Abstract In this article, the writer notes that gestationaldiabetes affects only a very small percentage of all pregnant mothers. The writer further notes that pregnancy-inducedhypertension is found in about the same proportion of pregnant mothers as is gestationaldiabetes. The writer points out that weight gain during pregnancy predicts very high risk for gestationaldiabetes, along with other problems such as pregnancy-inducedhypertension, Cesarean section and stillbirth. The writer provides a literature review and discusses whether there is a link between gestationaldiabetes and pregnancy-inducedhypertension so that they can be treated together. The writer maintains that the treatment of women with gestationaldiabetes, along with health teaching, which involves dietary advice, blood glucose monitoring, and insulin therapy, results in a reduction of serious perinatal outcomes such as death or bone fracture. Other benefits include improved health-related quality of life among women with gestationaldiabetes, both during the antenatal period and three months after birth, as well as a possible reduction in the incidence of postnatal depression.
Outline:
Introduction
Background
Literature Review
Analysis
From the Paper "Haakova and Cibula found in their retrospective study with data obtained from medical records that women who have polycystic ovary syndrome, which is a common endocrine disorder, that there are no important differences in the prevalence of gestational diabetes or of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Even though the two groups in the study were matched for age, weight, family history, and patient history, both gestational diabetes and hypertension were similar for those groups. However, as these researchers note, a high incidence of pregnancy induced hypertension has been found in several other studies of women with polycystic ovary syndrome, so that there may be a link between hyperinsulinaemia and hypertension during pregnancy.
"Lifestyle interventions also constitute the primary treatment for gestational diabetes."
Abstract This paper discusses gestationaldiabetes and the genetic/biological predisposition toward the disease during pregnancy. The paper examines the role of nutrition in treating -- or at least in circumventing negative outcomes -- gestationaldiabetes.
From the Paper "The American Diabetes Association reports that when glucose intolerance is first diagnosed during pregnancy, the condition is termed gestational diabetes..."
Abstract This paper discusses gestationaldiabetes mellitus (GDM). The paper explains this type of diabetes as a condition with serious implications of adverse effects upon both the maternal and fetal health. The paper examines the benefits of pre-screening for GDM during pregnancy.
Outline
Abstract
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
Brief Historical Overview of GDM Screening
Literature Review
Bibliography
From the Paper "Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a condition characterized by glucose intolerance that varies in severity and is characterized by onset during pregnancy. Nutritional intervention is the best management solution for the condition of GDM which incidentally is one of the most common complications in pregnancy in terms of medical complications. However, lack of treatment places both mother and child at risk screening for GDM is the current practice in medicine. There is a stated 6.4% mortality rate for untreated GDM in pregnancies of women over the age of 25 years old compared to the rate of 1.5% in women with normal glucose tolerance. This condition is one that develops as a result of the woman's pancreases failing to produce enough insulin for her needs. "
Abstract This paper is a case analysis of a 71-year old female patient suffering from type 2 diabetes, as well as hyperlipedemia and hypertension. The paper utilizes the Pender's Health Promotion Model as a framework for discussing interventions.
From the Paper "The purpose of this paper is to utilize Pender's Health Promotion Model as a framework for discussing interventions for a 71 year-old white female suffering from Type II Diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. The conceptual framework of Pender's model..."
Abstract This paper discusses that diabetes is a chronic illness that favors no single age group or single sex. The writer notes that there are several kinds of diabetes, called Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes, and gestationaldiabetes. The writer points out that the body of a person who has diabetes does not process sugars for their use as energy. Further, the writer mentions that the cause of diabetes is not known, although obesity and a sedentary life style may play some part. This paper examines some of the symptoms and treatment of diabetes.
From the Paper "Diabetes is a chronic illness that favors no single age group or single sex. There are several kinds of diabetes, called Type 1 diabetes (also known as Juvenile diabetes) and Type 2 diabetes (also known as Adult-Onset diabetes), and gestational diabetes. The body of a person who has diabetes does not process sugars for their use as energy. The cause of diabetes is not known, although obesity and a sedentary life style may play some part. Type 1 diabetes is most common in children and adolescents. It results when the body fails to produce the insulin it needs to process glucose. It is characterized by hyper- and hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, and celiac disease. Complications include heart disease, blindness, and nerve and kidney damage. Type 1 diabetes is treated with insulin. Type 2 diabetes is the more common form of diabetes."
Abstract GestationalDiabetes Mellitus (GDM) is an illness that occurs during pregnancy that can cause many complications and can dramatically affect the health of the mother and the newborn child if not properly treated. This paper provides an analysis of the causes of gestationaldiabetes and concentrates on the effects that the disease can have on the health of the newborn. Finally, nursing interventions are discussed in relation to the outcomes of the illness for the mother and her child.
From the Paper "For women that are diagnosed with gestational diabetes, it is important that they begin their course of treatment as soon as possible. The mother must closely monitor her blood glucose levels in the range of 4 to 7 times per day to accurately assess her situation (24). According to D?Arrigo (106), ?The first line of treatment in gestational diabetes consists of dietary control and exercise.? All pregnant women with the disease should strongly consider nutritional counseling by a registered licensed dietitian based on maternal height and weight, and the proposed diet should allow sufficient caloric intake and must be consistent with maternal glucose goals (24). Women must maintain adequate levels of protein, iron, and folic acid, and the diet must be restricted and culturally acceptable (Hart 1). If the pregnancy is otherwise uncomplicated, the expectant mother should engage in light exercise in order to promote good health habits."
Abstract The paper explains that the three main types of diabetes are type 1, which is usually found among children and young adults, type 2, which is usually associated with obesity in teenagers and adults, and gestationaldiabetes, which is related to pregnancy. The author stresses that often types 2 diabetes goes undiagnosed, yet it can lead to serious complications; therefore, knowing the symptoms of diabetes is important. The paper points out that, when diabetes is left untreated or not treated properly, serious complications can develop, such as damage to the retina, kidneys and nerves. The author relates that several types of medications are available depending on the person, type of diabetes and blood sugar levels.
Table of Contents:
Definition of Diabetes Symptoms of Diabetes Review of Diabetes in the Past and Present
Medications
Complications of Diabetes
From the Paper "The National Institute of Health has created a fact sheet showing how the medical world has made changes from the past to the present. Thirty years ago, or in the 1950's, twenty percent of the people diagnosed with diabetes Type I would die within twenty years after first being diagnosed. Now, only 3.5 percent of people diagnosed with the disease die within twenty years of the diagnosis. Thirty years ago, researchers did not know the importance of glucose control to prevent debilitating eye, nerve, kidney, heart, and blood vessel complications of the diseases. "
Abstract This paper examines the prevalence and risks of ectopic pregnancies. It discusses the detection and diagnosis of ectopic pregnancies and the medical treatment that may be required once an ectopic pregnancy is discovered. The paper then looks briefly at the instances of non-tubal pregnancies and provides two documented examples of viable non-tubal pregnancies.
Table of Contents:
Prevalence and Risk Factors
Detection and Diagnosis
Treatment
Non-Tubal Pregnancies
From the Paper "Rarely will the fetus of an ectopic pregnancy ever become viable, but a few instances have documented an ectopic pregnancy outside of the fallopian tube going to term and a viable fetus being born (Medical Treatment, 2008). In these situations, the placenta has to be positioned in an area where enough blood supply can support the developing fetus. Usually this is bowel or mesentery tissue, but even renal, liver, and aortic tissue has been documented. However, most all ectopic pregnancies are identified by 16 to 20 weeks gestation, and medical intervention is usually imperative due to the high risks and complications involved with an ectopic pregnancy (Lozeau, 2005). The following are a few examples of ectopic pregnancies producing viable offspring that have been documented in the last year. In April 2008, a British woman had an ectopic pregnancy attached to the large intestine and doctors were able to deliver the baby using laparotomy at 28 weeks gestation. In May 2008, an ectopic pregnancy of the ovary went to full term and doctors delivered a healthy baby using Caesarean section (Medical Treatment, 2008)."
Abstract This paper examines the controversial debate over abortion in the United States, as well as the medical aspects of the procedure. The author discusses the difference between induced and spontaneous abortion, alternatives to surgery, the option of adoption, and various abortion rates on a global scale.
From the paper:
"In this day and age, women no longer need to experience giving birth to a child at all. With the legality of abortion, came the option of staying pregnant and giving birth or terminating the pregnancy in the early stages. Abortion is a highly controversial and personal decision. A decision that requires a lot of time for thought. The issue has brought upon a real life tug-of-war match between the pro-lifers and pro-choices. Those who support pro-life beliefs feel that abortion should be abolished and that the laws are too lenient. Those who support pro-choice believe that the decision should lie solely with the mother and laws should not limit her options."
Abstract This paper looks at the use of sildenafil (Viagra) to improve flow-mediated dilatation in the brachial artery. The paper focuses on the effects of this medicinally-induced dilatation on individuals suffering from Type II diabetes. The paper also discusses the effect of Viagra on endothelial cell function, which, in particular, is occluded in diabetes patients. The paper references a recent study on this topic conducted by the University of Tulane Health and Sciences Center.
Abstract This research examines the diabetes epidemic among African- Americans; the broad range of risk and structural factors that contribute to the disease onset in this population group. The paper focuses on the African-American population, disproportionately affected by diabetes. This study effort emphasizes the necessity for equal application and implementation of health care interventions in the context of disease populations, disease management of the most common, costly and complex treatable diseases, as well as, chronic conditions with the greatest disparities in care.
Outline:
Abstract
I. Diabetes in People of Color
i) Understanding
ii) Aims and Objectives
iii) One Voice Counts
II. Review of Relevant and/or Related References
From the Paper "On an average, African Americans are 1.8 times more likely to have diabetes than whites of similar age. For every six whites with diabetes, 10 African Americans have diabetes, accompanied with a 27 percent higher mortality rate. Nearly 3.2 million (13.3 %) of all African Americans have been diagnosed with diabetes and suffer from higher rates of serious complications, which include heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, blindness, kidney disease, nervous system disease, amputations, neuropathy, dental disease, and complication of pregnancy. Diabetes, one of the most common and costly health problems, is also among the most preventable diseases."
Abstract An explanation of hypertension and the failure to achieve compliance with anti-hypertensive therapy. The paper begins by explaining that hypertension is associated with many factors that have been found to reduce compliance. Factors that reduce compliance to anti-hypertensive therapy include patient and disease characteristics and treatment characteristics. The paper then shows what solutions can be provided by the medical care facility to improve the treatment. The paper includes many direct quotes from medical journals and offers details of the various treatments and therapies available.
From the Paper "The 1988-1991 Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III) found that only about one-half of hypertensive patients in the United States are being treated and less than one-half of those being treated have their blood pressure well controlled (below 140/90 mmHg). A major reason for this shortfall is lack of patient compliance with therapy. This problem persists even though individual programs have shown excellent adherence to and results from both non drug and drug regimens."
Abstract This paper discusses the pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension and hyperlipidemia in the context of a clinical case of a 68 year old African American male who is hypertensive and presented with shortness of breath and non-productive cough. The paper attempts to consider appropriate pharmacological intervention in the context of the patient most pressing clinical problems namely uncontrolled hypertension.
From the Paper "Pharmacology Essay AB is a 68 year-old African American male who is visiting the clinic for the first time and presented with shortness of breath and a non-productive cough. He is taking his wife's blood pressure medication, Inderal?40mg. He has been off this medication for about 2 months. His blood pressure is high at 162/88 and his pulse is 76 and occasionally irregular. AB weighs 210 pounds (95.45 kg) and he is 5'10" (1.778 m).His body mass index (BMI) is 30.19 kg/m2. His triglycerides are high at 198 mg/dL; LDL is also high at 165 mg/dL and his HDL is low at 21 mg/dL. Several of AB's lab values are abnormal; his serum creatinine is elevated, his BUN is elevated and his CO2 is also high."
Abstract This paper proposes a research to analyze the effectiveness of a reduced sodium diet and exercise program compared to an exercise-only program in reducing blood pressure. The population to be studied is made up of adults of African descent who have hypertension. It looks at how the research design that would best address the research question is an experimental comparative design. Blacks and Caucasians are compared in the reduction of hypertension through a low-sodium diet, exercise, and any other important factors.
Abstract This paper identifies the primary risk factors involved in hypertension, which include family history and culture, as well as genetic mutations that lead to various ailments. It is expected that upon diagnosis of this disorder, proper treatment will be pursued in order to reduce the incidence of long-term side effects, such as stroke and myocardial infarction.
From the Paper "Hypertension is a serious condition that is often introduced to the body through preexisting genetic factors and other related concerns. There are a number of treatments available to control hypertension, and oral medications are the preferred method. It is important to identify the underlying concerns related to hypertension in order to promote progress in reducing the incidence of disease in future years. The following discussion will identify such indicators as genetic mechanisms and factors, pathophysiology, symptoms, and treatments related to a diagnosis of hypertension. Approximately one-quarter of all adults in the United States have been diagnosed with hypertension, and the increased awareness of the condition in children has led to new opportunities for early diagnosis and treatment as a means of reducing future health problems as adults (Vogt 284)."
