This paper contrasts the definition of the grammatical term 'splitinfinitive' as presented in "Webster's Dictionary of English Usage", "The Guide to Canadian Language Usage" and "A Dictionary of Modern English Usage".
Abstract This paper explains that, by analyzing the similar and contrasting definitions of the use of the splitinfinitive, the reader can realize how different guides use different objectives to impart a meaning to various grammatical terms. The author points out that, in discussing the splitinfinitive, the "Webster Guide" makes a faulty assumption that popular literature and various theorists have defined the syntactical usage with a far wider meaning. The paper concludes that the definitions of the splitinfinitive as a misnomer appear logically and grammatically adequate in the "Webster Guide"; while the "Canadian Guide" provides a more detailed explanation of usage within certain styles of speech and writing. The paper includes several quotations.
From the Paper "In this manner, the term is being nullified since it does not really represent a technical "splitting" of the infinitive within a technical usage format. The appurtenant aspect of the infinitive provides a grammatical explanation of why the "Webster Guide" does not agree that the term is valid in language other than slang. However, the "Guide to Canadian English Usage" tends to propose that, although a split infinitive may not be a correct form of writing, it can still be seen as a definitive explanation for syntactical alignment of these words within a social and standardized written context:"
Abstract The paper analyzes four newspaper articles that mention English or grammar. The paper summarizes each article into one paragraph and the writer provides personal comments on the articles. The writer describes the articles as "on the border of humorous with a blend of seriousness." The writer further discusses how people often make mistakes in their writing and fail to proofread their work; these grammar mistakes can sound humorous.
From the Paper "This article came from the newspaper, The Times, with the article, "Traditional Grammar Teaching Is Waste of Time, Say Academics." Notice the title has a mistake in it. It should be "says." The article states that English grammar does not give students writing skills. A study was completed by an English review group in York. The article states that no evidence in over 100 years has connected grammar with better writing skills. While sentence combining, has been beneficial in helping students gain improvements in their writing."
Abstract An examination of the difficulties and strategies involved in teaching English grammar, especially to grade-school and high-school students. The paper emphasizes the different teaching theories of people such as Theodore Hipple, Arno Jewett, and Alan Puves.
From the Paper "Modern grammar usage is ever changing as new methods once thought incorrect are now becoming acceptable. One way in which future English teachers can help students to see, understand, and learn from their mistakes is through grammar portfolios. Generally, a student may have many grammatical errors in a first draft of a piece of writing. If a student is able to see incorrect and corrected mistakes, he or she is more likely to improve his or her future pieces of writing more efficiently."
Abstract This essay paraphrases the stanzas in the poem "The Grammar of Silk' by Cathy Song and critically analyzes each with insight through the use of imagery and language.
Abstract This paper discusses how interviewing children during therapy involves different skills than the process of interviewing adults and how as pointed out in Garbarino (1992), children do not have the same linguistic or cognitive competence as adults. Therefore, the process of interviewing children is necessarily unlike that of the process for interviewing adults, in that they often have different ways of communicating their thoughts and emotions than adults do. This summarizes the article, "Guidelines for Interviewing Children", which describes this delicate process."
Abstract This paper discusses how the study of case marking patterns in language has aroused considerable interest over the last decade and how the animacy hierarchy is thought to play a key role in different case marking patterns. The paper explains that most ergative languages, however, do not have exclusively an ergative-absolutive basis and that the accusative-nominative patterns are usually present somewhere in the grammar. The result is a split ergativity in which A is marked for ergative case or left unmarked depending on the certain features in a language. This paper examines syntactic features of an unspecified language in the data and investigates the case marking system at the morphological level. The paper then argues how the split ergative patterns reflect the animacy hierarchy.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
The Syntactic Features
The Split Ergativity
Conclusion
From the Paper "At the morphological level, typological research has suggested that a tendency for a split between accusative and ergative patterns occurs based on the tense/aspect of the verb, the activity of the predicate and/or the relative animacy of the noun phrases (De Lancey, 1981). It is said that ergative patterns are associated with verbs in the perfective aspect or the past tense, with stative predicates, and with noun phrases low in animacy. In addition, the distribution of ergative and accusative case marking patterns seem to be constrained by a universal hierarchy of nouns. In recent years, it is the animacy hierarchy that has received increasing attention when applied to the area of the study. "
This paper is an extensive discussion of pedagogic grammar, written and spoken discourse for English language, as applied to ESL English language learning.
Abstract This paper explains that pedagogic grammar is grammar that provides useful descriptions of language forms and their function for pedagogical purposes, which can be organized and sequenced in textbook form to provide systematic teaching and learning as a descriptive and explanatory complement to other language learning activities. The author points out that implications drawn from learner-centered grammar instruction are that these extensive grammar rules and explanations should be presented in such a manner as to approximate the learner's hypothesis-formative process as far as possible. The paper concludes that the deformalization of pedagogical grammars may be through the avoidance of the jargon or keeping this jargon to a minimum to avoid elaborate or complicated analyses.
Table of Contents
Objective
Introduction
Psycholinguistics - Theoretical Framework
Descriptive - Prescriptive Grammar Pedagogic Grammar Communicative Competence in English-Language/Grammar Linguistic
Two Cognitive Principles
Form-based: The Structuralist Theory
Form Selection
Concepts and Factors for Consideration in Analysis
Setting
Ends: Transnational, Interactional and Performative
Speech Events: Speech, Discourse or Speech
Learner-Centered Grammar Instruction Facts
Purpose of Analysis
Implications and Conclusion
From the Paper "Pedagogical grammar within the English language is based historically on over 400 years of grammar the first of these being in 1580 by William Bullokar followed by the work of John Wallis in 1653 who studied English grammar not on the basis of the models in Latin grammar but within its own frame of reference. Due to the fact that most of the grammar was based on the Latin models there existed a heavy influence in the view of the expert in relation to the English language in the nature of and the terms for the descriptions."
This paper provides an analysis of grammar and writing style, focusing on grammar used in the article 'Meat Is Murder On The Environment' by Daniele Fanelli.
Abstract In this paper, Daniele Fanelli's July 18, 2007 article "Meat is Murder on the Environment," which was originally published in NewScientist Environment, is studied, and her use of grammar tested. The writer points out that by combining her ability to use not only correct, but also effective grammar with her innovative writing style, Fanelli has created an excellent persuasive piece. An analysis of Fanelli's words, nouns and noun phrases, verbs, clauses and clause types, grammar of discourse, and professional grammar, provides a comprehensive overview of the article. The writer concludes that by analyzing Fanelli's article, the many implications of grammar on writing style and the understandability of a work have become clear. Grammar is no longer for teachers and elementary school students, but for anyone who wants to make a professional impact.
Outline:
Introduction
Words
Semantic Representation
Form
Grammatical Category
Morphemes and Morphology
Nouns and Noun Phrases
Verbs
Clauses
The Grammar Of Discourse
Professional Contexts/ Conclusion
From the Paper "Because this article is of a scientific nature, the author leaves many opportunities for students of English to study morphemes and their importance to semantics or meaning. For instance, the first paragraph of the article presents two words that are rather difficult to understand: eutrophication and acidification. The two lexemes are formed using the base words "eutrophic" and "acid," and the bond morpheme "iciation," the meaning of which is roughly, "to make" or "the process of making." Using affixation, or the process by which new words are formed when bound morphemes are added at the beginning or end of a sentence, the two new lexemes came into existence. Not only does this process allow student of the English language to determine how the words were formed, but also what they mean. For instance, knowing the suffixes, or morphemes, of the words allows students to determine that the words must both mean "the making of" or "the process of" something. Pairing the base words "eutrophic" and "acid" with the suffixes will allow must to draw the conclusion that the words mean the process of "making of a chemical consistency" and "making more acidic.""
Abstract This paper explains that adults learning a second or foreign language often produce errors or nonnative substitutions, including a foreign accent and normative grammatical utterances. To study the issue of L1 (native language) transfer versus universal grammar, the author uses a critical review of relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature and a survey of Mexican-American second language learners living in California concerning their views on these issues. The paper concludes that the knowledge of grammar in one language does not necessarily translate into an efficient use of grammar in another language. Included with the paper are several graphs, charts and tables.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Definition of Terms
Review of the Literature
Background and Overview
L1 Transfer
Universal Grammar Discussion
Table: Recapitulation of L1 Transfer Studies
Table: .Recapitulation of Universal Grammar Studies
Methodology
Data Analysis
Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper "Following a period of relative inattention during the Renaissance, an wide range of concepts of universal grammar emerged which were no longer tied strictly to Latin; instead, grammarians began to consider what is universal in human languages to the "particular" or "special" properties that serve to differentiate one language from another. In this regard, Thomas reports that Johann Heinrich Alsted provided a useful definition of "general grammar" in his 1630 Encyclopedia as 'the pattern [norma] of every particular grammar.'"
Abstract This paper studies whether -- and to what degree -- grammar and error correction should be emphasized in a language classroom. The author presents research done on the questions of: (1) how much explicit grammar instruction should be conducted? and (2) to what extent does error correction assist the learner? The author concludes from the research that grammar is more effectively learned when taught in an integrated, rather than explicit, format. The author further concludes that directly correcting errors is only important if the error precludes comprehension.
From the Paper "There has always been debate about the place of grammar in the language classroom. Undoubtedly, the mastery of any language depends on understanding the rules that govern the arrangement and relationship of words in a sentence. Knowledge of grammatical concepts is a key step in language learning. A grammatical item, once learned, acts as a formula that can be applied to the construction of new sentences. Pica's (1994) explains that there are cases where explicit grammar instruction may accelerate the learners' progress across the stages of language acquisition. In many cases, such as the use of the plural -s, instructed learners tended to make fewer errors than those who had no classroom experience and were left to create their own strategies of learning. This, however, is by no means the end of the story. There are many factors that must be considered when deciding how and when grammar should be taught."
Tags: learn, grammatical, universal, error, comprehension, second, foreign, language
Abstract Examines concepts of six theorists regarding splitting of the psyche or personality. Object-relations view of the splitting defense. Views of Freud; ego splitting and pathology. Melanie Klein; internal objects concept. Michael Balint; infant-mother relationship. Edith Jacobson; experience of self in the environment. D. W. Winnicott; ego defense & subjective experience. W. R. D. Fairbairn; role of maternal bonding with child.
From the Paper "This research examines the manner in which six theorists of object relations conceptualize the ego defense known as splitting. The research will set forth the background for the object-relations treatment of the splitting defense and then discuss the views of each theorist in turn.
The concept of ego-defenses has been connected to psychoanalytical theory almost from the earliest days of the discipline. Freud cites the psychopathology implicit when "the boundary lines between the ego and the external world become uncertain or in which they are actually drawn incorrectly . . . subject to disturbances[,] and the boundaries of the ego are not constant" (Freud, 1961, p. 13). Kernberg (1986, p. 352) refers to Freud's link of ego splitting to pathology, as well as his definition of ego splitting as "the co-existence of two..."
An analysis of the history of the American Federation of Labor - Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) union federation and the implications of the split within it.
Abstract This paper discusses the current split within the American Federation of Labor - Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) union federation. It describes the history of the separate organizations and the history of their merger. It then discusses the changes that have occurred since the AFL-CIO merger. It also looks at the implications of the split within the merged organization and its implications.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
History
A Changing Workplace
The Split Conclusion
From the Paper "Acuff says the working relationship with the disaffiliated unions is difficult, but the AFL-CIO's goal is still to someday return those unions to the AFL-CIO fold. There's no question that labor must change to attract workers. But perhaps unions may have a chance for resurgence with the current undercutting of the middle class that is prevalent in the United States today. However, in order for that to be the case, unions must make their commitment to the worker their major priority. While politics is important (politics influences public policy), it cannot be first and center. The worker must perceive there is a benefit to union membership, and that benefit is to work to protect the individual workers rights."
Abstract This paper discusses whether the causes of the split between the Soviet Union and Communist China were primarily economic or ideological.
From the paper:
"Since being drawn into the Korea War, China had been subjugated under Moscow's influence. Stalin's death and Khrushchev's eventual rise to power presented Mao Zedong with the opportunity to break with the Soviet Union. The origins of the Sino-Soviet split were primarily economic. As the Soviet Union continued to emphasize heavy industry and military products, Mao became determined to modernize China and expand the economic base to include light industries and more consumer products."
Tags: separate, communism, industry, war, stalin, foreign, policy, Khrushchev
This paper examines the following four works of literature and how they affected the literary philosophy of their eras: Voltaire's 'Candide', Anton Chekhov's 'Enemies', Giancamo Leopardi's 'The Infinite' and Virginia Wolf's 'Kew Gardens'.
Abstract This paper studies the different ways that four works of literature from different genres reflect the dominant literary philosophy of the era of their authors. It argues that over the course of the last three centuries, from the 18th century to the present, the ways that literature has depicted the human condition has been characterized by an increasing focus on the interior, rather than the exterior life of fictional and non-fictional characters. It studies Voltaire's 'Candide', Anton Chekhov's 'Enemies' , Giancamo Leopardi's 'The Infinite' and Virginia Wolf's 'Kew Gardens'.
From the Paper "One of the most perfect expressions of the Enlightenment's Rationalism can be found in Voltaire's Candide. Voltaire depicts a society rife with hypocrisy, particularly religious hypocrisy. The length of Voltaire's work is that of a novella, but the prose has the quality of a satire, or an extended parody, in this case a parody of the philosopher Lebiniz's sensibility that the entire world is good, and that the world in which we dwell is the best of all possible worlds. Voltaire's authorial voice is present throughout the work, and even when the author is chronicling the inner voice of the characters, there is a strong sense of plot, of action, and of an author's philosophic "project" at work."
Tags: literature philosophy Voltaire 'Candide'Anton Chekhov 'Enemies', Giancamo Leopardi 'The Infinite' Virginia Wolf 'Kew Gardens' Enlightenment Rationalism
