Abstract
The paper relates that Edward Gibbon's "History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" has impacted much of history including the development of the American Republic. The paper looks at Gibbon's background and discusses Gibbon's beliefs on how it was possible that Rome had been such a dominant force in the ancient world for more than a millennium. The paper concludes that it may be worthwhile for us today to review Gibbon's work to determine the similarities between that time and now and what the future may bring.

From the Paper
"When names of historians are mentioned, it is rare that Edward Gibbon Wakefield is among them. Perhaps for those historians or individuals who study this particular area he is recognized, but for others he either remains nameless or as a footnote. Even those who have studied the man and his times have many unanswered questions. Yet, his History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire has impacted much of history including the development of the American Republic."

Tags:emperor, sovereign, Julian, Constantine

Abstract
A discussion of the life and contribution of Edward Gibbon. The paper gives a brief background of the historian and then summarizes the major points raised in the book, including Christianity, the rise of the empire, the Ceasars and the reasons for the fall of the great empire.

From the Paper
"The British historian, Edward Gibbon (1737-1794) is well-known for his monumental masterpiece, "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire". His major accomplishment in this book was that he articulates the basic causations of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire in his famous book. Many people would argue that Gibbon's main point of the causation was the triumph of the barbarism and the church; but according to his writing, although he mentions those two factors a lot, the internal problems, which are the failure of the emperor and the domination of the Praetorian Guards, were the causation to the fall of the Empire. Gibbon has been given credits on his brilliant critiques on the history, and his modern way of writing history, but he has paid too much attention on the wars than the social factors, and he overemphasizes the influence of the historical figures whereas neglected the function of the mass. In addition to it, he condemns too much on the Christianity with out an impartial judgment, which draws him on the waves of the critiques. However, his criticism, his huge references, and his modern way of composing historiography outweigh his weakness in this work, and make him one of the greatest historians in human history."

Tags:rome, caesar, christian, failure, fall

Abstract
This paper is written about the end of the Western Roman Empire. The classic work in the field is provided by Edward Gibbon in "The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire". Gibbon's essential argument was one that attributed the "fall" (the use of this term today being itself a source of controversy) to "Christianity, which he claimed had undermined the ancient warrior traditions of the Romans and, through the influence of monasticism and asceticism, turned them away from earthly things".

Abstract
The paper explains that the reign of Edward I was characterized by military conquest, legislative progress and positive political achievement; however, this apparently secure political structure collapsed under Edward II and his reign ended with a revolution in which he was deposed. The author points out that a large part of Edward II's failure can be attributed to his inability to maintain the impetus of the war with Scotland that his father had begun. The paper relates that Edward II, as a king, failed to gain the respect of his people and his inability to lead them and inspire them meant that when he sent his emissaries to raise troops for him, they simply refused to obey.

From the Paper
"Trouble began to erupt in 1308, at the time of Edward's marriage to Isabella of France. An important group of magnates signed an agreement that, while stressing their loyalty to the crown, stated the need to reform "things which have been done before this time contrary to his honour and the rights of his crown, and the oppressions which have been done and are still being done to his people." Historians believe that the wordage in this demand was deliberately vague and interpret it as referring to the question of Gaveston as well as administrative abuses. The king's coronation took place with a new clause in his oath that bound him to observe the laws and customs chosen by the "community of the realm." The clause was eventually used by the Earl of Lincoln in a demand to exile Gaveston."

Tags:gaveston, despensers, scotland, revolution, deposed

Abstract
The reign of King Edward I (1272-1307) was marked by almost constant military activity in the British Isles and France. Edward?s policy of expansion and conquest in Scotland and Wales was aggressive and successful. This paper examines one of the more notable characteristics of Edward?s warlike policies, the construction of a large number of castles, mostly in Wales, as centers of military and civilian administration in conquered territories. The paper focuses on six of these castles, namely Flint, Rhuddlan, Conwy, Caernarfon, Harlech, and Beaumaris.

From the Paper
"Whereas at other sites such as Harlech and Caernarfon the site had offered defensive advantages, at Beaumaris the castle was constructed on a flat, largely featureless marsh, so it had to create all its defensive advantages itself. The result is a highly developed plan using concentric curtain walls, round and D-shaped towers, and two vast gatehouses. It followed the established pattern of having its own dock and access to the sea, and a town was to have been constructed within its own, integrated, defenses. The town was never founded and the castle never completed, the demands of wars, not only in Wales but also in Scotland and France, rendering the expense untenable."

Tags:Prince, Llywelyn, First, Welsh, War

Abstract
This paper looks at two Colonial American pastors, Edward Taylor and Jonathan Edwards. The role these men played in the lives of the people is examined in detail since during these times, all theological knowledge was derived from their local pastor. A pastor was their only connection to God and one's learning how to get to heaven, therefore his correct interpretation of the Bible was crucial to their spirituality. Through their sermons, each of these men hoped to lead their congregations to salvation, but they had different methods of achieving this goal. Taylor used love, joy, praise and worship while Edwards used fear, revenge, hatred, dark imagery, and scorn.

From the Paper
"Taylor's "Joy" is a poem about the souls of "saints" (people who were devout members of the church while living) traveling in the "coach" of Jesus' arms toward heaven (3,5). Taylor uses this imagined scenario to demonstrate to his congregation the right way to live while on earth, and how one gets to heaven. The saints sing for joy as they travel, "Enfirde with holy Flame!(7). If something "slips" (i.e. their faith or righteousness) they fix it in haste, and are made more superior in the eyes of God than before (13). Taylor is trying to convey to congregants that God notices the rectification of a sin. Taylor says that in all areas of life "public, and private, any And secret too," that one is to praise God and act in accordance with His will (19,20). Taylor proclaims that on the way to heaven, the "saints" see other souls who aren't in Christ's protective arms (25-28). He emphasizes that they can get to heaven as well if they mend their ways."

Tags:alter, church, fear, flame, god, hell, love, meditations, penance, poem, sermon, colonial

Abstract
This paper explores ways that Milan Kundera uses plot, setting, figurative language, irony, symbols and other devices, to direct the protagonist Edward in "Edward and God" toward a surprising, ironical, smile toward God in church.

From the Paper
"That charge had been based on the older brother's sleeping through Stalin's death and laughing about it in public the following day (the comical sight of the elaborately-grieving Miss Chechahkova, a fellow student and loyal Stalinist, is what had really made him laugh so long and hard). But Miss Chechahkova, being the good servant of the State she is and therefore none too amused, reported him to the department. For that, he was jettisoned from the school and forced to find an altogether new future profession. Now Miss Chechahkova, all grown up, middle-aged, lonely, and ugly, is the directress of the department that once expelled his brother, however, and could give Edward a job."

Tags:czech-born, expatriate, teaching, post, communist, szechoslovakia, sleeping, death

Abstract
This paper examines the practice of public relations produced by Edward L. Bernays' way of looking at information dissemination. The paper also looks at more recent advances in thinking about the function of communications between what are lately termed "stakeholders" in any given public enterprise. The paper presents a result that reveals that public relations is still operating much as Bernays designed it to do.

Outline
Edward L. Bernays in Brief
Modern Approaches to Bernays's Creation
Ethics Enters the Debate
How Many Flavors?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"During a career that spanned more than 80 years, Bernays was billed as a press agent, publicist and public relations counselor, depending on the styling needed for acceptance at any given moment, and had some major accomplishments most Americans would not realize were not "always there" but rather were attributable to Bernays' engineering of the public belief system. For example, he got Americans to eat bananas and children to like washing with Ivory soap. He humanized President Calvin Coolidge, and talked William Paley into making news a very strong component of his fledgling Columbia Broadcasting System, or CBS. None of these could be viewed as a bad thing."

Tags:advertising, communications, propaganda

Abstract
The collection of 85 essays known collectively as the Federalist Papers, or simply as The Federalist, stand as the chief exposition of the American Constitution and the system of government which it prescribed. The 1787 convention in Philadelphis, which produced the Constitution itself, published and preserved no official record of its deliberations.

From the Paper
"The collection of 85 essays known collectively as the Federalist Papers, or simply as The Federalist, stand as the chief exposition of the American Constitution and the system of government which it prescribed. The 1787 convention in Philadelphis, which produced the Constitution itself, published and preserved no official record of its deliberations. While several members later gave partial and personal accounts of the proceedings, none of these has obtained the weight of the Federalist Papers.

Written variously by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the common pseudonym of Publius, these were originally published as newspaper pieces. The immediate objective was to encourage the adoption of the new Constitution in the place of the nation's original written constitution, the ..."