Abstract This paper explains that the GreatLakesBasin offers an abundance of ecological points to support ecotourism; moreover, if ecotourism becomes an important economic and social factor, it will have a positive affect on some of the ecological concerns of the region. The author points out that the tourism industry in the GreatLakesBasin is stagnated and the most appealing method to this revitalizing program is ecotourism, which would bring tourism to the area to generate both income to continue conservation efforts and interest in conserving the GreatLakesBasin's ecosystem and historic sites. The paper states that the first thrust of developing an ecotourism program is to survey Canadians and visitors to determine their interest in eco-travel and to evaluate potential financial benefits and to create an agency to manage ecotourism efforts in the GreatLakesBasin. Tables, charts, maps and illustrations.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Sustainability, Community Interest, Marketing and Mapping
Exotic Biologicals of Interest to Tourism and Ecotourism
Tourism Policies: Legal Issues Affecting Tourism Development in the Area
Tourism Statistics
Canoeing, Kayaking and Sailing
Power Boating
Recreational Fishing
Swimming
Most Popular Sports
Recommendations for Short, Medium and Long Terms
Ontario Tourism Forecast
Short-Term Recommendation
Medium- Term Recommendation
Long- Term Recommendation
Assorted Maps Useful for Planning Ecotourism
From the Paper "In addition to the scientific ecotourism potential in this species migration (and the list above is a very small part of it), there is the land-based cultural aspect, particularly sustainable if exploited because "the history of exploration, colonization, settlement, and commercial development of the Great Lakes by European settlers spans almost four centuries. Throughout this period, non-indigenous aquatic animal and plant species have been introduced both intentionally and accidentally." Here, cultural history also enters the picture because, for medicinal purposes, early settlers imported non-native plants, such as bittersweet nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) as well as importing favored edibles, such as watercress (Rorippa nasturtium aquaticum), which thrived in the new environment, pushing out older native species."
Abstract During the Ice Age, a great deal of the northern part of North America was engulfed in glaciers. As the climate warmed, these great ice caps advanced and receded many times, creating a complex and diverse geography in what is now the GreatLakes region. This paper discusses the various geological processes that formed the features and natural resources of the GreatLakes, as well as provides a summary of the geologic history of the area.
From the Paper "Fast-flowing rivers, glacial ice, and the pounding of waves against the shore occurred over the next 300 million years, wearing down most of the mountains. There was no vegetation protection to slow down these geological processes. As a result, the mountains disintegrated.
The eroded rock debris built up as thick layers of sand, gravel, silt and clay eventually transformed into sedimentary rock. Thus, volcanic activity was the major geological process in the Great Lakes area. Gradually the sand grains cemented together forming sandstone, which can be found in all the lakes."
Tags: Precambrian, Era, Lake, Ontario, Pleistocene, Epoch
Abstract This paper discusses the various geological processes that form the features and natural resources of the GreatLakes and provides a summary of the geologic history of the area. The GreatLakes are a chain of inland lakes, including Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan and Lake Superior which stretch from New York to Minnesota.
Spanning a surface area of 95,000 square miles, the five lakes represent the greatest stretch of fresh water on the planet.
Outline
Introduction
Geological Processes and Characteristics
Brief Geological History
Geology of the GreatLakes Conclusion
From the Paper "Observation of existing ice sheets and glaciers indicate that they invariably flow downhill from elevated regions (Cox, 1999). Still, the postulated, hypothetical flow of the ice of the glacial theory was uphill out of basins and depressions like the basin of Lake Ontario. The ice is assumed to have flowed uphill out of Lake Ontario, over the steep cliffs of the Niagara Escarpment, and flowed uphill towards the area of northwestern New York. There are many geologic characteristics of the Great Lakes, including bedrock. The geologic setting of the Great Lakes basins began billions of years ago, with the formation of bedrock. The foundation for the present Great Lakes basin began about three billion years ago, during the Precambrian Era. Most bedrock is made up of sedimentary rock of Paleozoic age (which can be up to 600 million years old). However, the rock around Lake Superior, the deepest of the Great Lakes, is much older igneous and metamorphic rock, Pre-Cambrian in age (up to two billion years old)."
Abstract This paper discusses how the GreatLakes ecosystem moderates weather extremes in the region, and provides aesthetic beauty and intellectual stimulation that lift the human spirit. It also examines alterations in the ecosystem resulting from human intervention, and analyzes the effects of these human impacts.
An examination of the relationship between global warming, its hydrological consequence,s and the ecological dynamics and distribution of Sweetwater fish in the GreatLakes of America.
Abstract This paper examines how the equilibrium in a lake as an ecological ecosystem is directly dependant on the regional hydrological cycle and how, since that cycle is dependant on climate patterns, it is assumed that global warming will have an immediate effect on the lake's physical conditions and, thus, its inhabitants. It explores the GreatLakes system in the eastern United States, which includes thermal niches suitable for the three guilds. In order to get the most accurate prediction, this paper includes parameters, such as depths, water volumes, thermocline depth, and the GreatLakes water chemistry. The main conclusions show that there are three levels of direct effect: 1) thermal niche size changes; 2) changes in growth rate and food consumption; and 3) changes in reproductive success and population size.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Research Area
Data Collection
Fish and Thermal Niches
Results
Food Consumption and Growth Rate Changes
Population Response
Ecosystem Response
Impacts of Changes in the Hydrological System on the Habitat
Global Warming Impact on Thermal Niches
Conclusion
From the Paper "Smallmouth bass communities thrive today in warm niches and are unlikely to be affected in the future global warming conditions. A positive response is predicted for the cool water niche, where a 9-fold increase in yearlings population and a 23-fold increase in the fishable populations are expected. This is in fact a mediocre response, intermediate to influence on cold and warm water niches.
The extended reproductive success and the increase in mature individual numbers are logical, since the growth season is expected to be longer and the winter, when the "winter kill" phenomena (Jackson, 2002) takes place, to be shorter."
This paper is an assessment of the success of the restoration initiatives which were previously and are currently adopted as a part of the lake's management program.
Abstract This paper covers many of the aspects which have had an impact on the recovery of Lake Erie. This assessment includes both previous and current initiatives and the paper 's attempts to relate these initiatives to the lake's overall recovery success.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
U.S.-Canada Air Quality Agreement
The GreatLakes Water Quality Agreement
Lake Erie's Success
Conclusion
From the Paper "In the past Lake Erie has been the site of numerous research studies, mainly attributed to its high pollution, and more recently on the restoration of the lake. Lake Erie receives its water from the Detroit River, which is known for its heavy water and then releases the water into the Niagara River (Al-Aasm et al, 1998). Lake Erie is by far the most polluted of the Great Lakes. This can be attributed to a century of abuse, exploitation, and to a lesser degree the physical features of the lake."
Abstract This paper examines the environmental problems that occur due to emissions from coal-fired power plants. The paper focuses on the older power plants in the GreatLakes region. The paper discusses the problem and explores solutions to rectify the situation. The paper contends that, despite pollution issues, there are many reasons to support coal-fired power plants, and therefore, the most promising solution involves tighter regulation of coal-fired power plants, particularly reducing the pollution caused by older plants, such as those in the GreatLakes area.
From the Paper "Out of the entire electric industry, coal-fired power plants contribute 96% of sulfur dioxide emissions, 93% of nitrogen oxide emissions, 88% of carbon dioxide emissions, and 99% of mercury emissions (Dirty coal power). Today, there are fish consumption advisories for mercury contamination in 45 states and 20% of American women of childbearing age have levels of mercury that exceed what is considered safe for a fetus (Mercury from coal-fired power plants). Coal-fired power plants is responsible for over 90% of mercury contamination in the Great Lakes (Gluckman, 2004) Further, EPA studies reveal that air pollution from coal-fired power plants triggers asthma attacks, bronchitis, and heart disease, and contributes to about 30,000 premature deaths a year (New source review/ coal-fired power plants)."
A look at the causes and effects of coastal processes of the GreatLakes, including water levels, human influences, erosion, waves, currents, shorelines and storm surges.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 13 sources, 1993, $ 55.95
From the Paper "Coastal Process of the Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are a series of giant tubs linked by rivers and smaller lakes (Gorrie, 1988, p. 20). The flow starts in Lake Superior (the largest and deepest of the chain) and then passes through the St. Mary's River to Lake Huron and Lake Michigan (Gorrie, 1988, p. 20). Because these two are joined by the broad Straits of Mackinac, they behave as a single sea (Gorrie, 1988, p. 20). Their waters are connected to Lake Erie by the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair and the Detroit River; the Niagara River connects Lake Erie with Lake Ontario (Gorrie, 1988, p. 20). Eventually, much of the Great Lakes' water egresses to the Atlantic Ocean through the St. Lawrence River (Gorrie, 1988, p. 20). In recent years, this system of waterways has attained some of the highest water levels recorded this century (Cobb, 1987 ...."
Abstract This paper explains that Crater Lake, Oregon, which is the deepest lake in the United States, was formed, some 7,000 years ago, as the cavity from the collapse of a volcano filled with water. The author points out that the lake is renewed from rain and snow runoff each year. The paper notes the different organisms living in the lake and the depths at which they are found.
From the Paper "Crater Lake, Oregon offers a number of interesting geological and biological features that exist because of the way the region was formed and the history since. Much of the biology of the region remains uncertain, for studies have only been undertaken in depth in the last 20 years. This fact makes the region especially interesting as new knowledge is gleaned about such lake systems and their interaction with the surrounding area. Crater Lake was formed from the eruption of Mount Mazama, leaving the crater that would fill with water and become Crater Lake. Once the volcano had erupted, it left a 4,000 foot deep caldera and a myriad of other geologic formations ("Crater Lake: History" para. 6). A U.S. Geological Survey party examined the area in 1959 and made sonar readings establishing the depth of the lake at its deepest point as 1,932 feet."
Abstract This paper analyzes E.B. White's 1941 essay ?Once More to the Lake?. It describes how White's essay is an excellent expression of a moment of realization that every individual will experience. The paper provides a biographical background to the essay, as White's account of a trip to the lake he visited as a child and on this occasion White returns to the lake with his son. The paper states that the readers are allowed to sense the feelings for themselves, making the story universally relevant.
From the Paper "E.B. White's 1941 essay "Once More to the Lake" is White's account of a trip to the lake he visited as a child. On this occasion White returns to the lake with his son. The essay is a simple account of an important moment in his life, where he realizes that his son is growing and this means that he himself is dying. It is the point in his life where he realizes that time and change are constant and inescapable. The realization is heartfelt and yet expressed only mildly. The effectiveness of the essay lies in the fact that the point is not made directly, but left for the reader to sense."
Tags: life, lifecycle, death, child, change, maine, lake, son, father, pond, fish
The purpose of this paper is to introduce and discuss the importance of Lake Erie to the industrial and commercial markets of Northern Ohio, the state of Ohio and the entire United States.
Abstract The importance of the lake for the State of Ohio's industrial sector is paramount according to the writer. The paper explores this importance for the shipping sector and the impact on the steel industry in Ohio. It also shows that the lake is a tourist attraction which generates spending as well as being used as a recreational area for the local population.
From the Paper "Lake Erie supports all types of business and industry via her shipping routes, and her natural resources. The lake contains large amounts of sand and gravel, which construction companies use for a variety of products. The building industry uses them for cement, paving, laying stone and brick, and in many other areas. Much of this sand and gravel comes from yearly dredging which is necessary to keep the ports in Ohio open."
Abstract This paper is a book review of "Remember Kirkland Lake". This is a basically perfect book, but MacDowell should have structured it differently. As it is, she makes it difficult to believe her thesis.
Abstract The author wrestles with Alexander the Greats' inclinations towards both good and evil in an attempt to show that he deserved the title: "Great". By comparing and contrasting, she is able to build a case that he was, indeed, as his name implies, 'Great'. With some interesting quotes from people that knew Alexander the Great personally.
From the Paper "Alexander the Great was a charismatic person who won the heart of the people he ruled throughout his short reign. He led them to victory against their enemies and had a generous nature. There was another side to Alexander though; he could be cruel, irrational and was known for his drunken rages. Despite his faults, Alexander's conquests, achievements and personal traits made him worthy of the title, ?the Great.? "
Tags: alexander, ancient, great, greece, greek, history, macedonia, military
Abstract In this paper, the writer studies the Great White shark, examining relevant aspects to the shark. The writer looks at its habitat and reproductive behavior. The shark's feeding habits and migratory patterns are discussed in this article. The writer also discusses predators of the Great White shark and use by humans. Further, the writer offers a physical description of the Great White.
From the Paper "Great White sharks are a large species of shark as their name suggests. They belong to the Lamnidae family of vertebrates of the Carchardon genus species carcharias. They are streamlined swimmers with a torpedo-shaped body and a pointed snout. They have rough teeth arranged in several rows. The first two rows of teeth are used for grabbing and cutting prey, while the last row of teeth rotate into place when front teeth are broken ... "
Abstract This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the life of Pope Saint Leo the First (Leo the Great). It includes a short biography of his life, which centers on his achievements and accomplishments. These accomplishments highlight why Leo the Great is considered one of the greatest Pope's of all times. He was known as a unifier, a great writer and a strategist who helped repel invasions of Rome by warring armies.
From the Paper "Little is known about Pope Leo's early life. One early biographer writes, "As to Leo's birth and early years, apart from the notice supplied by the Liber Pontificalis to the effect that he was of Etruscan origin and that his father's name was Quintianus, we are admittedly dependent largely on conjecture" (Jalland, 1941, p. 33). Many historians believe he was born around 400 in Tuscany, Italy, but his family moved to Rome when he was young, and he called Rome his home. He rose in the ranks of the Catholic Church until he served as a deacon. He was influential enough as a deacon for the Roman Emperor, Valentinian II, to send him to Gaul as a mediator to help settle a dispute between two high-ranking officials in the country. When Pope Sixtus III died, Leo was elected to succeed him. He was consecrated when he returned to Rome on September 29, 440. Leo reigned until his death in 461, and accomplished a great many important achievements during his reign as Pope."
