Abstract This paper describes the United States GlobalPositioningSystem (GPS). The author presents policy decisions regarding GPS. The paper contends that GPS, under the aegis of the U.S .Air Force, is ill-served to advance lockstep with competing technologies overseas because U.S. supremacy in this area is tenuous, due largely to lack of funding GPS has received.
From the Paper "The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based infrastructure developed by the United States Department of Defense to provide an invaluable navigation service to the military. GPS has since been ..."
Abstract This paper shows how the GlobalPositioningSystem is becoming an increasingly important part of everyday life for ordinary people. While its uses are many, at its root, GPS provides users with accurate information about their position and velocity, as well as the time, anywhere in the world and in all weather conditions. This is of obvious importance for military purposes but also for every day life as well. This paper will look at the GPS's development, how it works, as well as its costs and benefits and also the many uses of the GPS.
Abstract This paper explains that GPS provides all-weather round-the-clock navigation capabilities for the military and is an integral asset in numerous civilian applications and industries around the globe, including recreational uses such as boating, aircraft and hiking, corporate vehicle fleet tracking and surveying. The author states that the military's Precision (P) code provides positional accuracy to within approximately 20 meters. The paper reports that the first eleven spacecraft (GPS Block 1) were used to demonstrate the feasibility of the GPS system; the orbit inclination was 63 degrees, differing from the 55 degrees used for the operational system.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Background: GlobalPositioningSystem (GPS)
Problems to be Solved
Technical Discussion
Launch Facts
Future Prospects
From the Paper "SLR will continue to be essential for measuring temporal variations of the gravity field given the passive simplicity of these orbit targets and the decadal span of precision data. With the launch of Lageos 2 in 1992 and Stella in 1993, in combination with the older geodetic satellites Lageos, Starlette, and Ajisai, estimates of the temporal variations of the gravity field will undoubtedly be improved in accuracy, and spatial and temporal resolution. Geophysical modeling of temporal gravity variations will also continue to be important, since their combination with the satellite estimates will improve our knowledge of the solid Earth, ocean, and atmosphere. The development of realistic eddy resolving multi-layer ocean models forced by real wind fields will be an important resource over the next few years for determining the role played by the atmosphere and oceans in the excitation of the Earth's gravity and rotational variations [Rosen, 1993]. Future improvements in the long-wave-length models of the time-invariant gravity field will depend on accurately modeling or estimating both the tidal and non-tidal gravity variations, as the current uncertainties for the low degree coefficients are at the same level as the known temporal variations of the coefficients. While tidally-induced variations have been modeled for many years, the importance of modeling non-tidal variations in gravity is only now becoming apparent."
Abstract This paper explains that the Navstar GlobalPositioningSystem (GPS), created in 1973 by the United States of America's Department of Defense and now operated by the U.S. Air Force, is a highly effective way to calculate, by using twenty-four space satellites in six different orbits, the exact location of a point on the earth. The author points out that, although the GPS was first invented and used mainly by the military, it is now used for nonmilitary applications from routing police and fire trucks on 911 emergency calls to finding directions for private automobile drivers. The paper relates that, over the past ten years, the price has decreased by up to 20 percent each year and continues to drop as the merchandise becomes more and more precise.
From the Paper "In 1978, when the first round of satellites were launched, the results were less than perfect, but today the system works the exact same way with almost terrifying accuracy. Even though the results have improved, the concept is the same. GPS, which is comparable to GLONASS, a similar system developed by the Soviet Union, is made up of three segments: the space, user, and control segments. The space segment, as previously stated, consists of twenty-four satellites (3 spares) that are located 20, 190 kilometers above the earth's surface in six orbital planes that cover the sphere of the earth evenly. They orbit in 12 hours; providing every place on earth with visibility to at least the four necessary satellites for the system to work. Also, for the polar areas to be viewed completely, the satellites are at a 55? angle to the equator."
Abstract This paper begins by describing the technology used for GlobalPositioningSystems (GPS) and then goes on to discuss the implications of the system in terms of its tracking capability, privacy issues and how the GPS technology can be utilized for self-serving purposes.
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to examine the phenomenon of GPS within an ethical framework. The plan of the research will be to set forth the background of the emergence of global positioning system technology and then to discuss how ethical issues arise in connection with it with a view toward identifying possible lines of conflict and development regarding it. The advent of global positioning system technology has transformed the possibilities for knowing where one is and what time it is anywhere in the world."
Abstract This paper examines the military technology, the globalpositioningsystem, which is a navigational system that comprises of a complex arrangement of satellites that orbit around the earth. It describes the technology, its evolution throughout the twentieth century, and its immense military application. The paper then illustrates the wider commercial use of the globalpositioningsystem in the latter part of the century.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Historical Events in the GlobalPositioningSystem Technology
The Origin
The World War II Era
Soviet Union's Sputnik-I
The Decade Before Developmental History (1964-1974)
Achievements of the Advancements
The Developmental History of the GlobalPositioning Satellites System Pathway to the GPS Technology
The First GPS Satellite
Subsequent Developments in the GlobalPositioningSystem Technological Account of the GlobalPositioningSystem Operational Details of GPS
Record Information in GPS Satellite Signals
Reception of Information from GlobalPositioning Satellites
Communication Frequencies
Technological Advantages of the GlobalPositioning Satellites System Conclusion
References
From the Paper "The technology behind the global positioning satellites system takes its origin from Marconi's comprehension of the radio waves and their utilization for transmission purposes. This radio wave technology was employed for social advantage in the course of 1920s. In these years, radio stations were established, which minimally required a receiver to commence operation. A complex model of the same simple technology applies to the functioning of the global positioning satellites system."
Abstract This paper discusses the theory of globalpositioning satellites, illustrating the technology behind the system. The history of globalpositioning satellites is outlined, describing the first globalpositioningsystem, the transmission functions and the reception of information from globalpositioning satellites. The paper presents the advantages of the globalpositioning satellites system.
From the Paper "As the name suggests, the global positioning satellite system is based on satellites. It is a navigational system that comprises of a complex arrangement of satellites that orbit round the earth. Twenty-four in all, these satellites are eleven thousand nautical miles far in space. There are six dissimilar orbits wherein the satellites continually keep revolving. It takes these satellites twenty-four hours to complete two orbital revolutions round the Earth. Upon calculation, the revolutionary speed of these satellites is computed to be around 2,600 meters per second (JA-GPS.com)."
Tags: navigational, space, orbit, receivers, transmittors, almanac, ephemeris, pseudo-random, data
Abstract In this paper, the writer notes that the globalpositioningsystem (GPS) has advanced vastly since the first satellite was launched into space in 1978. The writer points out that originally the GPS was a project placed into orbit by the United States Department of Defense and in the 1980s the system became available for civilian use. The writer discusses that the GPS offers many positive applications such providing driving directions to devices that will save a life buried by an avalanche. The writer discusses that although the GPS has thousands of different possible applications, it is controversial in the ways it could be used. For example, privacy is jeopardized as a result of the tracking capabilities of the globalpositioningsystem. The writer concludes that the GPS definitely has its advantages and has the capabilities to save lives, however, the possible consequences of this technology should not be overlooked.
From the Paper " Since GPS has been allowed for civilian use, we have seen it placed in many devices. The most common devices are those for navigational purposes. Such as a device that is used in cars, boats, and aircraft. These devices tell the navigator their position at all times, and or how to get to a specific location. Another popular device used in agriculture helps to maximize crop production. The GPS device that is used during farming will tell the farmer what areas he has covered and what areas are yet to be done. The system is so advanced and accurate that it will actually auto guide that tractor in a precise path so to optimize time and coverage. There are also many hand held devices that are used by hikers to navigate trails, by snowmobilers and skiers in case of an avalanche, and by hunters who wonder deep into the woods. We also see devices now in cell phones, personal and business vehicles, on personal belongings and much more. There are now millions of devices that take advantage of the Global Positioning System and there will be millions more to be developed as time progresses."
Tags: device, privacy, satellites, navigation, position
Abstract This paper discusses the development, implementation and availability to civilian use of the globalpositioningsystem (or commonly known as the GPS). The paper discusses the history of the GPS from the days of the Cold War. It then discusses the negative aspects of having this technology available, but concludes that technology can be used for good or bad and that the technology itself is not necessarily a problem.
From the Paper "Again, whatever technology brings, be it the GPS or another one that would come our way in the next few years or the next few decades, it is up to us either individually or collectively to determine its use. What ever we hold, it could be use for good or for evil. Take for example the ongoing debate on guns and gun control. Those against radical gun control will give compelling reasons why only law enforcement and military personnel should be allowed to carry guns. But if you look at the gun lobbyists, they, too have logical reasons on why we should have "the right to bear arms" not only in terms of the constitutional rights but in moral and ethical aspects as well. Much as the debate will never stop and there would always be two or more schools of thoughts on matters, this is the thing that makes technology more interesting, not just the development, manufacturing and the evolution of the technology, but the application people would put them to."
Abstract In this article, the writer examines special considerations in global pay systems. The writer includes a look at compensation parity, expatriate employees, host country employees, third-country employees, geographical pay differentials and repatriated employees.
From the Paper "Global pay systems may simplify employee compensation at the administrative level, but the host of difficult problems that accompany them can create a great deal of extra work and tailoring at the executive level worldwide. The complexity of the global pay system in terms of pay mix pay level and the choice between global standardization and local adaptation of pay practices renders global pay a significant task that not just everyone is equipped to handle."
Abstract This paper examines how satellite technology is used worldwide to provide important services in the fields of research, communications and more and how one of the most popular applications of satellite technology is the development of the GlobalPositionalSystem (GPS). It provides an overview of satellites and GPS, including a brief description of the principles behind satellite technology and deployment and specifically of GPS. It also covers the origins and development of GPS as well as a synopsis of its current military and civilian uses. Finally, this paper also aims to address the future of GPS technology in the private sector.
From the Paper "By 1972, the best characteristics of these satellite systems and the investigation of the steering group came together to result in the development of today's system that would be known as the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System. The program was officially approved in 1973 and by February 1978, the first experimental GPS satellites (called Block I) were being launched into space. From the beginning, GPS had to meet the radio navigation requirements of all military services as well as those of civilian users and by February 1989, the second block of GPS satellites (Block II) was launched into space. Today's GPS is now made up of twenty-four Block II and IIA satellites and one experimental satellite from Block I. (Commission 145-146)"
Abstract This paper discusses how rail navigation systems evolved from transit maps to the sophisticated technological devices used by travelers today. The writer explains the importance of cartographic design and simple and recognizable images in assisting passengers to navigate train stations. The writer also discusses the growing use of globalpositioningsystems by both travelers and rail management, who use a more advanced version, the differential globalpositioningsystem, in order to track trains in areas that are obscured by obstacles such as hills and tunnels, and avoid collisions.
Outline:
Introduction
Early Navigation Systems Contemporary Train Travel
Evolution of Effective Navigation Systems Pictograms
GlobalPositioningSystems Conclusion
From the Paper "As rail networks grew in number, competition among the different lines became fierce; this was particularly true during the mid 1800s. During this period, growth was particularly rapid: Britain had 6,900 miles of track, and the United States had 9,000. One factor that clearly mattered to travelers was to know how to navigate within the system; another was the efficiency of the navigation system, and of the train line itself. After all, the point of taking a train was, primarily, to reach a specific destination, and within a specific timeframe. Without efficient map systems, it was difficult to achieve that goal."
Abstract The paper discusses globalization and its various attributes. Globalization is examined in the context of an international, economic and technological infrastructure paradigm upon which commerce and financial enterprise mechanisms travel. To conclude, the research discusses globalization's various positive and negative attributes regarding job loss and job creation, as well as its ability to spur economic growth while at the same time, its ability to completely bypass markets.
From the Paper "People use it to explain many things, but when asked to define it, the term often defies explanation. One source defines globalization as: The integration of the world's culture, economy, and infrastructure driven by the lowering of political barriers to transnational trade and investment and by the rapid proliferation of communication and information technologies. The term is often used in reference to the substantial impact of free-market forces on local, regional and national economies. (Globalization, 2006a) The key points in the given definition would seem to be culture, economy and infrastructure, since globalization is often blamed or praised for caused phenomena within each of these areas."
Abstract As a resource-based economy dependent on export markets, the effects of a global economic system are potentially very marked for Canada. If a global economic system comes hand in hand with free trade, liberalized financial institutions and high mobility of capital and labor, Canada's probable outcome can be predicted by contrasting the effects of a global economy with those of the regional NAFTA arrangement. Using this yardstick of measurement, Canada has much to gain from a more global economy. This paper will further elaborate this point.
Abstract Globalization plays a major role in the economy and sociology today. This paper discusses how it is important to understand what globalization is, how the world-systems theory explains inequalities between different parts of the world, and what is meant by core, semi-periphery and periphery. It is also important to understand the relevance of the history of European colonialism.
Introduction
Defining Globalization World-Systems Theory
The Core, Semiperiphery, and Periphery
History of European Colonialism
Conclusion
From the Paper "A study concerning democracy and economic development of 138 countries between 1972 and 1992 showed that for developing countries (periphery) and newly industrializing countries (semiperiphery), economic development has a significant effect on democratic performance, yet in an opposite direction. Economic development actually leads to lower levels of democracy for these countries, although it was initially thought that any effect of economic conditions on democratic performance would be positive (Norris). Modern economists originally believed that "economic and (and social) development gives rise to a political culture more favorable to social peace, however the studies suggest the opposite occurs in reality due to the conflicts in society and politics that do not diminish through modernization but are usually sorely aggravated (Norris)."
