but comes out strongly opposed to egg donation.
From the Paper "According to Egg Donations, Inc. there are some advantages to using a donated egg, some of those would be "the ability to experience a pregnancy, it could be an alternative to adoption, and would also allow the parents to choose a donor with likeable characteristics." Even with the advantages, there are still the moral dilemmas some would face by obtaining this donated egg. Some of these dilemmas include the government's involvement, the uniqueness of the child, and when it grows up how are you going to explain to it how it got here? With this alternative to adoption there will be many more orphaned children around the world without a loving home to take them in."
Abstract This paper reviews the technique of in-vitro fertilization, discusses basic reproductive science and describes all of the alternatives for increasing the chances of conception. The paper also discusses the conditions which cause infertility, the various infertility tests and conventional fertility treatments.. The paper then takes a look at the pros and cons of IVF, along with its successes and failures.
Outline
I. Introduction:
A. Infertility Definition.
B. Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART).
C. Ethical Bombshells and Pertinent Statistics on IVF.
II. The Process of In-Vitro Fertilization:
A. Suppression and Developing Eggs.
B. Retrieving Eggs.
C. Developing Embryos.
D. Transferring Embryos.
E. Preparing the Uterus.
F. Pregnancy Tests.
III. Fertility Options:
A. Fertility Drugs.
B. Intrauterine Insemination.
C. Microsurgery.
IV. Two Case Studies:
A. The Case of Charlie Whitaker--the decision to create human life to save another human life.
B. Aaron Zitner and questions on this case.
C. The Case of Joshua--using IVF to obtain bone marrow.
D. Questions on this case.
V. Conclusion:
A. The Present and Future State of IVF.
B. A Final Defense of IVF.
From the Paper "Generally speaking, there exists four specific options which an individual/couple may use instead of in-vitro fertilization. First of all, some may opt for fertility drugs which affect the ovulation cycle and bring it up to par with normal processes. These drugs are usually superovulatory, such as Gonal F or Follistim which are given by injection and often require close monitoring. As a supportive note, this approach has succeeded in getting millions of women pregnant who otherwise never would have conceived in a natural way. Second, intrauterine insemination has been used for many years and is usually done by injecting semen directly into the uterus prior to ovulation. This is often done in tandem with superovulatory drugs in order to increase the rate of success.Third, for women with endometriosis or blocked fallopian tubes, microsurgery can often clear up the problem for a healthy pregnancy. However, the success rate is around fifty percent and even when successful, the fallopian tubes can at times become re-blocked which would require more surgery. Fourth, men who are found to be infertile due to blockages can receive microsurgery on the transport tube found in the penis. The effectiveness with this technique is also around fifty percent (Elder, 215).
Obviously, after all of this discussion, it is abundantly clear that in-vitro fertilization deserves to be considered by those individuals/couples who have experienced much difficulty in conceiving a child. "
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that assisted reproductive technology (A.R.T.) has received a great deal of attention in recent years. The writer explains that couples who have difficulty having children are now seeking out assisted reproductive technology to conceive children. The writer examines the developments and advancements in assisted reproductive technologies. The technologies examined include: Zygote intra fallopian transfer, donor egg or embryo, surrogacy/gestational carrier, in vitro fertilization (IVF), intra cytoplasmic sperm injection and gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT). The writer concludes that the research indicates that there are many alternatives available to infertile couples and that IVF and GIFT remain among the most popular and successful types of reproductive technologies.
Outline:
Introduction
Zygote Intra fallopian Transfer
Donor Egg or Embryo
Surrogacy/Gestational Carrier
In Vitro Fertilization
Intra cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Gamete Intra fallopian Transfer
Future Technologies and Conclusions
From the Paper "In addition to egg donation, embryos can also be donated. In most cases embryos are donated by couples that have undergone IVF and still have some additional frozen embryos; couples can choose to donate these embryos, have them used for medical research or have them destroyed. When the embryos are donated they are given to couples that have problems creating their own embryos."
"The author also points out that as it relates to having to use donor eggs, there are certain emotions that a woman may experience. The author asserts that these emotions are similar to the emotions that a man may experience when he discovers he is sterile. Relying on a donor egg or embryo also means that the woman will have no genetic link to the child."
An analysis of the capitalistic significance that assisted reproductive technology has brought along with the accommodation of the children produced from this technology.
Abstract This paper examines egg donation and to a lesser extent, sperm bank markets in the U.S. and the U.K., looking at the industry's pricing mechanisms (payment in the U.S. versus non-payment in the U.K.) and trends, and analyzing the implications in both systems. The papers contends that the altruistic model adopted by the U.K. may be shortsighted and inefficient, while the compensation scheme in the U.S. is unbalanced and at times excessive. The paper also discusses how a more transparent structure in both countries, allowing open discussion of the system, would partially alleviate economic distortions. Finally, some of the non-economic concerns and developments that affect the market are considered.
Outline:
Introduction
Size of Market in Egg and Sperm Donation
A Brief Description of the Process
Buyers and Sellers
Product Differentiation and Price Discrimination
Altruism in Blood Donation
Pricing Mechanism of Sperm Banks
Changing Technology
Conclusion
From the Paper "Assisted reproductive technology, specifically egg and sperm donation, is a globally viable option. To date, there is no global consensus on whether or not there should be a commercial market, what regulations should be enforced, what enforcement mechanisms should be adopted, or how to address the ethical and moral dilemmas within the baby business. In the United States (U.S.), payment to egg donors is unofficially accepted, yet compensation for ovum donors to stem cell research is strictly prohibited. Because payment of the first is regulated by state law, there are 50 different possible pricing schemes in the U.S. In contrast, the United Kingdom (U.K.) officially forbids payment to egg donors. The U.K. system relies on altruism and egg sharing to attract suppliers into the fertility pool. Other countries, including Canada, India, and some European nations have adopted other payment and donation systems for collecting gametes. The global market for oocyte products does not have a cohesive framework within which to work. "
Abstract The following paper is a personal essay about a conversation that a mother had with her daughter with regards to where she came from. The daughter discovers that her mom was injected with another man's eggs. The conversation that took place between mother and daughter is recorded in this essay.
From the paper:
? ?Babies often come from the love that a mommy and daddy share together,? I began, but sometimes even the greatest love in the world is not enough for some people. Your father and I were like that. We wanted to have a baby but we couldn"t do it on our own. Things just weren"t working out so we decided to look for someone who could help us.? I then went on to explain the process that we took to ensure that we would have a
beautiful and intelligent, blue-eyed girl. I casually mentioned that even before she was born she was a very sought after commodity?
Tags: sale, human, eggs, lawsuits, Natural, Selection, traits, abilities, beauty
Abstract This paper examines how alcohol has a major role in "The Great Gatsby," just as it did in the era of the 1920s in which the novel is set. It looks at how the characters in the novel drink heavily and see nothing wrong with breaking the law, even though they hold it against those who supply them, namely, men like Gatsby himself, who at one time was a bootlegger. It shows how the illegality of the upper crust is apparent in the parties among the West Eggers, while men like Gatsby in East Egg are seen as necessary, but sordid.
From the Paper "The character of Jay Gatsby serves as a representation of the falseness of the society in which he lives and to which he aspires. Gatsby fails to recognize the falseness of the west Egg world as he wants to be part of it, but it is also true that at the same time he is alienated from that society. He is a rather enigmatic character, especially as perceived by other characters in the novel. His character is illuminated by his interactions with other characters who represent different aspects of society."
Abstract This paper examines all of the moral and emotional issues surrounding surrogate motherhood. The author explains the different definitions of surrogacy from donation of sperm to egg donation to traditional surrogacy. He examines the ethical issues involved in surrogacy and if it can be considered as a moral or an immoral act from the perspective of the surrogate. The author cites examples of court cases that support surrogacy. He also examines how surrogacy has become a legal practice in many Western countries. In conclusion the author states his opinion that the existing laws and public policies regarding surrogacy and surrogate arrangements were created and established primarily for the purpose of justifying the end and existence of surrogate motherhood.
From the Paper "Those who advocates the practice of surrogacy claims that it is a moral and just act since people who are burdened by the frustration of not being able to procreate are actually being addressed. With surrogacy, infertile couples are actually provided the joys of parenthood. Likewise, it is also said that surrogacy does not necessarily have to be equated with money. With the aid of laws and existing public policies regarding it, it is also claimed that the possibility of commercialization and the development of a market for it can be controlled and at the same time
access to the said reproductive technology is made possible for anyone who would like to avail it (http://www.debatabase.org)."
Abstract In this paper, the writer discusses that there are a number of methods that have been developed with varying degrees of success to help women who have difficulty becoming pregnant. The writer points out that these include some of the most contemporary technologies, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and various other procedures. In essence, the writer explains that assisted fertilization refers to technologies and techniques that can be used to enhance sperm-egg interaction. This paper outlines some of the most prevalent and contemporary of the infertility techniques in use today. The writer concludes that the suggestion is that reproductive cloning will advance, in a similar fashion to the acceptance of techniques like IVF, and that new techniques will be developed to improve upon existing methods of infertility assistance.
Outline:
Introduction
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
Intra-cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
GIFT: Gametic Intra-fallopian Transfer
Other Techniques
New Techniques and Reproductive Cloning
From the Paper "There are a number of advantages to this procedure, including the fact the embryo can be fertilized inside the oviduct in its natural environment. The process also takes only about an hour and can also be performed on an outpatient basis."
"There are a number of variations to both GIFT and in vitro fertilization that are important to note. These include blastocyst transfer, or the transfer of a more mature embryo; as well as the use of donor eggs from another woman and the use of a surrogate mother and the transfer of frozen embryos."
Abstract Ths paper begins with a brief biography of Hermann Hesse, as well as descriptions of his major influences such as Friedrich Nietzsche. The paper then examines Hesse's novel "Demian" and discusses his use of symbolism (specifically that of the bird/egg and Abraxas), the relationship between Emil Sinclair and Demian, and the idea of "total war" that was accepted by the youthful generation during 1914-1918.
From the Paper "Hermann Hesse was born in the small town of Calw in Wurttemberg, Germany in 1877 to a Christian missionary family. Through his early life, he had many conflicts with his parents, and after a failed attempt at suicide, was admitted into an institution in Bad Boll. Over the years, he was placed into another mental institution in Stetten im Remstal, and then a boy's school in Basel, Switzerland. After being released, he married Maria Bernoulli in 1904 and settled down in Gaienhofen on Lake Constance near the Rhine and Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. It was in Gaienhofen that he became fascinated with Buddhism. "
