Abstract
This paper explains that the concept of global warming caused by the elevation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was first issued in 1896, again in the 1970s and, by the 1980s, global warming again became the rage. The author points out that there are still individuals who claim that there is no reliable scientific data to support the global warming theory and state that scientists have only based their assessment on computer models; yet, scientific evidence shows that since 1860 the earth is warming. The paper relates that, despite this evidence of global warming, there remains uncertainty and debate among environmental groups, scientists and policymakers on its specific impact on the atmosphere; there is not one commonly known way to reduce carbon in the atmosphere.

From the Paper
"The 1990s were probably the warmest decade in the last 1,000 years, and much of the increase of the last millennium took place in the past 30 years. Scientists believe that greenhouse gas emissions from human sources are contributing to this worldwide warming trend. If greenhouse gas emissions continue unchecked, they predict that Earth, on average, will warm 2 to 6 degrees Fahrenheit by the year 2100. This could result in increased heat waves, droughts, forest fires, disease and sea-level rise leading to flooding of coastal areas."

Tags:climate, evidence, debate, farmers, fossil-fuels

Abstract
This paper addresses global warming and the need for alternative energy sources by providing a brief history of the global warming concept. Additionally the paper gives an assessment of stakeholders and an in-depth explanation of the greenhouse effect.

From the Paper
"The dramatic global climate changes occurring in recent years have drawn attention to the rising temperature imbalance that has come to be known as global warming. Global warming is defined as the observed increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans in recent decades and its projected continuation into the future. Global Warming: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change stated in that 'An increasing body of observations gives a collective picture of a warming world and other changes in...' "

Tags:alternative energy, global warming, polar bears, stakeholders, history, greenhouse effect

Abstract
This paper gives an in-depth analysis of the problem of global warming and its effect on coral reefs. The paper cites statistics that describe the history of global warming. The author further explains the composition of corals and their sensitivities to environmental disturbances such as temperature change. The current crisis in coral reefs is described and international conservation programs are presented. The author concludes by encouraging public awareness of this issue.

From the Paper
"The earth is warming up, slowly, but undoubtedly. The seemingly trivial increase of 1.1 , or a little more than half Celsius since 1861, has altered the climate tremendously. There are more extreme weather events, which result in flood and drought especially in the poor countries. The atmospheric and oceanographic disturbance El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) during the 1982-1983 and 1997-1998 had caused the increase in seawater temperature two to three degrees Celsius above normal (Brown). Coral reefs, already devastated by human activities such as over-fishing, development in coastal areas, and pollution, are further ravaged by the unusual warming. Extensive bleaching is widespread, which turn the colorful coral into dazzling white masses. This damage, then, will affect a wide range of organisms, whose survivals are dependent on the reefs' health condition."

Tags:Coral, reef, polyps, temperature, change, global, warming

Abstract
This paper defines what global warming is and gives an in depth analysis of its long term affect. It describes what we can expect if the temperature of the Earth continues to rise. Between flooding and coastal erosion, severe weather, disease, loss of farming, hunting and grazing land and the loss of inhabitable territory, the very existence of the human race would be threatened. Although we do not expect to feel the effects for at least another 200 years, examples of natural disasters in recent history are linked to possible effects of global warming.

From the Paper
"Scientific speculations about the possibility of global warming have been ongoing for years. During the last two decades, the truth about global warming was frequently called into question, and hotly debated. Conservatives, big business, and even many well-intentioned and intelligent scientists all proclaimed such scientific prophecies to be at best an error in computation, or at worst outright deception. Many condemned the prophecies as just another attempt by radical anti-technology, anti-human environmentalist-wackos to stifle everyone's fun."

Tags:atmosphere, greenhouse, effect, gases, weather, erosion, planetary, warming

Abstract
This paper describes the causes of the global warming phenomenon that have been a part of earth's geological history since the dawn of geological time. The paper also looks at the effects that global warming has on the earth and in particular its effects in the Arctic Circle.

From the Paper
"Climate change in general, and global warming in specific, are by no means new phenomena. Since the dawn of geological time, surface and atmospheric temperatures on Earth have fluctuated enormously. In some cases, worldwide climate change has led to actual shifts in land masses, leading to changes in the ways human beings and societies evolved. For example, global climate change caused the so-called Ice Age: "During the Quaternary period (the past million years) the ice cap has repeatedly spread to middle latitudes over the sea, with corresponding glaciation on the continents," (Gribbin Forecasts 73). The disappearance of the dinosaurs and other prehistoric creatures may in fact be due to climatic changes. Global warming has also been intense in our geological history: between ice ages, it is possible that no portion of the earth was covered with glaciation whatsoever (Gribbin Forecasts 73). Moreover, such massive temperature and climate transformations probably did not occur as a result of human intervention, but rather were a result of complex environmental, meteorological, and astronomical influences. Climatic fluctuations are indeed natural and inevitable."

Tags:greenhouse, gases, industrialization, chemical, emissions, upper, atmosphere, radiation

Abstract
The paper explains the path of Katrina--the evacuation process and how the elderly and poor were left behind in the most effective evacuation in the nation's history. Discussed is how the number and violent behavior of hurricanes has changed since 1990. Also discussed is how scientists are divided in their thinking of whether global warming is the cause of the weather we are experiencing today.

From the Paper
"Hurricane Katrina was the costliest tropical storm to hit the Gulf Coast to date. Katrina was tracked from Bahamas on August 23, 2005, across Southern Florida, entering the Gulf of Mexico and on August 29, 2005 made its last stop on land on the Gulf Coast. The hurricane devastated the Gulf Coast of Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Georgia and Florida for reasons that scientist cannot agree on. The city of New Orleans suffered the most damage and press coverage even though the hurricane actually missed the city. The catastrophic destruction caused from Hurricane Katrina came not from the storm passing..."

Tags:global warming, inconclusive, catastrophe

Abstract
The author examines the effect of history on the environment through three American historical accounts: "Salmon Without Rivers" by Jim Lichatowich, "The Way to the West" by Elliott West and "Land Use, Environment and Social Change;The Shaping of Island County, Washington" by Richard White. The benefits of environmental history are discussed and how it can help a society be better understood through investigation of its relationship to its natural world.

From the Paper
"But certainly, with the future and the further introduction of hindsight, our current situation will be one rendered to environmental historians as the groundswell for human/environment relations to come. And that certainty is at the crux of environmental history, a branch of historiography that attempts to understand human motivations and needs through a lens of environmental behaviors. Most simply stated, environmental history is the study of human populations, the relationships they share with their respective environments, and the various implications that this interrelationship possesses for both. Of course, that said, the fact of environmental history is a great deal more complicated, as it is rife with clashing priorities, periods of evolution and devolution (if such a thing can truly be identified), and constantly shifting possibilities and perspectives."

Tags:global, warming, society, social, Lichatowich, West, White, historiography

Abstract
This paper details in-depth the history of Greenpeace, established in 1971 and which has since become a powerful advocate of environmentalism and pacifism. Greenpeace represents an image of environmentally-aware citizens of the world working for the good of the planet by fighting efforts by government and industry to destroy the earth's water, air and land to maximize profits as well as standing firm against nuclear testing. This paper also examines Greenpeace's most pressing current campaigns including measures to halt the devastating effects of global warming, active involvement in the protection of the world's oceans and continuing its action to save forests from destruction by industry and deforestation. This paper also touches on the critics who view the organization as time-wasting, trouble-making, tree-hugging hippies who fight the interests of capitalism and productivity.

From the Paper
"Nuclear testing again became a crucial issue for Greenpeace in 1972 when the French government plans testing in French Polynesia, off the island of Moruroa. As a result of this environmental threat, the Greenpeace ship Vega sailed to the planned testing site as a protest. The effort to raise consciousness and prevent the testing turned tragic when one of the French ships rammed the Vega, with Greenpeace member David McTaggert having to accept help from the French. The next year, the protesters returned to Moruroa and brutally beat David McTaggert."

Tags:environment, global, warming, marine, life, forest, nuclear, testing, fuel, oil, energy, government, industry

Abstract
This writer sees the world changing in part due to extreme temperature changes. The writer points out that anyone up to date and paying attention can see the ongoing degradation of animal habitat and the ongoing loss of plant and animal species; there are the realities of deforestation, desertification, and it appears there are increasingly high-powered natural events like hurricanes caused by climate change that are disrupting human lives. The approach for this paper is to review existing research in scholarly journals that embrace issues and ideas - along with attitudes and emotions - relevant to eco-psychology and humans interacting in changing ways to the changing planet. In conclusion, the responsibility for educating people of all ages falls on schools, communities, political leaders, and mostly importantly, it falls on the shoulders of families. The writer maintains that more families should turn the television off and have discussions about what is being written in magazines, newspapers, and other publications about the fragile condition this earth is truly in at this moment in history.

Outline:
Introduction
Article One:"Thinking About The Future: A Psychological Analysis," Tonn, Bruce E., & Conrad, Fred
Personal Reaction to the Article
Article Two: Effects of Brief Wilderness Programs in Relation To Adolescents' Race - Pamela M. Orren and Paul D. Werner
Article Three: Situational Influences upon Children's Beliefs about Global Warming and Energy. Patrick Devine-Wright, Hannah Devine-Wright and Paul Fleming
Article Four:Psychotherapy of the Lived Space: A Phenomenological and
Ecological Concept - Thomas Fuchs
Article Five:Attitudes to Environmental Education in Poland - Kobierska, Hanna, Tarabula-Fietak, Marta, & Grodzinska-Jurczak
Summary of Articles

From the Paper
"It is encouraging to know that so many young people are becoming aware of the challenges of global warming, and of the need to preserve what is left of the natural world. But it is somewhat troubling to learn that only a small portion of people (those with education and who are well-employed) are thinking about the future in a big-picture framework. The fact that most kids in Poland get their environmental information from television and not from home is also troubling; and knowing that attitudes about the wilderness are not significantly altered when young people go into the woods on overnights is worrisome. Overall it would appear there is much work to be done when it comes to educating people (young and old) about the ramifications of climate change."

Tags:climate, global, warming, environmental

Abstract
This paper discusses the history of recorded population growth and then discusses the negative impact that the exponential growth will have on the environment and human living conditions. The paper explains how population growth contributes to poverty, hunger, and increased energy consumption. The paper urges the reader to take action now to curb the negative effects of the drastic population growth.

From the Paper
"Does the idea of power in numbers apply to the issue of population growth? The current population growth rate in the United States is an estimated .975% in 2009. That would mean that there would be nearly an additional three hundred thousand people each year. With an immense increase in the population of one country alone, what could the impact of population growth rate of other combined countries do to our planet? Many argue that with a growth in numbers, our resources would be depleted at a quicker rate than they would be generated. This world phenomenon would create a pathway leading to world hunger."

Tags:global warming, industrial revolution, population, world hunger, poverty, global issues