Abstract This paper offers two essays, one supporting the need for governmentregulation, the other denying it and supporting deregulation. The first notes that governmentregulation is necessary to assure safety, to prevent disease, to protect the rights of the individual, and to assure a level playing field in business. While one might argue that certain specific regulations are over-reaching or unnecessary, one must support the idea of regulation itself.
From the Paper "Government regulation is necessary to assure safety, to prevent disease, to protect the rights of the individual, and to assure a level playing field in business. While one might argue that certain specific regulations are over-reaching or unnecessary, one must support the idea of regulation itself, which after all was only undertaken once it was clear that the marketplace would not be effective in certain areas, such as enforcing safety rules, protecting consumers from fraud and misrepresentation, and reducing predatory practices on the part of business. Regulation typically refers to governmental efforts to control individual price, output, or product quality decisions of private firms in an effort to prevent purely private decision-making that would take inadequate account of the public interest. The first modern regulatory agency was established by Congress in 1887--the Interstate Commerce Commission--to control railroad rates. By the 1960s, government regulation was commonplace in the transportation..."
Abstract This well-researched paper discusses the importance of domestic and international e-commerce in today's economy and the need for stricter governmental regulations in order for global commerce to fulfill its potential. In both the domestic and the international fields, most of those engaged in e-commerce favor a minimal approach to governmentregulation but concede that additional regulation is necessary for the efficient conduct of business across international boundaries.
Topics covered in this report include:
Customs and Taxation
Electronic Payment Systems
Legal Environment
Intellectual Property Protection
Privacy
Security
Telecommunications Infrastructure and Information Technology
Bibliography
From the Paper "There are now methods of payment for goods and services over the Internet that link existing electronic banking and payment systems with new retail interfaces via the Internet. Private sector investment and competition is spurring innovations in this area. Despite the obvious need to ensure the safety of electronic payment systems, no policy is being developed at this time, and it is hoped that the market driven interests that are on the cutting edge of this technology will regulate itself."
Abstract This paper explains that governmentregulation of commerce in the United States traces back to the first draft of the Constitution, which gives the federal government power to regulate interstate commerce. The author points out that the power of regulations of businesses allows the federal government to act on behalf of the public and provide protections for individuals who cannot manage on their own without collective support. The paper stresses that, far from being evil and ineffective, appropriate governmentregulations can have many positive effects such as reducing corporate excess and increasing accountability in the business world. The author underscores that, unfortunately, the presence of a regulatory agency or legislation is no guarantee of the successful achievement of that goal. The paper also argues that any regulation leveled at the business community is ultimately borne by the consumers who patronize those businesses and negatively impact innovation in products by raising costs for businesses.
Table of Contents:
Consumers and Businesses Benefit from GovernmentRegulation GovernmentRegulation Harms Businesses
From the Paper "The reality is that the government is, by and large, an obstacle to increased prosperity and economic growth in industrialized nations. The traditional view of regulations is that it is the primary weapon or tool that the government has in its efforts to rein in the excesses of the business community. This attitude posits that business and commerce is somehow opposed to the interests of the public and that the government can act as a kind of "white knight" to protect the public and champion their interests in the face of corporations and businesses intent only on improving their bottom line and increasing profits."
Abstract This paper presents two essays on governmentregulation. The first essay attempts to show how governmentregulations protect consumers and businesses and help maintain a stable economy. The paper discusses the merits of regulations about hazardous waste, vehicle lemon laws and monopoly and anti-trust laws. The second essay maintains that governmentregulations harm the economy by hurting businesses. This view portrays how governmentregulations are so restrictive that they make it impossible for businesses to operate, which negatively affects both consumers and the economy.
From the Paper "Since America was in its infancy, the public has looked to federal and state government agencies to protect it from harm. Whether it was the threat of international terrorism or scams from international gold diggers, society has turned to its government and asked it to regulate such activities to protect American residents. While the public recognizes and appreciates such efforts, it quickly changes its tune when it comes to government regulations with regard to business."
Abstract Maximization of stockholders wealth is a controversial objective, which is often viewed with skepticism by economic analysts and business experts. This paper discusses how it is generally believed that such an objective is rather unrealistic and cannot be achieved keeping the current regulations in view. It questions whether government imposed regulation in various areas, directly affect profitability and business operations. Some studies suggest that these regulations have a negative impact on stockholders wealth while others refute such claims. In this paper, the writer addresses these issue to find out if stockholders wealth is affected by regulations and if so, how.
From the Paper "For maximization of stockholder wealth, a corporation needs to retain control over its operations and the measures adopted for increased profitability. However this is only a fairytale situation, which is close to impossible in a country marred by a long list of regulations. Government imposes various kinds of regulations to protect American public from possible exploitation. However what it may not understand is the fact that not all but some of these regulations negatively affect profitability which in turn hurt stockholders wealth. (Whiteman-Jones, 1994)"
An examination of the economic effect of government intervention in the health care industry and ways in which policy decisions may affect Americans in the future.
Abstract This paper discusses how the governmentregulates much of the health care industry through agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration and how government subsidies (including Medicare) are an integral part of the health care delivery system in the United States. It examines how the government has chosen to outsource the processing of claims generated through Medicare to outside agencies in order to increase service levels and decrease costs to the government. It looks at how direct costs increase as the amount of regulation and reporting requirements increase and how competition decreases as providers move out of the market as their profit margins are eroded by the increased costs associated with supporting governmentregulation.
From the Paper "When President Clinton proposed prescription drug coverage under Medicare in mid-1999, the health care industry moved to combat the proposal, which it considered amounted to price controls on the industry (Stone, 1999, p. 2082). From an economic perspective, the increased lobbying effort will likely lead to an increase in the cost of doing business for drug companies, and consumers are likely to see an increase in prices as a result. Prescription drugs have a relatively inelastic demand schedule (even generic drugs can vary significantly from their ethical counterparts), and some conditions can only be treated effectively with a single product. Lacking widespread substitute goods, suppliers in this industry are able to pass along any increased costs (such as might be associated with lobbying to protect the industry's interests) to consumers."
Abstract This paper discusses the impact of federal regulation on traditionally state and privately regulated industry, that of global business and financial management. Despite the positive effects of such regulation, questions regarding the actual effectiveness of the broader, federal regulations over the previously established state regulations are examined. The paper places emphasis on the effects that these federal regulations have had on the global markets, and, therefore, on the United States market as a whole.
Outline:
Introduction:Has Private Business Become Complete?
The New Federal Regulation of Corporate Governance The Effect of Federal Regulation Existing State Regulation of Corporations
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "Although securities transactions are private contracts, they take place in public markets and have effects extending far beyond the specific parties involved. Moreover, there is a general societal interest in strong capital markets. The strength of the U.S. capital markets, due in part to their relative safety and transparency, has been a fundamental component of this country's economic growth. Indeed, the United States' capital markets are sufficiently attractive that they regularly attract listings from foreign issuers, some of whom appear to view compliance with extensive U.S. regulations as providing their securities with something like a good housekeeping seal. An increasing number of foreign issuers and corporations are choosing to list their stock on United States exchanges, thereby agreeing to comply with the U.S. federal securities laws. This public nature of business law is the central focus of the Sarbanes-Oxley legislation."
Abstract In this article, the writer maintains that the primary reason for governmentregulation is to correct perceived or actual market failures. The writer notes that increasingly, people are saying that governmentregulation does not appear to be working. However, the writer points out that governmentregulations are really failing because trying to alter market dynamics does not work. True, the dynamics of the market created the market failure, but the dynamics of the market will eventually resolve it as well if only given the chance. The writer concludes that market dynamics, by their very nature, are more efficient because all factors possible are considered and because the consumer is the better regulator as the laws of supply and demand eventually take hold.
From the Paper "One form of market failure, a negative externality, arises when the actions one party result in a benefit or cost accruing to some external party that did not consent to the impact. Examples of negative externalities might be a manufacturer that irresponsibly releases pollution or consumes scarce natural resources. Market failure results because the manufacturer bears no costs for its actions; instead, costs are imposed on downstream parties that did not cause them. Advocates of government regulation believe that it can correct this type of market failure by imposing taxes or using tradable permits to force firms to internalize some of these social costs. According to Field and Field, taxes will force businesses to adjust emission rates so that the equimarginal rule is satisfied and to innovate so that cheaper ways of reducing emissions may be discovered. Tradable permits allow the government control over desired emission levels by giving a company the right to pollute at a certain level that is transferable to another company as a reward for keep emission levels low."
Abstract In recent years we have witnessed a considerable amount of change, which has had an impact on the role of regulators in the broadcasting industry. Included in this is the development of the global marketplace as well as the rise of new forms of technology and media, such as the Internet, which can make regulation difficult if not impossible. This, of course, has raised the question of whether or not there is any role for regulation in this new and evolving environment. The purpose of this paper will be to examine these issues in light of this specific case of governmentregulation. This analysis will include an outline of the reasons why the government has intervened, the form of intervention, the results of intervention, as well as whether or not an alternative policy might be preferable.
Abstract This paper will seek to understand the market for housing and how the government controls the regulations, which are so affective in this area. By understanding how these regulations affect the pricing, and the way that housing is set up, we can see why the government intervention makes such a wave in these markets. With specific examples of the way that government works in this area, a better understanding of housing in American can be seen.
This paper discusses the issues around the development of E-money (also called electronic money, digital money or digital cash), the economic base and monetary policy.
Abstract This paper defines E-money as spendable balances represented by digits on a bank's balance sheet. The paper discusses that E-money can not become standard currency until the public understands the concept and feels comfortable in using the technology and until the emergence of cryptography, the ability to make the transactions secure and unbreakable. The author believes that financial markets will have to develop new internal regulations, banks will have to adjust their style of business and the federal government will have to rethink the status of its monetary policy to keep control of the monetary base.
Table of Content
Abstract
Why Did Money Develop?
New Advances in Payment Systems
Why the Advances to get rid of Fiat Currency?
What is E- Money?
E-money and GovernmentRegulation E-money and Government Taxation
Conclusion
From the Paper "In the last thirty to forty years, major advances in payment systems and abilities have revolutionized the way most Americans and Europeans pay for goods and services. In the early 1950's, a new type of card emerged that enabled people to pay for goods and services without actually transferring any type of fiat currency or commodity, the Diners Club payment card. It was the first card that enabled individuals to pay for their lunch or dinner just by signing a piece of paper."
Abstract This paper examines key state and federal governmental employment regulations. The paper discusses federal law regarding the prohibition of discriminating against employees on the basis of race, gender, pregnancy, religion, national origin, disability (physical or mental), age or even for anticipated deployment with the reserves or National Guard. In addition, it discusses how some states and cities also forbid discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, marital status and military discharge status.
Table of Contents:
Federal and State Employment Regulation Law and Employer Affects
Key Legislation Regarding Employment Regulations Age Discrimination and Black Lung Acts
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
State Law
Conclusion
From the Paper "In conclusion, these state and federal employment regulations not only govern and control employment regulations, but maintain and protect the rights of employees as well as employers. These laws lay the foundation for retaliation from employers for pursuing claims against honest workers. Therefore, these and many other employment laws are committed to the representation and protection of honest workers who are routinely victimized by their employers who violate wage and hour laws, which costs employees thousands of dollars every year. Why do they do this? Because, they have gotten away with it so far! However, by utilizing state and federal employment regulation laws, this country is on a positive path toward eliminating or significantly reducing employment abuse for both employees and employers through future awareness of knowing the law and fighting for our rights."
Abstract As the leading provider of networking products for the Internet, Cisco Systems uses e-commerce via the internet. Therefore, according to the paper, Cisco Systems adamantly opposes any governmentregulation, such as taxing internet traffic, that would impinge on the efficiency and growth of e-commerce. This paper looks at the ways in which Cisco Systems is affected by governmentregulation.
From the Paper "Other laws and proposed laws also have caused concern for both Cisco Systems and the industry. Both the Congress and several states are considering laws to protect individual privacy on the Internet. Both Cisco and the industry oppose such a law, holding that the industry can be more effective through self-regulation. Another law that has been proposed frequently by some members of Congress and by some states would apply taxation to Internet activity. Both Cisco and the industry argue that taxation would cripple e-commerce just as it is beginning to grow. Thus far, the lawmakers have backed down on taxation proposals for the Internet."
Abstract The paper examines the market structure of the automobile market and the impact on Ford of new companies entering the market. The paper examines Ford's expensive vehicles, the company's productivity, the cost structure of the automobile market and the price elasticity of demand. The paper also looks at Ford's competitors, analyzes the supply and demand and explores the impact of governmentregulations on the demand for cars.
Outline:
Market Structure
Impact of New Companies Entering the Market
Prices
Productivity
Cost Structure
Price Elasticity of Demand
Competitors
Supply and Demand Analysis
Impact of GovernmentRegulations
From the Paper "The automobile industry still exists in a state of monopolistic competition. Only a few firms dominate the industry, because of the high barriers of entry to producing automobiles. This is particularly true of the car market for the average consumer, as opposed to the luxury car market, which is more fickle in regards to style. Once upon a time, Ford and GM held the bulk of the American market share because of their inexpensive, high-quality cars. Then, these American behemoths were toppled by Japanese manufacturers like Toyota in the 1980s. "
Abstract The paper shows how the story of American business has continued to be one of increasing size and growth ever since the Great Depression and World War II. The paper looks at how the postwar boom created an America reliant upon large corporations and a government that supported those corporations, although it attempted to regulate corporate excesses. The paper concludes that as corporate entities have grown larger, the practice of governmentregulation of business size and ethics has become more difficult.
From the Paper "As early as 1920, President Calvin Coolidge was able to declare that the "chief business of America is business"(Bryant 1999). Beginning in the 1920s, after World War I, corporations were able to offer vast array of consumer goods to ordinary, middle-class Americans, spanning from automobiles to washing machines, radios, and refrigerators (Bryant 1998). Despite the stock market crash of 1929, the story of American business has continued to be one of increasing size and growth. Ever since the Great Depression and World War II large American corporations have continued to extend their outreach into every facet of modern commercial society. Although the federal government has attempted to regulate corporate practices, it has, at times also facilitated this expansion."
